Wrangel Island Indawo egicna imvelo, indawo kumephu yeRussia, isimo sezulu, indawo. Zezilwane nezimila of Wrangel Island

Namuhla sizoba ezweni Wrangel. Lesi siqhingi ithakazelisa kakhulu. It wangaphumelela wafuna isihambi isiRashiya, futhi ngavula kungumuntu waseBrithani ongazazi izindlela kanye German. Khona-ke isiqhingi eyihlane kwaba "apula yokungezwani" phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States. Izwe lizungezwe-legends. Kukhona ngisho umbono omunye amakoloni Gulag eliyingozi wawusegunjini lapha. Kodwa ngisho ngaphandle zokucindezela ekamu ezweni kwaba obubulalayo abantu. Akukho omunye polar wafa. Namuhla lesi siqhingi uyaqhubeka mangaza ososayensi nalokho okutholakale muva kwemilingo. Njengoba esakha lesi siqhingi, yini ongayifunda impumuzo, isimo sezulu, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene - ukubona lesi sihloko.

Wrangel Isiqhingi kumephu

Lena indawo kahle esikhulu komhlaba. endaweni yayo imayelana eziyisikhombisa namakhulu isigamu amakhilomitha square, futhi iningi kuyahlanganiswa ezintabeni. Lesi siqhingi sethiwa etholakala e-Arctic Ocean. Ngisho endaweni elula kwendawo ezweni Wrangel kakade amanga ehlukile yayo. Kuyinto nakangaka kweenhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu kwamanzi olwandle, i-umngcele wemvelo phakathi amaChukchi futhi East laseSiberia kwezilwandle. Futhi Wrangel Isiqhingi sihamba kwalapho phakathi Eastern futhi ama- Western kule planethi yethu. Omunye namashumi Meridian ayisishiyagalombili, okubizwa ngokuthi "Usuku Line" sihlukanisa indawo izingxenye bucishe bulingane. On ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi Chukotka, lesi siqhingi ahlukaniswe okungenani 140 amakhilomitha yamanzi - Long Strait. Kusukela ngo-1976, leli zwe kuthiwa inqolobane nemvelo. I umhlali wafa ngo-2003. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kukhona ukuphila ososayensi polar kuphela. Lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo siqhingi kungokwalabo Chukotka Autonomous District (Iultinsky District).

Umlando yokutholakala

Ngokukhulu ukuzethemba singasho ukuthi izwe Wrangel eyaqala ukutholwa Paleo-Eskimo. Kanjani ukufakazela abavubukuli kwenziwe umhosha ukubizwa ngokuthi uDeveli, abantu bayeka lapha ukuze ekamu emithathu nengxenye abantu eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule. wabahloli Russian watshela bokuba khona ezweni elikude Umkilir ( "isiqhingi amabhere") amaChukchi. Kodwa kwangithatha iminyaka engamakhulu amabili ngaphambi kokuba ogwini eyihlane bese nelaskovy unyawo European. Kwaphela isikhathi eside lesi siqhingi sasibizwa kubhekwe kuphela enhle amaChukchi legend. Eminyakeni yakhe 1820-1824 wangaphumelela wafuna wamazwe Russian futhi sikahulumeni uFerdinand Petrovich Vrangel. Ngo 1849, umhloli wamazwe futhi isihambi kusuka UK Genri Kellett wabukela ngokusebenzisa isibonakude, izingcezu ezimbili komhlaba Sea amaChukchi. Owathola okuthiwa kubo ngemva yena futhi umkhumbi wakhe Herald. Kwakukhona "Kellett Land" futhi isiqhingi Herald (kamuva Wrangel Isiqhingi) kumephu jikelele. Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke ukuzidela ingxenye yethu bezwe izungezwe ulwandle.

