Yini izinhlobo zama-bacterium: amagama nezinhlobo

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke eziphilayo emhlabeni. abameleli balo baye akukhona nje ukuthi iyaphila izigidigidi zeminyaka, kodwa futhi ube mandla ukuze abhubhise bonke abanye ukubukwa zomhlaba. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola iziphi amagciwane.

Khuluma mayelana nokwakheka kwawo, imisebenzi, kanye ukubiza ezinye izinhlobo zawo kuwusizo futhi kuyingozi.

Kokutholakala kwegciwane

Asiqale uhambo lwethu elihle embusweni amagciwane ihlathululo. Uqondeni "bacterium"?

Igama elithi livela egameni lesiGreki "Wand". silulumagama ngayo kumatikuletsheni yethulwa kuleli Christian Ehrenberg. Lokhu nezilwanyana ezincane ze-non-zenuzi, ehlanganisa kuseli eyodwa hhayi kokuba core. Ngaphambili, babesaqhubeka ngokuthi "prokaryotes" (non-senuzi). Kodwa ngo-1970 kwaba khona ukuhlukana Archaea futhi eubacteria. Nokho, kuze kube manje ngokuvamile ayekuqondile lapho esho la eside zonke prokaryotes.

Bacteriology izifundo zesayensi, okuyizinto amagciwane. Ososayensi bathi okwamanje kukhona cishe izinkulungwane ezilishumi izinhlobo ezahlukene izidalwa eziphilayo. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi zingabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi zilwane.

Anton Levenguk, a semvelo Dutch, sezinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo futhi ilungu Royal Society, 1676, encwadini ayibhalele UK uchaza eziningana ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, okuyinto wathola. umyalezo akhe afaka umphakathi ukushaqeka, wathunyelwa ikomidi London ukuze uphinde uhlole idatha.

Ngemva Neemiya Gryu iye yaqinisekisa ulwazi, Leeuwenhoek baba isazi esidumile, iphayona eziphilayo elula. Kodwa namanothi wabhekisela kuwo ngokuthi "animalkuli".

Umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka Ehrenberg. Kuyinto lo mcwaningi waqamba yesimanje elithi "bacterium" e 1828.

URobert Koch wakwazi waba Yokuvukela microbiology. Yena postulates e ubuhlobo babo nezilwanyana ezincane bephethwe izifo ezihlukahlukene, futhi likhomba abanye kubo kubasunguli. Ikakhulukazi, Koch wathola igciwane elibangela isifo sofuba.

Ngaphambi ukuthi nje ukufunda kuphela Imibandela, ukuthi ngemva kuka-1930, lapho i-electron microscope lokuqala, isayensi iye yenza eqa kulesi siqondiso usumisiwe. Eyokuqala iqala Ukulifunda ngijule isakhiwo nezilwanyana ezincane. Ngo-1977, usosayensi American Karl Veze ehlukanisa prokaryotes phezu archaea namagciwane.

Ngakho, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi lesi siyalo uwukuphela kakhulu ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa. Kwazi bani ukuthi bangaki okutholakele alinde nathi eminyakeni ezayo.

isakhiwo

On amagciwane iziphi, 3 ekilasini kakade uyazi mathupha. Izingane zifunda isakhiwo nezilwanyana ezincane ekilasini. Ake sixoxe kabanzi kancane kulesi sihloko ukuze siphinde sithole ulwazi. Ngaphandle kwayo, bekuyoba nzima ukuxoxa amaphuzu alandelayo thina.

Kwenqwaba-bacterium siqukethe yengqamuzana eyodwa kuphela. Kodwa kuba uhlobo oluhlukile.

Isakhiwo incike indlela yokuphila ukuphila ukuba lesi silwanyana. Ngakho kukhona cocci (round), Clostridium futhi Bacillus (induku okwenyanga), spirochetes futhi vibrios (emazombezombe), ngesimo cubes, izinkanyezi tetrahedrons. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nge inani lemali elincane umsoco amabhaktheriya imvelo bavame ukwandisa indawo ephindwe. Zikhula iqhubekisele phambili imfundo yayo. Ososayensi sikubiza excrescences "prostheca".

