Uyini zamakhono? abaluthole Key nokuhlola yabo. Likhono uthisha nabafundi

"ZamaKhono" - amazwi asetshenziswa, mhlawumbe, hhayi kaningi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi namanje lushelele ezingxoxweni ezithile. Abantu abaningi azibonayo nencazelo yalo kancane engacacile wayephambanisa ngekhono futhi ukudla akuyona ngokuphelele endaweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani layo ngqo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela qinile zakuzakwana kule mpikiswano nokuxoxisana, kanye ekuqhubeni. Ngakho-ke yini zamakhono? Isho ukuthini futhi bayini? Sizokwenza ukuthi uqonde kabanzi.

amagama

Ngokusho Efrayimi, sekhono lichazwa ngokuthi indawo nompetha kutsi imibuto lehlukene, lapho umuntu onolwazi. Inchazelo yesibili, ngokuvumelana emthonjeni ofanayo ithi leli gama libuye likhulume ngokuzila iqoqo nemalungelo kanye netibopho (ezihlobene ezisemthethweni). Lesi sakamuva kuyehla kube igama elithi "zamakhono lochwepheshe". He is kancane eqinile kulokuqala. Kodwa le ncazelo lungaphezu nokuhambisana nalokho okushiwo umbuzo yini sekhono, kusukela inguqulo yokuqala has a lot of omqondofana hhayi ngakho esinda echaziwe.

ZamaKhono futhi eduze imigomo yakhe

Zimbili izindlela cazelo of imigomo zamakhono kanye nobuchwepheshe:

• ukuhlonza;
• kwamangqamuzana.

ZamaKhono, ukukhuluma cishe, kuyifa we zamakhono. Ngokuhambisana kobubanzi eside yokugcina ithathwa futhi iphathwa ubuhlobo babo umqondo wokuqala. Phela, uchazwa ngokuthi libhekene izinga muntu, ikhono lakhe. ZamaKhono iphathwa ngokwehlukile - ke, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isiqalo nesigcino.

ukwakhiwa

ZamaKhono kuyinto yi ebalulekile nokuxhumana yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu izinto ezilandelayo:

1. Trust. Definition of imigomo siqu, kwemigomo izinhlelo ezithile emikhulu nasezakhiweni imodeli, kanye nezenzo nokuziphatha ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela oyifunayo. Kusolwa isilinganiso imigomo kanye nezincazelo siqu.
2. Nokuzikhuthaza. isithakazelo esiqotho futhi ilukuluku esiqotho emsebenzini lapho umuntu onekhono, khona wakhe amabanga ukuxazulula inesikhathi eliphathelene nalesi umsebenzi.
3. Ukuma. Izimali e inqubo yizimo zangaphandle (kumila ukuqonda umsebenzi wabo, nakho-ke) kanye yangaphakathi (isipiliyoni subjective, ulwazi intersubject, izindlela zokusebenza, izici ezithile kwengqondo nokunye). ukuhlolwa lolwenetisako ngokoqobo futhi ngokwabo - namandla nobuthakathaka babo.
4. Functional. Ukutholakala kwamakhono hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa ku yokufuna ulwazi, amakhono, amasu nezindlela lomsebenzi. Ukuqaphela Imininingwane ekukwati kufundza nekubhala njengoba base for kumiswa yabo nentuthuko, emisha, imibono, kanye namathuba. Ukuntula ukwesaba inselele iziphetho nezinqumo, kukhethwa izindlela ezingahambisani nezivamile.
5. Ukulawula. Kukhona umngcele ukugeleza nesilinganiso netiphetfo ngokuhamba imisebenzi. Uma sihlabela phambili - okungukuthi, ngcono imibono yokuphepha izindlela ezifanele futhi ezisebenzayo nezindlela. Isilinganiso yezenzo imigomo.
6. Esikalini. Umgomo we ezintathu "self": ukuhlaziya, ukuhlola kanye nokulawula. Ukuhlolwa kwe-isikhundla, isidingo kanye nempumelelo ngalokuphatselene nelwati, emakhono, noma indlela ekhethiwe of action.

Ngamunye izakhi kuyinto ukuziphatha kwabo kuthinta yonke into, futhi yisici esibalulekile welithi "ekwakheni zamakhono".

ngezigaba

Amatemu avunyelwe baqonde ukuthi zamakhono ngomqondo ovamile. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, it is izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi:

• umhlahlandlela;
• ukuqondisa abanye;
• ukuphathwa kwenhlangano.

isigaba ngasinye siqukethe eziningana zezinto eziphilayo. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange amabili.