Kungani kwatholakala ogama lakhe behlonipha Wrangel

Lesi siqhingi sasibizwa kubhekwe abangakutholi abantu baseYurophu (umbono mayelana amaChukchi Umkilir hhayi kunakwe). Ilungelo owathola kwakungekaNkulunkulu umuntu akazange nje ukubona ugu ebangeni eliqhelile ngosizo isibonakude, futhi wagibela ke ngonyawo lwakhe. Kwakuyisikhathi yomthengisi German Eduard Dallmann, owayengifundela ukuthengiselana yomthengisi ne izakhamuzi Chukotka ne-Alaska. Kodwa wayenesihe kude ukucabanga kanye wavakashela wababiza ezweni. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1867-m, whaler Thomas Long kusukela Melika lawela phezu isiqhingi. Ngu ubizo, le ndoda enesibindi kwaba umcwaningi, ukuthi kuningi engikwaziyo ucinge F. P. Vrangelya. Ngakho-ke, wathola futhi wetha lesi siqhingi ngokuthi ngemva kwakhe. Le ndawo wayengeyena umuntu emhlabeni eseneminyaka engu-14 ubudala. Ngo-1881, iziqhingi Wrangel noHarold wakhuphuka umkhumbi American. Kwakubukeka amalungu bomkhankaso polar, De Long, yahamba ayokuhlula North Pole ngo-1879 wagibela umkhumbi "noJeannette" futhi ulahlekile. UCaptain Kelvin Huper lawela esiqhingini iqembu. Nakuba la madoda ngifuna, azikho izibazi yenduna ulahlekile nawo ifulegi US ogwini. Lesi siqhingi Waqamba okusha Colombia.

qoqo leziqhingi Ezemfundo

Kuze zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, Russia nase-uhulumeni wase-United States lalikade sithakazelo esitheni ongumnikazi ezimbili elahlekile e-Arctic Ocean Sushi Scrap. Lesi simo sengqondo nomthelela "ezikude" izixhumanisi yabo ethile. Wrangel Island, isibonelo, esisentshonalanga e qoqo leziqhingi ezincane, elise phakathi 70 ° futhi 71 ° enyakatho nenkabazwe. Ubude okufanayo eduze Meridian kule ndawo nje esiyingqayizivele: kusuka 179 ° W. d. kuya 177 ° c. d. Lo qoqo leziqhingi iseduze kakhulu eNyakatho neMelika nje kuphela kodwa futhi kusukela Asia. Lena kusele kwebhuloho ekhona kanye phakathi amazwekazi amabili, lapho iBering Strait ayikahlanganiswa elinqunywe kubo. Ngakho, isiqhingi Mainland imvelaphi. Futhi yingakho zibizwa nangokuthi Beringia. Le ndawo kokululama wonke umlando ice, futhi ngesikhathi Ukushisa esiqhingini global awuhambanga ngaphansi kwamanzi. Leli qiniso liye lagcina phansi Wrangel flora amazing kanye nezilwane.

Zapolyarnoe apula yokungezwani

Nge ukuqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, futhi kanye umkhakha leminyaka, zombili ukhetho limenyezelwe amalungelo abo kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. Phela, kungakhathaliseki lapho Wrangel Island, uhlala uma kukhona othile, nokuthi ingabe kungenzeka ukuba afeze imisebenzi yezomnotho. Imingcele yezifunda engumakhelwane udlulele kuya empumalanga nasentshonalanga ngokulandelana, uma umuntu uthola okuhle kokukholwa, ubambelele kulezi ziqhingi. Ekwindla ka-1911 Russian uhambo lokuhlola amanzi isitsha "Vaigach" siwela Wrangel Isiqhingi yaphakamisa ifulege Russian kuso. Ehlobo lika-1913 brigantine Canadian "Karluk" kwaba Wayeqhumbuza futhi waphoqeleka ukuba sikhangwe iBering Strait. Ingxenye iqembu lawela esiqhingini Gerald kanye nezinye - iphathi enkulu - at Wrangel. Amalungu amabili bomkhankaso bayofika ezweni elikhulu (Alaska), kodwa iqembu wokutakula wafika ukucindezeleka kuphela Septhemba 1914.

Ukuthuthukiswa leziqhingi

Ngo-1921, abantu baseCanada anquma "esigxotsheni ngaphandle" iqoqo leziqhingi oLwandle amaChukchi. Phela, wanika isimo ithuba lokudoba kanye Whaling at ugu abahlala. Kodwa abantu bokuqala abahlala kuyo wabesifazane abane polar nokukodwa Inuit baye bahlupheka ebusika (ngasinda Ada kuphela Blackjack). Khona-ke abantu baseCanada ngo-1923 kwakhiwa kukholamu yesibili. On Wrangel Isiqhingi weza sokuma Charles Wells nambili Eskimo, phakathi kwabo abesifazane nezingane. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kokudla wahlanganyela yabazingeli abasemagunyeni, izifiki ngempumelelo usinde ebusika. Kodwa uhulumeni wase-USSR ethunyelwe ogwini esiqhingini ophihliza iqhwa "Red Okthoba", ayihlomele ngezibhamu. Ithimba lakhe izifiki ngenkani waphakamisa esikebheni, wabayisa Vladivostok, lapho kamuva abuyiselwe ezweni lakubo. Ngenxa yalolu hambo, izingane ezimbili babulawa.

