Wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo Modern. Wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye nemfundo zomthetho

Yomthetho (noma zomthetho) isayensi study lwetemtsetfo esimweni. Kuyingxenye lokuqeqesha abameli kanye nabanye abantu omsebenzi wakhe ehlangene inkantolo.

okusho oyisazi

Namuhla, wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo zanamuhla esinye sezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu abantu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekhulwini XX, elisungulwe ngomthetho womhlaba wonke. Zonke izenzo ezibalulekile emphakathini ngandlela-thile kulawulwa umthetho. It ihlola oyisazi yabo. Ulwazi ehambisana nayo, abe ngqo isicelo aphoyintimenti. Ngaphandle abameli kanye abameli abakwazi ukucabanga ubudlelwano obusemthethweni phakathi kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso samanje ngamazwe yemfundo ngokomthetho, oveza izigidi ochwepheshe ngonyaka. Njengomthetho, ukuqeqeshwa ihlukaniswe nowe eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US, Mexico, e-UK kanye namanye amazwe amakhulu, esigabeni sokuqala imfundo ihlala iminyaka emithathu. Lapho liqedwa umfundi uthola iziqu ze-bachelor. Ngemuva konyaka owodwa umfundi iba inkosi umthetho.

Umsuka Law

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona isayensi elisemthethweni, noma kunalokho izimfanelo zayo. Bazalwa iphinde ithuthukiswa njengedolobha ekwandeni imithetho emiphakathini yasendulo. Ngokuvamile, amalungiselelo angokomthetho ehlangene nenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, kulo lonke laseJudiya wafundisa imithetho izingcaphuno ezivela eBhayibhelini.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo uvele isikole sokuqala eGrisi lasendulo, lapho efundisa isayensi zomthetho ngomqondo wesimanje. Ngo inqubomgomo yayikhona imibuthano zefilosofi, lapho, kanye nemithetho wafundisa bokukhuluma. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi nakuba umqondo wegama elithi "isayensi zomthetho" kwaba nolimi kusukela ulwazi jikelele. Ukuze amaGreki asendulo engazange abe khona noma yimuphi eyala ehlukile. Amadoda avunyelwa ukuhlala (zefilosofi) wafunda wonke sciences ngesikhathi esisodwa.

ERoma, lo oyisazi lithole negalelo ezengeziwe ukuthuthukiswa. Ekuqaleni kuleli dolobha futhi ulwazi umthetho kwakuyilungelo zabapristi. Nokho, kakade mina AD leminyaka eRoma kwakukhona yangasese umthetho esikoleni kuqala, okuyinto yasungulwa ngu Sabine. Isikhathi cwaningo kuleli isikhungo ilingana iminyaka 4. Kancane kancane, laba izikole zisekelwe kwamanye amadolobha amakhulu (waseConstantinople, Athens, Beirut futhi Alexandria).

umthetho wamaRoma

ERoma, ke wazalwa lwetemtsetfo yesimanje. Timphawu zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi komthetho wanamuhla. Kanjani ukuphatha sokulondoloza leli ulwazi eminyaka amaningi kangaka? Phela, in the BC V leminyaka. e. WaseRoma wawa, futhi zonke impucuko enkulu lasendulo wanyamalala phakathi kwezizwe ngowezizwe. Impendulo silula. Ngo wonke uMbuso WamaRoma babebaningi umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla zomthetho esisemthethweni - waseByzantium. Kuyinto kule wombuso uzobuyisa lwetemtsetfo kanye nesimo esifanayo.

izimiso zomthetho yokutholwa eRoma yasendulo, okwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho wamaRoma. Namuhla lesi siyalo iyingxenye esiyisibopho hlelo nganoma yisiphi ubuhlakani komthetho. Eminyakeni 530-533. EByzantium sidalwe Ikhodi uJustinian, lapho lolu lwazi iye systematized. isayensi zomthetho Modern lalingekho ngaphandle kwale dokhumenti. Waziwa nangokuthi ngaphansi kwegama "Digesty".

Ukubaluleka kwezinkambiso Roman

Ngo komthetho wamaRoma (futhi kamuva "Inhlabamkhosi") zinamathele imiqondo zomthetho eziyisisekelo. Chief eyalahla Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi isimo - kuwumphumela isivumelwano ayimisa phakathi izakhamuzi. Ukuze izakhamuzi yokusungulwa wezwe kohlelo ecacile uhulumeni kuyadingeka ukuze uxazulule izinkinga zomphakathi ezibalulekile.