Amakhono kungabuye ihlukaniswe futhi isimiso ezihlukene: Isibonelo, ngesisekelo ongumnikazi kubo. Lezi zinhlobo sizothinta mkhakha, izinhlangano kanye namaqembu omphakathi.

Cabangani ngalokhu okulandelayo:

1. ZamaKhono nguthishela. Ingqikithi zamakhono lochwepheshe futhi Pedagogical.
2. umfundi zamakhono. Definition of iqoqo elinganiselwe elwati nemakhono.

Kungani lezi esikhethiwe?

Ukuhambisana nesikhathi

Ubudlelwano phakathi uthisha kanye umfundi - isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa sebuningini izakhi. Ukungabi temakhono kwelinye kufaka inkinga efanayo nomunye. Kepha iqiniso ukuthi kufanele kube yingxenye uthisha zamakhono, omunye bangase bazibone isimo ngisho kuyadida ngaphezulu.

Likhono abafundi

Ososayensi abaningi baye bame kwelokuthi kwekhono le abafundi, ngokunembile, inombolo yabo kufanele ngokuqinile kungagcini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-luba akhethiwe. Igama lazo lesibili - ikhono ukhiye.

BaseYurophu unohlu cishe, ngaphandle kwenaba. Kuyo amaphuzu ayisithupha. Umfundi kufanele:

• ufunde - njengoba isenzo esikhulu;
• cabanga - njengoba injini nezinga lokukhula kwengane;
• funa - njengoba kumiswa ugqozi;
• ukubambisana - njengoba inqubo yokuxhumana;
• ukuzivumelanisa - njengoba ngcono sakhe ngekwemiva netenhlalo;
• bathathe leli cala - njengoba ukugcwaliseka konke okungenhla.

ososayensi Russian asabela ngayo lapho icala ngendlela efanele. Nazi abaluthole eziyisisekelo abafundi (ingqikithi eziyisikhombisa):

• Ikhono ukufunda. It lisikisela ukuthi umfundi okwaziyo self-ucwaningo, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa amakhono efanayo futhi ukuzimela emsebenzini, lokusungula, ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila. Kwalolwati kuhilela kukhethwa umfundi imigomo yokufunda kanye nelwati ukwamukela imigomo ekhethiwe uthisha. Kuhlanganisa ekuhlela nekuhlelenjiswa kwalokucuketfwe umsebenzi, ukukhethwa nokusesha ubuchwepheshe, khona amakhono ukuzithiba.
• isiko Jikelele. Ukuthuthukiswa siqu self-bezibona ngokwakho sisonke emphakathini, intuthuko engokomoya, ukuhlaziya isiko nobuzwe, ukutholakala kanye nokusetshenziswa amakhono olimi, self-imfundo we izindinganiso ezazivamile zokuziphatha futhi usikompilo nenhlalo, ukuzikhethela ebhekiswe nokuxhumana ukubekezela isithwathwa ngemasiko.
• Civic. Kwalolwati Kuhlanganisa nokuba nekhono lokubheka uzulazule empilweni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, okungukuthi, azi ukuthi wayezibona lomphakathi, isimo, kanye namaqembu omphakathi. Ukuhlaziya imicimbi kanye nokuxhumana nomphakathi kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Cabanga izithakazelo zabanye, ukuhlonipha kwabo, ukwenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho ofanele yezwe.
• Ebhizinisi. Abuhileli nje khona kodwa futhi ukugcwaliseka amakhono. Lezi zihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, zihlanganisa isilinganiso efiselekayo kanye nenhlangano langempela imisebenzi, ukuhlaziya amathuba, ukulungiselela izinhlelo kanye nokwethulwa of imiphumela zomsebenzi.
• Komphakathi. Chaza endaweni yabo izindlela tikhungo tetenhlalo, ukuzibandakanya namaqembu omphakathi, afana indima social, zezombusazwe kanye nekhono ukuza ukusilela, umthwalo ngezenzo zabo, emphakathini.
• Ulwazi yekuchumana. ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kolwazi nobuchwepheshe, ukwakha ulwazi onobuhle, ukuthembeka kwekambiso yokuhlola entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe.
• Healthcare. Londoloza njenge impilo yakho siqu (zokuziphatha, ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, ezenhlalo, nokunye. D.), Futhi kwabanye, okusikisela amakhono ayisisekelo ukuthi bafake isandla ekuthuthukiseni kanye nokugcinwa ngamunye izinhlobo ngenhla zempilo.