Wrangel Isiqhingi ngawethu!

Wakwenza kanjani abe "yasekhaya" ekugcineni? Nakuba kukhona Wrangel Isiqhingi kumephu zaseRussia, uhulumeni ngeke size siphumule kuze akukho ukuvunyelwa bamakoloni Russian. Ngo-1926 kwase kunesiqiniseko esiteshini polar, eyayiholwa umcwaningi G. Ya. Ushakov. Naye wahlala omunye emizaneni 59 ka amaChukchi Chaplin futhi Providence. Ngo-1928, i-ophihliza iqhwa "Litke" kwafika intatheli Ukrainian UNikolai Trublaini. Anakho ngokuphindaphindiwe ezincwadini zakhe (ezifana "Into Engakwenza-Arctic ngokusebenzisa ezishisayo") wachaza Wrangel Isiqhingi futhi ubuhle balo nabo ezintabeni ezimazombezombe. Amapulazi collective okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye nomaphi eSoviet Union futhi eNyakatho Ekude kwaba okufanayo. reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya ipulazi collective yasungulwa ngo-1948 - kulokhu waletha umhlambi omncane esuka ezwekazini. Futhi 70s kwangena muskox nge Nunivak Island. Nakuba ngezilimi okubi futhi bathi esekelwe ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo ingenye emakamu gulag, akulona iqiniso. Villages Ushakovskoe, Perkatkun, Star nasemphakathini. Cape Schmidt kwakwakhiwe noma bamazwe noma izizwe amaChukchi.

Amazwe Okuvikelwe

Ngo-1953 iziphathimandla zanquma ukuba alivikele futhi isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula rookeries kubo eziqhingini ezimbili oLwandle amaChukchi. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, Magadan Oblast neKomidi zokuhlola ezasungulwa isinqumo sayo ngo-Wrangel Island Reserve. Kamuva (1968) wakhushulelwa isimo. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kubavimbe uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Nature Reserve ezithinta isizwe ngo-1976 sashintshwa saba inqolobane uhlobo "Wrangel Isiqhingi". Izoni namanje avikelwe ngaphansi RSFSR Council of Ministers isimemezelo ngaphansi inombolo 189 March 23, 1976. Kobuningi reserve isihloko - hhayi inkinga. Ingabe wokuvikela, futhi lesi siqhingi elingumakhelwane Herald, futhi cishe abayizigidi ezingu 1.43 amahektha endaweni amanzi. Kuyindida ukuthi ukulondolozwa imvelo kakhulu nomthelela inhlekelele yama-1990 ngasekupheleni. Iningi labantu balapha bayiswa ezweni, ngoba kwakungekho zokuwasakaza ukudla nophethiloli. I umhlali zokugcina Vasilina Alpaun wabulala polar bear ngo-2003. Futhi ngo-2004 iziqhingi ezimbili kufakwe UNESCO.

impumuzo

Wrangel Island Map ukuthi kule ndawo izwe ngempela sezintaba. Three uchungechunge cishe parallel - Northern, Ephakathi naseNingizimu emikhulu - ngiwunqamule emaweni angasogwini. Iphuzu esiphezulu - Mount KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - kuze kufinyelele 1096 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Itholakala cishe maphakathi siqhingi. Okuphansi North Ridge kuba amanzi ethafeni ngokuthi Tundra Academy. Eliphansi nogu esiqhingini bafa amachweba. Kukhona amachibi amaningi nemifula. Kodwa lapha izinhlanzi zabo ayitholakali. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu elibuhlungu, lezi amadamu ngokusebenzisa nqabela ebusika. Nokho, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke lubonakale lapha. Eminyakeni yamuva, emlonyeni umlambo wathoma ngenkuthalo niqhubeke zidala Shoals salmon. indawo emazombezombe futhi Zapolyarnoe indawo kulesi siqhingi wadala uchungechunge Neta izinguzunga zeqhwa.