Ngakho, ngemva sithole, yiziphi izinhlobo zama-bacterium, kubalulekile ukubhekana isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi. Oluncane eziphilayo isethi njalo izakhiwo ezintathu. izakhi engeziwe zingase zehluke, kodwa ekujuleni kwenhliziyo uyohlale okufanayo.

Ngakho, ama-bacterium ngamunye ngempela isipho amandla isakhiwo (nucleotide) organelles non-ulwelwesi obhekene amaprotheni zamagama kusukela amino acid (the ribosome) kanye protoplast. Kugcine kuhlanganisa cytoplasm kanye ulwelwesi cytoplasmic.

Kusukela nolaka zangaphandle ithonya cell ulwelwesi ivikelwe igobolondo, esakhiwa odongeni capsule futhi ikhava. Ezinye izinhlobo ayatholakala zokwakheka olukha phezulu efana villi futhi flagella. Ziklanyelwe ukusiza amabhaktheriya ukuhambisa ngempumelelo emkhathini, ukuze bathole ukudla.

umzimba

Ngemva esiphethweni nawe, yini ama-bacterium, izinhlobo zokudla sobala. Lezi nezilwanyana ezincane zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - heterotrophic futhi Autotrophic. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka kuhlanganisa izilwanyana eziwuhlupho okuyinto akukwazi ukucubungulwa izidakamizwa etholakala ngaphandle. Bamane zisebenzisa compounds ngomumo eyenziwe yindikimba "umnikazi". Lesi sakamuva singabangela ngokwabo ukukhiqiza compounds ezanele wezinto ezingaphili.

kuwufanele Ikakhulukazi ubuka amabhaktheriya heterotrophic. izinhlobo ezihlukene zidinga inombolo ethile izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, Bacillus fastidiosus atholakala kuphela umchamo, njengoba bangathola kuphela ye-carbon acid. Mayelana alawa magciwane kabanzi Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi.

Manje kubalulekile ukugxila izindlela replenishment amandla kuseli. Lona isayensi yesimanje uyazi ezintathu kuphela. Ama-bacterium zisebenzisa i-photosynthesis, emishinini yokuphefumula noma lwezithelo olubangela ukubila.

Photosynthesis ngokukhethekile, kungaba nokusetshenziswa oksijini ngaphandle iqhaza ilungu. Ngaphandle-ke zivimbela onsomi, oluhlaza futhi geliobakterii. Bakha bacteriochlorophyll. Ukuze i-photosynthesis oxygenic kudinga chlorophyll njalo. Lezi zihlanganisa prochlorophyta futhi cyanobacteria.

kwatholakala muva. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi nezilwanyana ezincane lapho ukusabela kuseli usebenzisa i-hydrogen ezivezwa ukuwohloka ngenxa yamanzi. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ukuze lesi simo, kumelwe lowo muntu abe inombolo ye-uranium-ore, abengeke uthole umphumela kunesidingo.

Futhi, ekujuleni kolwandle ezweni, futhi kukhona amakoloni amagciwane phansi yayo, ezithwala amandla kuphela esebenzisa kagesi.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Ngasekuqaleni kulokho amabhaktheriya esifo. Izinhlobo kabusha la magciwane, siyakufa manje.

Kukhona izindlela ezintathu lezi zidalwa zikhulisa isibalo sabo.

Lokhu ukuzala ngefomu bakudala, luthela futhi icwecwe eliqophayo engu- division.

Ngo ukuzala siyinzalo sizila transduction, lokuhlanganisa kanye nenguquko.

Beka emhlabeni

Ngaphambili, sizobe ukuthola lokho kukhona amagciwane. Manje kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngendima abayidlalayo ngokwemvelo.