ERoma lasendulo kwakukhona izimiso zobulungiswa okwaholela kusukela nokulingana. Kwaba ngezinga elifanayo wemfanelo noma yisiphi isakhamuzi ukuba isimo. Abantu bangaphila emphakathini ukuchuma kuphela uma sithatha kwezinkambiso ezithile ezivimbela izenzo kwephule amalungelo abakhileyo kulo. Lawa kwakungamadodana imithetho. Ongoti kulezi zimiso babe abameli futhi sivikele abantu enkantolo uma amalungelo abo bazithola ahlaselwa.

isayensi ngokomthetho eRussia kanye nomhlaba wonke yakhiwe kakhulu imiqondo ezisebenza ngisho abameli ku Lomuzi Waphakade. Lokhu akuyona into exakile ngakho Nawubona bona kusukela isakhiwo isimo futhi ubuhlobo baso umphakathi kwavele hhayi ushintsho kakhulu.

Umthetho wamaRoma Medieval

Izinhlinzeko umthetho WamaRoma zaziziqhenya jikelele. Baqhubeka zisebenzisa ngisho nangemva isimo endulo eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule. into enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi yokwamukela komthetho wamaRoma. Le nqubo has izinhlobo eziningana. Bona iyashintshashintsha kuye ngokuthi isimo.

Umthetho wamaRoma kungaba into cwaningo, amazwana nokuhlaziya. Kulokhu, izimiso zayo kanye nezinkambiso kungukuthi kuthathwe phezu ngqo. Kukhethwe kuphela ezinye zezimiso ezisebusweni umtsetfo lokhona. Lona ifomu kulula kakhulu neqondayo i-reception.

Kwezinye izimo, umthetho wamaRoma ingase ikhishwe phezu ngokuphelele. isayensi osetshenziswayo zomthetho kuleli cala ithuthukisa izindlela ukusebenza umthetho, okuyinto kwenzakala kuyinsakavukela. Ngokwesibonelo, abameli engcono eFrance XIX leminyaka kuhlanganiswe umthetho kazwelonke namaRoma. Waba yini umphumela walesi umsebenzi Wawugujelwani edumile Ikhodi Napoleon. It wagcizelela ukubaluleka kanye igunya amalungelo abantu. Abaningi imithetho yanamuhla noma esekelwe komthetho wamaRoma, noma izindinganiso eziseZwini 1804 Ikhodi Napoleon.

Jurisprudence eRussia

Izimpawu zokuqala ukuvela umthetho njengoba isayensi eRussia ingatholakala imibhalo kwekhulu XVII. Isimo kuhlelwe ukwethula emfundisweni "ubulungisa" Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Kwakuwusuku isikhungo wokuqala wemfundo ephakeme eRussia. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono akukakasetshenziswa.

isayensi ephathelene Nezomthetho kanye Namandla umkhuba wokusebenzisa umthetho isibe kubalulekile ngenkathi uPetru I. Russian Tsar isimo ngilunge. Zonke izikhundla ubudala kwathathelwa indawo zaseYurophu. I "Uhlu Amazinga" kanye neminye imibhalo elawula impilo isigaba bureaucratic. umsebenzi State baba ehlelekile. Nokho, nangaphansi kwezimo ezintsha izwe Ochwepheshe kudingekile abaziqondayo izimiso kanye nezinqubo ngaphakathi ubushiqela.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1715, Peter ngaqala ukulungisa project ukwakha isikhungo ezikhethekile. Ngokwe-mbono, abathweswe iziqu zalo kwakudingeka basebenze emahhovisi kanye nokuqapha semthethweni umsebenzi wabo. Nokho, umthetho yasekhaya wafundisa kwenye indawo.

Ukuvela imfundo zomthetho yasekhaya

Ngo 1725 Russian Academy of Sciences yasungulwa. 60-s kwekhulu XVIII, izindonga zawo babefundiswa eziyisisekelo zokubala emkhakheni we wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye wezifundo zezombusazwe. Abafundi Petersburg okokuqala ukuzwa ukuthi isayensi ngesimiso esinjalo somthetho. Imisebenzi yaleli ulwazi kwaba pragmatic kakhulu. Kwaba ekhulwini XVIII, kwakukhona ukwanda ngokuphawulekayo e ubushiqela, okuyinto ayikwazanga singase siphumelele uma amalungu ayo abaqondi isakhiwo isimo kanye nomthetho.

Ngemva ekusungulweni University of eMoscow zemfundo zomthetho Russian waqala ukufundiswa e abhidliza izindonga zayo. Kulokhu, lezi zikhulumi kuqala umthetho bamenywa ochwepheshe German. Kuphela ngenkathi uCatherine II babe othisha lokuqala kanye noprofesa yasekhaya (isib Simon Desnitsky).

isimo samanje

isayensi Russian zomthetho nezemfundo zomthetho eminyakeni yamuva kuye zabhekana noshintsho olubonakalayo elihlobene ne-isingeniso ezweni lethu imodeli European ukuqeqeshwa ongoti-abameli. Lesi senzakalo okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi inqubo Bologna. It lethiwa endaweni ukusayina inkontileka. Ngo-1999, amazwe aseYurophu (Russia zabanye zahlanganyela nabo emva kweminyaka 4) wavuma ukuba alethe ndawonye nokuvumelanisa izinhlelo zabo disparate imfundo ephakeme.