neziqu Key (amakhono ayisisekelo)

amazwe aseYurophu sinonimiruyut nencazelo 'neziqu "futhi" zamakhono ". abaluthole Core babizwa nangokuthi amakhono ayisisekelo. Nazo ngokufanayo, kunqunywa izimfanelo siqu futhi obudlelwana kuvetwa amafomu ahlukene nasezimweni ezahlukene zomphakathi nasemsebenzini.

Uhlu makhono okusebenza e imfundo professional eYurophu:

• Komphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa izisombululo ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo, imiphumela, isilinganiso izithakazelo siqu nezisebenzi, ukubekezelelana izici ngemasiko ngamazwe, maqondana nokubambisana njengesibambiso yokuxhumana enempilo kuleli qembu.
• Luchumano. zokuxhumana etemlomo nalabhalwako ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izilimi ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo, emakhonweni okukhulumisana, izimiso zokuxhumana.
• Socio-lwazi. Analysis bezibona yezenhlalakahle ulwazi ukukhanya ezibucayi ezivamile umqondo, indawo yabo futhi ukusetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukene, ulwazi nobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda umuntu isikimu - kukhompyutha lapho isixhumanisi lokuqala imiyalo yesibili, kodwa hhayi okuphambene nalokho.
• Yezengqondo, asibizwa yini futhi ngokuthi ngezifiso. Isidingo ezingokomoya self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuvunyelwa kwazo ukuthi lesi sidingo - self, ngcono, ukukhula siqu.
• Zamasiko, futhi kuhlanganisa futhi yobuhlanga.
• Special. Kuhlanganisa amakhono adingekayo ukuze zamakhono eyanele ezingeni professional, ukuzimela kulo msebenzi, ukuhlolwa ezanele yezenzo zabo.

Ulwazi lokwenza umsebenzi kanye neziqu

Ngokuba umuntu ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union Nokho, kancane sekujwayelekile ukuba uzwe banikezwe isihloko nemigomo njengoba omqondofana. Umbuzo lokho zamakhono okuhle sekuqalile futhi udinga ezinye zezinguquko eziye zenziwa ukuchaza kangcono. abacwaningi Domestic ukushayela wakufanelekela ukulungiselela ukwanele kohlaka imisebenzi ezimweni esimeme futhi kulinganiselwe. Kuthathwa ingxenye nohlaka zamakhono.

Kodwa lokhu kumane nje kuyisiqalo loko we ukungafani. Futhi, makhono okusebenza ezihlukahlukene imithombo ube yokuqamba ezahlukene nencazelo.

Zeer ngokuthi ukhiye jikelele yolwazi, kanye ngemasiko kanye imikhakha eyahlukene. Ngokusho kwakhe, zisiza ukuba asebenzise amakhono olucacile ezidingayo ukuze inkulumo yakho emkhakheni othize zochwepheshe umsebenzi, futhi awumgogodla lithathelwe ezimweni okungezona ezijwayelekile futhi umsebenzi omusha futhi ithele kakhulu futhi kahle nganoma iyiphi izimo leze.

zamakhono lochwepheshe

VI Baydenko waqokomisa enye ungqimba ezibalulekile - zamakhono efanele ngamakhasimende.

Esikhathini umqondo umuntu ulichaza ngendlela ezine esibophezelayo:

1. Inhlanganisela ukuqina kanye eguquguqukayo nokulungiselela kanye isinqumo ulwazi, futhi isicelo idatha ukuba uxazulule izinkinga imvelo emsebenzini; ukuvulekela nokuxhumana medium oshiwo ngenhla.
2. Lezi zindlela ukusebenza, ububanzi bokusebenzisa nolwazi oludingekayo lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi amazinga ukwakha okusezingeni nokuklama.
3. eyiyo izimfanelo namakhono enesandla umkhiqizo kanye nekghono.
4. Ukuhlanganisa isipiliyoni kanye nolwazi ezivumela ukuba sithuthuke ngomsebenzi wayo.