Abacwaningi bathi amabhaktheriya - kungcono abaphilayo eziphilayo kuqala eziye zavela eplanethini yethu. Kukhona zombili zinhlobo aerobic kanye anaerobic. Ngakho-ke, izidalwa owumphumela athile ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngesikhathi izinhlekelele ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka nge-Earth.

Inzuzo undoubted-bacterium kuyinto asemkhathini nitrogen nokwenziwa. Ababandakanyeka kumiswa kwenhlabathi wenzalo, ukubhujiswa izinsalela flora efile ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezincane-eziphilayo ekusungulweni izidubedube futhi ubophezelekile ukunakekela umoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide emkhathini kule planethi yethu.

biomass Inani prokaryotes imayelana anamakhulu mahlanu bhiliyoni amathani. Umakhiwo amaphesenti phosphorus, i-nitrogen ne-carbon ezingaphezu kuka ayisishiyagalombili.

Nokho, emhlabeni kukhona hhayi kuphela ewusizo, kodwa futhi kwezinhlobo pathogenic virus. Tibangela izifo eziningi ebulalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isifo sofuba baphakathi kwalabo, uchoko, isifo, ugcunsula, umbendeni, nabanye abaningi. Kodwa ngisho nalabo kunemibandela ephephile ukuze abantu baphile, kungaba usongo kuyilapho ekwehliseni lizinga amasosha omzimba.

Kukhona futhi amagciwane ezithelela izilwane, izinyoni, nezinhlanzi futhi izitshalo. Ngakho, hhayi kuphela izilokazane ezincane kukhona iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana nezidalwa ngaphezulu athuthukile. Okulandelayo sizoxoxa yiziphi amagciwane, kanye nabamele Umbuso yalolu hlobo nezilwanyana ezincane.

Ama-bacterium abantu

kakade Siyitholile yini amagciwane kukhona, babukeka kanjani, ziyakwazi ukwenza. Manje kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngalokho indima yabo yokuphila yomuntu yesimanje.

Okokuqala, ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, sisebenzisa ikhono elikhulu of acidosis acid amagciwane. Ngaphandle alawa magciwane bekungeke kube ekudleni kwethu noma kefir noma yogurt, noma ushizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkampani iphinde ibheke inqubo imvubelo.

Kwezolimo, ama-bacterium elisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zisiza balahle ukhula engadingeki (eziphilayo phytopathogenic ezifana yokubulala ukhula), omunye - kusukela izinambuzane (entomopathogenic unicellular njengoba zinambuzane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isintu siye afunde ukudala Umanyolo virus.

Futhi, nezilwanyana ezincane isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi. Ngosizo ezihlukahlukene wadala ebulalayo izikhali ezingamagciwane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngokuhamba akuzona amabhaktheriya kuphela, kodwa ubuthi ethakwa yibo.

Ukuthula ngendlela isayensi isebenzisa izinto eziphilayo unicellular ucwaningo zofuzo, ngamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo kanye molecular biology. Nge ucwaningo ngempumelelo zamagama algorithm amavithamini zadalwa, amaprotheni nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu.

I-bacterium ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza amakha kwezinye izindawo. Ngosizo nezilwanyana ezincane kuyinto imikhando abasizakali futhi yokuhlanza amanzi nenhlabathi.

Futhi, ososayensi bathi amagciwane ezakha microflora esiqeshini womuntu emathunjini, angabizwa ngokuthi umzimba ehlukile izinhloso zayo kanye nemisebenzi ahlukile. Ngokusho izibalo labacwaningi, phakathi nomzimba ke imayelana eyodwa kilogram alawa magciwane!

Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke sibhekana yonke indawo nge namagciwane abangela izifo. Ngokwezibalo, isibalo esiphezulu amakoloni esisogwini izibambo of esitolo izinqola zokudla, kulandele ikhompyutha igundane in cafe internet, futhi kuphela yesithathu izibambo itholethe, indlini encane yomphakathi.