Lesi sinqumo sabonakala amandla umthetho. amazinga Modern Russian lemfundo elithe xaxa (esiphezulu, Master futhi t. D.) Maximum meet yaseYurophu. oda ekhona kuvumela abafundi emayunivesithi lendawo ngaphandle nobunzima ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo phesheya. Futhi, isayensi ngokomthetho eRussia sathola isisusa olwengeziwe sokuthuthukiswa elala Ochwepheshe angaphandle.

Theory of State and Law

Umthetho uhlukaniswe imikhakha yesayensi eziningana eziyisisekelo. Omunye wabo imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo kanye nomthetho, noma esifushanisiwe njengoba THP. Lo mbono uvele eSoviet imvelo professorial, futhi namuhla uhlala ogxile isiyalo Russian. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani isimo kanye nomthetho, kuphenyisiswe ngokwehlukile.

Jurisprudence TGP uyazicabangela izimiso, izitayela, futhi amaphethini izikhungo nesenzakalo. Imfundiso ihlanganisa imiqondo ebalulekile ezifana ukoniwa, umthwalo zomthetho, isimiso sezombusazwe, inqubo zomthetho , nokunye. D.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka nomphakathi

Enkulumweni umthetho sayo samanje has eziningi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ayisisekelo. Umthetho study isimo, tinhlangano temmango, nempahla amalungelo. Kodwa ukwenza lezi zenzakalo iphuzu ezivamile empambana?

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka kwezenhlalo kusho ukuthi isimo, umthetho, kanye nomphakathi, kuye kwavela ngenxa yesivumelwano phakathi bonke abantu. Okwakushiwo "isayensi zomthetho" kuyinto isiqalo nesigcino eyala ukuthi ukufunda lesi simanga.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka kwezenhlalo kwakheka isisekelo imibono yesimanje ngalokho uhulumeni esisemthethweni angaba khona kuphela ngenkululeko abantu kubuswa kuye. Ngokokuqala ngqá lo mbono waba owasungulwa Isazi sefilosofi esidumile IsiZulu Thomas Hobbes e 1651. Kamuva yaba theory zefilosofi kubaluleke Dzhon Lokk noJean-Zhak Russo. ucwaningo lwabo ekhiqizwa izikole yesayensi eziningana futhi imigomo abadumile. Ngokwesibonelo, Hobbes Wasikisela ukuthi ukungabi khona isiphithiphithi izwe noma impi yazo zonke ngokumelene zonke.

Psychology Legal

Ingxenye enkulu wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo elihlobene ne okuphenya futhi forensics. Ngaphandle uMthetho besingeke sibe khona umthetho lobugebengu. Inkathi ebalulekile lasungulwa njengoba injalo manje leminyaka XX. Kukhona izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku uphenyo, nokunye .. Ngo-1960 kwakungekho Psychology zomthetho. Njengoba isayensi, le ngxenye yomthetho kuyadingeka ukukhomba nokubona izigebengu.

Ngo forensics kubaluleke kakhulu isici ngokwengqondo. Ngokuvamile izigebengu izenzo awanasisekelo, abakwazi ukuba kuchazwe. Umuntu iphule umthetho, kungase kube namakhulu izisusa ukuthi benze isenzo ebulalayo. Psychology Legal kwavela njengoba iqoqo amasu yakhelwe ukutadisha ukuziphatha izigebengu.

Izindlela kwengqondo zomthetho

Umqondo yesimanje ye "isayensi zomthetho" kunalokho enezici. Lokhu kungenxa inhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi umphakathi kanye nesimo. Lo mqondo sihlanganisa isiyalo Integrative, okungukuthi, lezo ezikhona ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo neminye imikhakha yesayensi ezimbili. Ngokwesibonelo, Psychology zomthetho isebenzisa izindlela kanye imiqondo njengoba kwengqondo Umlayo babé isisekelo salo.

ndaba Iwawo ihlola ubudlelwano, izindlela kanye izenzakalo ezibangela ukwephulwa komthetho emphakathini. kwezinkambiso zomthetho entelwe phansi ngulabo ngamunye. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, isizathu isinyathelo sakhe itholakala izinqubo ezijulile lihlotshaniswa nesimo somphakathi.

Ochwepheshe in kwengqondo zomthetho, kukhona izindlela ezimbalwa jikelele ukusiza emsebenzini wabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile ukwencika emcimbini mbuzo. inkhulumoluhlolo indlela kuyadingeka ukuze sifinyelele i Ukufundwa olunembile nomuntu sezizathu ngezenzo zakhe, okwaholela kuwukwephula umthetho.