Climate Wrangel Island

ebusuku polar lapha kufika eyishumi ka November lesibili futhi siyakwamukela ilanga kuboniswa ekupheleni kukaJanuwari. Ukukhanya ingahambi aqhelile kusukela maphakathi no-May kuze kube eyishumi yesithathu July. Kodwa ngisho yokuthi ilanga likhanya njalo Wrangel Island, akukuniki ukushisa kwehlobo wendawo. Izinga lokushisa ngisho ngoJulayi singadluli +3 ° C. kweqhwa njalo, Ukukhemezela nenkungu. Kuphela ehlobo ngokungavamile esishisayo 2007, izinga lokushisa lenyuka laba +14,8 ° C (ngo-Agasti). Ubusika futhi ngempela nesithwathwa, nge blizzards njalo. Rency ikakhulukazi February no-March. Amazinga ngalesi sikhathi amasonto amaningi aliphumi ngenhla ezingeni -30 ° C. Cold emoyeni quba Arctic usibekezelele umswakama kancane. Kodwa ehlobo nge eNyakatho Pacific kuthiwa beshaya imimoya olumanzi.

Flora

Gorodkov, owayefundelwa esikhathini 1938 ikhava isitshalo ogwini olusempumalanga bezwe Wrangel Isiqhingi ngephutha chasiselwe zone of izingwadule arctic. utadisha izitshalo utshelwa ososayensi ukucabanga ukuthi insimu yalo itholakala indawo ye emathafeni polar. Futhi ukuba eqondile kakhulu, ngezigaba simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: Wrangel Subprovince Western American arctic emathafeni zone. Flora ezahlukene kwezinhlobo lasendulo kwengoma. Three angu isitshalo - subendemics. Lokhu poppy Gorodkova, puccinellia, oxytrope Wrangel nabanye. Okwamanje, wembula ukuthi isibalo sezinye izinhlobo sendawo of Wrangel Isiqhingi akutholakali ezonini polar. Ngaphezu kwalezi izitshalo, okuyinto atholakala kuphela lapha futhi kwenye indawo emhlabeni, esiqiwini ukhule engaphezu kwekhulu ka zezinyoni ezingavamile.

nezilwane

izimo ezinzima zezulu Asikhethi ethile zinhlobo ukwehluka. Esiqhingini kukhona nhlobo eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo kanye ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti. Kodwa Wrangel Island, ogama sithombe hle ephelele ngaphandle ibhere elimhlophe ongaphambili, ophethe irekhodi kwabantu lezi zilwane. Uzenzela isinqumo: indawo mayelana eziyisikhombisa namakhulu isigamu amakhilomitha square ahlalisane amabhere amane. Futhi lokho singabali abesilisa kanye abasha! Lokho kuyafaneleka ngegama amaChukchi yalesi siqhingi - Umkilir. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu lalesi silwane liyakhula unyaka nonyaka. polar bear - umnikazi eyinhloko kulesi siqhingi. Ngaphandle kwakhe lapho kuthiwa amazwe caribou futhi muskox. Summer ubeka umoya esuka ezwekazini izinyosi, izimvemvane, izimpukane omiyane. Izwe izinyoni esiqhingini has mayelana 40 zilwane. Namagundane sekuphenduke umkhuba Wrangel Lemming. Ngaphezu amabhere nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezitholakala: polar impungushe, impisi, impungushe, Wolverine, Ermine. Wendawo isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula rookery - kwekulu eRussia.

ukutholakala esiyingqayizivele

Maphakathi nawo-1990, inqolobane "Wrangel Isiqhingi" yavela emakhasini phambi emaphephabhukwini esayensi. Futhi zonke ngoba kwezazi baye bathola izinsalela mammoth lapha. Kodwa kwakubalulekile ukuba azithole, kanye nobudala bakhe. Kwatholakala ukuthi lesi siqhingi linoboya obukhulu, lezi zindlovu wahlala futhi nje zonke ezintathu namakhulu nengxenye edlule. Kodwa kuyinto eyaziwayo ukuthi ama-mammoth safa iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi eyinkulungwane edlule. Yini esinayo?? Lapho iGrisi bachuma impucuko Mycenaean, wabusa e-Egypt uFaro Tutankhamun, ku Wrangel Isiqhingi Mammoth kokuzungeza uyaphila! Nokho, i-zenyathi wendawo kuhluke futhi ukukhuphuka kancane - nenkundla indlovu yesimanje Afrika.