Ingxoxo elandelayo igcizelela kulokho amabhaktheriya ezinhle zimane ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukusebenza kahle emzimbeni.

nama-bacterium awusizo

Ngesikhathi esafunda esikoleni samabanga afundiswa okuyizinto amagciwane. 3 ekilasini uyazi zonke izinhlobo cyanobacteria kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo owumphumela, isakhiwo sabo nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Manje sizoxoxa ohlangothini esisebenzayo mayelana nodaba.

Kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, akekho owacabanga mayelana nalolu daba, njengoba isimo microflora esiswini. Yonke into ihamba ngendlela. Amandla lemvelo futhi unempilo, ubuncane hormone nemithi elwa namagciwane okufakwa, ngaphansi chemical kwekhabhoni ku imvelo.

Namuhla, ezimweni kahle, ukucindezeleka, ngokweqile dysbiosis-antibiotic kanye nezindaba ezihambisana nayo ukuya izikhundla eziholela. odokotela angasinikeza kanjani ukulwa naso?

Omunye izimpendulo main - ukusetshenziswa probiotics. Lena eziyinkimbinkimbi ekhethekile kabusha ikoloni amathumbu-bacterium womuntu ezuzisayo.

kokungenela okunjalo kungasisiza izikhathi ezingemnandi, njengabo engezwani nokudla okuthile, ukungezwani ne-lactose, iziyaluyalu pheshana emathunjini nezinye izifo.

Manje ake touch on yiziphi nama-bacterium awusizo, kanye ufunde mayelana nemiphumela yabo empilweni.

Kakhulu balitadishisise futhi kabanzi nomthelela omuhle umzimba womuntu Zintathu izinhlobo nezilwanyana ezincane - acidophilus, imbewu eletha isiBulgaria futhi bifidobacteria.

Okokuqala okubili zenzelwe ukushukumisa namasosha omzimba futhi ukunciphisa ukukhula ezinye izilokazane ezincane eziyingozi ezifana imvubelo, E. coli, nokunye. Bifidobacteria banesibopho ekugayekeni kwe-lactose, ukukhiqizwa ezinye amavithamini kanye cholesterol ukunciphisa.

amagciwane inimical

Ngaphambili, sizoxoxa ngalokho kukhona amagciwane. Izinhlobo kanye namagama izilokazane ezincane ezivamile nenzuzo banikezwe ngenhla. Ingxoxo elandelayo igcizelela phezu 'ngezitha unicellular "umuntu.

Ngakho kuqala kukho konke ake sibone izici namagciwane abangela izifo. isikhali sabo esisemqoka ngokumelene nezidalwa ezinamandla nakakhulu - iyona ubuthi. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezifanayo Abulala eziphilayo cell, yisinanakazana. Lokho inqwaba yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene ngenxa ezihlukahlukene zama-bacterium.

Kunalabo ukuthi ziyingozi indoda, zikhona izindlela ezibulalayo ukuze izilwane noma izitshalo. Abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa yokugcina, ngokukhethekile, ukulawula ukhula futhi izinambuzane eziwuhlupho.

Ngaphambi kokuthi lokumba ukuthi, yini ama-bacterium ayingozi kutfola izindlela zabo. Kodwa kukhona omunye kakhulu. Noma yimuphi nezilwanyana ezincane lapho kuthiwa ngocansi nge imikhiqizo enobuthi futhi ezingcolile, izindlela sisemoyeni kanye contact, ngokusebenzisa amanzi, inhlabathi noma ngokusebenzisa ukulunywa yizinambuzane.

Into embi kakhulu wukuthi iseli eyodwa kuphela, ukushaya indawo evumayo zomzimba womuntu uyakwazi phakathi namahora ambalwa nje ukuze lwande amagciwane esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana.

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho kukhona ama-bacterium, isihloko pathogenic futhi inenzuzo kunzima ukuhlukanisa ongelutho. Ngo isayensi, ukuze ubheke nezilwanyana ezincane esebenzisa imigomo Latin. Ngo parlance common izwi imiqondo abstruse esikhundleni - "E. coli", "activators" ikholera, ukukhwehlela whooping, isifo sofuba kanye nabanye.

