Yiziphi izinhlobo izindiza? Model, uhlobo, uhlobo izindiza (isithombe)

isakhiwo Aircraft - a wemboni isakhula emnothweni wezwe, oveza ezihlukahlukene enkulu izindiza, kusukela superlogkih futhi fast esindayo futhi okukhulu kakhulu. Abaholi World ekukhiqizeni izindiza USA, EU neRussia. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola iziphi izinhlobo izindiza ekwakheni lanamuhla izindiza, injongo yabo, futhi ezinye izici isakhiwo.

Kuyini indiza?

Esikhathini esidlule yamuva, abantu abakwazanga uhambo olude kuphela ezweni nasolwandle imizila, kuyilapho ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi. Ngenhlanhla, isayensi ukwaze ukuthuthukisa uhlobo olusha imoto - indiza, okuyinto uyakwazi abagibeli peremesit kanye wezimpahla olude ku esikhathini esifishane.

Indiza - umshini flying, isici esiyinhloko okuyinto nekhono izindiza e nobukhulu emkhathini, usebenzisa oyifunayo amandla kulungiselelwa. Anakho eziningi tesakhiwo kwezinye izinhlobo air zokuthutha. Ngokwesibonelo, enophephela emhlane fixed-lendiza lihlukile. iphiko engaguquki kanye airframe, kodwa akukho injini like indiza, ngenkathi indiza lapho ebonakala isimiso indiza.

Umlando nesenzakalo ndiza

Imizamo ukwakha umshini flying eliqhutshwa izitshalo amandla, ziye ezithathwe abaqambi abaningi bekhulu XIX. Phakathi kwabo, George. Keighley, uW Henson, N. Teleshov A. Mozhajskij. Ezinye zazo yilezi abaningana umuntu aphumelele kuleli umkhakha. Noma kunjalo, usuku lokuzalwa zezindiza emhlabeni ubhekwa 17 Disemba 1903. Ngalo lolo suku, okokuqala ngenhla komhlaba uvukile yakhelwe abaklami American (Bratya Rayt) indiza. Nakuba kwaba indiza esifushane, imizuzwana 59 nje endaweni engamamitha 260 metres, lo mcimbi kuye kwasusa umgoqo e zezindiza.

Izakhi isakhi izindiza

Izakhi abamelwe akhiwa hhayi kuphela ukubonakala kwendiza, kodwa futhi ukunquma izici zayo obusebenzayo, okungukuthi ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya emoyeni ezokuthutha. Umklamo ejwayelekile indiza yalolu hlobo siqukethe izici ezilandelayo:

• Fuselage - kwenqwaba kanye enkulu ingxenye izindiza, okuletha ndawonye zonke izingxenye omunye umkhumbi. Kuyo liphinde gumbi yokuhlala kanye zokuthutha abagibeli, izisebenzi kanye wezimpahla. Nokho, fuselage has a usayizi esikhulu, hhayi wonke amamodeli, futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu ngemikhumbi umgibeli.
• Wings - main izindiza umzimba. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba inyoni, indiza ayikwazi wacabanga engenamaphiko. Okokuqala, ukudala amandla nokuphakamisa kudingeka ukuthi siphakamise ohlelweni emoyeni. Lendiza kudingeke izindlela ezengeziwe for ligijima isitsha kanye eksisi (aileron) isuka ezindizayo amalungiselelo (enezinto).
• Umsila ingxenye ikhipha inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: the keel, kwesokunxele futhi aduduze kwesokudla. On the umsila kukhona zokulawula umkhumbi: isigwedlo nokujula.
• Amandla plant samuntu amelwe classical injini nezikulufi (uma ikhona) kanye nemishini edingekayo ukuze ukusebenza kwabo.
• Chassis - System amadivayisi evulekile lokubikezela, wasebenzisa ukusuka ndiza, kokwehla, kanye ukuhamba kwayo emhlabathini noma kwamanzi. Ngokuvamile, chassis uvezwa uhlobo amasondo, kodwa kukhona uhlobo izindiza oluwela eqhweni, futhi abanye amamodeli enza ku skids noma yamabhola antantayo.
• On-ibhodi electronics - iqoqo imishini ngokuvumela crew ukusebenza izindiza.

Ukwahlukaniswa ezindizeni

A uhlobo oluthile izindiza zingahluka kusuka abanye layout zayo, esithinta ukusebenza yalo. Ngakho-ke, izindiza ngezigaba zingenziwa ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ezahlukene, owayevelele kubo - iyona tesakhiwo kanye mission izindiza. Ngu aphoyintimenti aerosuda kukhona abangekho empini nezempi.

Umehluko futhi kungakho ezihlukahlukene izindiza, ingasho izinto ezilandelayo kanye nemingcele: ongakhetha injini layout, airspeed, mass.

Ngu izindiza isisindo imingcele kungaba: superheavy, esindayo, aphakathi nendawo kanye ukukhanya. Ngokusho ijubane indiza: Subsonic, transonic, leSupersonic, hypersonic. I yamuva ayizona uhlobo olusha izindiza, okuyinto uyakwazi okwenza izindiza ultra-fast endaweni engamamitha angu-100. Ngokuqondene powerplant, nenqubo ngezigaba yilezi: isibalo izinjini (1 kuya 12), isikhundla sabo (ku fuselage, iphiko) kanye nohlobo (omlilo yangaphakathi izinjini, rocket ngamandla izinhlelo, isikulufa, esisheshayo, kagesi).

Kuye ilungiselelo, izindiza ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• omunye amaphiko futhi indawo yabo;
• ilungiselelo umsila nemvelo;
• thayipha chassis;
• uhlobo wawungakanani fuselage.

Izinhlobo umgibeli izindiza

Aircraft eyenzelwe izinjongo empini, abagibeli ekuthwaleni, zonke izinhlobo wezimpahla mail. Zingamlungisa njengoba izindiza of amancane medium- nokubhekakade hola. Airplanes Commercial ziyahlukahluka enanini lezihlalo (8 kuya 700). Ukusetshenziswa okuhloswe of lezizitsha zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• umgibeli;
• wezimpahla;
• wezimpahla;
• yezolimo (kwezitshalo sishaye nokucubungula);
• impilo;
• ukuqeqeshwa (I-pilot);
• ezemidlalo models mdlalo zezindiza.

Phakathi ezivamile ezindizeni ezithwala kukhona izindlela ezilandelayo: i-Tu-154, Tu-134, Il-62, Il-86, Il-96, i-Airbus A330, A320, A310, Boeing 737, i-Boeing-747, i-Boeing-767. Uhlobo ngobukhulu futhi ivulekile iningi izindiza for ukuthutha abagibeli - Airbus A380. Ukuze kanye kule divayisi uyakwazi ethutha abantu 700 at ibanga angaba yizinkulungwane 15. Km.

Izinhlobo ukulwa izindiza

Indiza isicelo hhayi kuphela ngokuthula kodwa ngezinhloso lempi ukubonakalisa ukuhlaselwa isitha futhi okubhekene amabutho esitha kusukela emoyeni ngempumelelo.

Combat izindiza kungaba futhi ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile:

• ekuhlaseleni zibhubhisa amabutho esitha;
• raketo- futhi torpedo;
• fighters zenzelwe dudula i kuhlasela emoyeni onke esitha;
• interceptors;
• refueling capacitances zinikezwa ngophethiloli futhi usebenze injongo yayo eyinhloko - refueling izindiza emoyeni;
• abathutha ethutha ezidingekile ukulwa izindiza.