Izinyathelo for ukuvimbela izifo yilezi of izinhlobo ezintathu. Lokhu yokugoma kanye imigomo uphazamisa yokudlulisela izindlela (gauze kusaladi, amagilavu) nokuhlukanisa abantu abanesifo esithelelanayo.

Baphi kwegciwane umchamo

Abanye abantu bazama ukubheka emuva kokwenziwa zabo zempilo futhi pass emtholampilo. Umbhali wayevame ukunezela lokhu imbangela Imiphumela abampofu khona nezilwanyana ezincane ezingabonakali amasampula.

On yiziphi kwegciwane umchamo, sizokhuluma ngemva kwesikhashana. Manje injena siphephele wodwa lapho, eqinisweni, kukhona avele izidalwa owumphumela.

Okungcono kakhulu, umuntu umchamo oyinyumba. Kungenzeka kungabi iyiphi eziphilayo angaphandle. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola amabhaktheriya todvwa - endaweni ukususwa udoti kusuka emzimbeni. Ikakhulukazi, kulesi simo-ke kuyoba urethra.

Uma ukuhlaziywa kubonisa inani elincane inclusions microorganism emchamweni, inqobo nje uma konke kuhamba kahle yini. Kodwa nge ukwanda inkomba angaphezu komkhawulo kuvunyelwe, idatha efana ukhombise kutfutfuka urogenital uhlelo inflammations. Lokhu singasho sithi pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis nezinye izifo edabukisayo.

Ngakho, umbuzo yini amabhaktheriya esinyeni ayilungile ngokuphelele. Nezilwanyana ezincane musa ukuwela Ukukhetha walo mzimba. Ososayensi baye kude kangaka ukubonakala ngenxa yezizathu eziningana okuholela khona izidalwa owumphumela umchamo.

• Okokuqala, kungenxa ngokobulili.
• Okwesibili, izifo kohlelo genitourinary.
• Okwesithathu, ukungayinaki inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu.
• Okwesine, kwehle amasosha omzimba, isifo sikashukela kanye eziningi nezinye izifo.

Izinhlobo zama-bacterium umchamo

Ngasekuqaleni esihlokweni ke wathi ukuthi nezilwanyana ezincane ezingabonakali imfucuza zitholakala kuphela uma izifo. Sathembisa ukukutshela yini amagciwane. Amagama uzonikezwa kuphela kulabo izinhlobo zivame kakhulu otholakala imiphumela yokuhlolwa.

Ngakho ake ngiqale. Lactobacillus - kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu anaerobic eziphilayo, igciwane igremu-HIV. Kufanele kube ohlelweni womuntu wokugaya ukudla. Ukuba khona-ke umchamo kubonisa ezinye ukwehluleka. Leso senzakalo akusona ezibucayi, kodwa kubuhlungu ukuthi insimbi okufanele sina zenziwe uqobo.

Proteus ubuye owakhileyo engokwemvelo pheshana emathunjini. Kodwa khona-ke umchamo kubonisa ukwahluleka ekhishwa indle. Lokhu umzimba uthola ukudla umchamo kuphela ngale ndlela. Ibonisa khona amanani amakhulu imfucuza kuyinto Serratia esivuthayo ukuzwa kule aphansi ukuchama esiswini futhi kubuhlungu nge uketshezi amnyama anombala.

okufana kakhulu igciwane yangaphambilini Enterococcus fekalis. It uwela ngendlela efanayo emchamweni, esandisa ngokushesha futhi ziphathwe nobunzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angenziwa Enterococcus amelana kwenqwaba kwama-antibiotic.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sisuke azisiwe yokuthi amagciwane anjalo. Nangendlela amehlwabo avuleke ngakhona isakhiwo sabo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Uyazi ukuthi angobani amagama abanye izinhlobo eziyingozi futhi ewusizo.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! Khumbula ukuthi inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu yilona lokuvikela engcono.