Uma sicabangela amagama ezihlongozwayo Baydenko, sifika esiphethweni sokuthi zamakhono lochwepheshe - akusiyo kuphela ikhono, kuba nezici ezithile kwangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo emshikashikeni sphere zabo ezifanele futhi ngokuhambisana nezidingo umsebenzi owenziwayo. abasebenzi Kuncono uzimisele ukukwenza.

ZamaKhono nguthishela - esisodwa sezigaba professional, kanye ukumboza indawo zamakhono lochwepheshe futhi Pedagogical. Mayelana-ke - ngezansi.

zamakhono lochwepheshe-Pedagogical

Umqondo uthisha zamakhono uwukubonakaliswa izici siqu nguthishela, lapho uyakwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo nezinkinga bebodwa, eyabelwe yona nokuphathwa izikhungo zemfundo, kanye abasafufusa ukuqeqesha. Lo mbono sisetshenziswa practice.

uthisha Amakhono ubilise phansi izingqimba ezintathu eziyisisekelo amakhono:

• sebenzisa amasu e isimo sangempela izindaba ukufunda;
• eguquguqukayo ekuthathweni, izindlela ezihlukahlukene emsebenti ngamunye;
• ukuthuthukiswa ungumlandeli uthisha, emisha imibono ngcono amakhono.

Kuye ubunikazi balezi izingqimba, kukhona amazinga ezinhlanu:

• Izinga lokuqala zamakhono - zokuzala.
• Okwesibili - oluhambelana.
• Eyesithathu - a endaweni ze-yokumodela.
• Okwesine - letindzala ukumodeliswa ulwazi.
• Okwesihlanu - umsebenzi ohlelweni-yokumodela.

ukuhlolwa zamaKhono senziwa ngesisekelo nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• ukugxila izici ngamunye;
• ukuqhathanisa kwezivivinyo odlule ukuhlonza intuthuko professional ;
• Imiphumela yaloku kuhlola okungenhla - kufanele futhi ezihlose ukwakha amakghono, ukulungiselela nezindlela ngcono izinhlelo;
• ukudala ngokugqugquzela amathuba self-reflection, ukuzikala.

Ukuhlola temakhono uncika nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• ulwazi zesifundo;
• emisha;
• ezihlobene nomsebenzi;
• ulwazi elisekela ezingokwengqondo Pedagogical;
• ikhono bahlelekela ukuqeqeshwa izinhlelo;
• ukusebenza ukuqeqeshwa izinhlelo;
• Ikhono lokungacasuli Pedagogical;
• isilinganiso ukuze abafundi;
• sebenzisa ndlela ngamunye;
• ugqozi kwebafundzi;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono abafundi 'yokucabanga yesayensi;
• ukuthuthukiswa ukucabanga e abafundi;
• ikhono lokusungula nesithakazelo esikhulu kule ndaba;
• zamakhono ekilasini - izinhlobo zomsebenzi futhi imisebenzi;
• inkulumo efanele;
• impendulo;
• wamaphepha;
• self-imfundo, self-ukuphelela ubuntu namakhono emsebenzini onenjongo;
• umsebenzi ekilasini:
• yokukhulumisana nabazali, osebenza nabo, abaphathi.

izinhlangano zamaKhono umzali

Ukucabangela ithakazelise kulabo izimo lapho ngokwabo ukunquma kwekhono yokuphatha ezinhlwini aphansi. Yimaphi amakhono okumele abanakho?

Likhono iziphathimandla:

• kwenchubomgomo (ngaphakathi nangaphandle);
• ukulawula sphere nezenhlalakahle;
• Control ngamakhono emizimbeni aphansi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle ka isakhiwo esisodwa;
• ikhono alondoloze ubuqotho amalungu isixhumanisi;
• kumiswa izinhlelo ezikhethekile, izindaba ezifanele abasafufusa, ekuqalisweni kwezinhlelo;
• Ukuzaliseka kwesokudla ngokusuka zomthetho.

Amandla, njengoba sazi, lihlukaniswe phakathi esiphezulu, zokwahlulela zomthetho. izitsha zamaKhono kunqunywa esekelwe izinga labo. Ngokwesibonelo, International Court of Justice Ungaqonda izinto kwezifunda kuphela, ngenkathi ethile arbitral wezasekhaya kwezomnotho. Likhono nezinhlangano ezifana ichazwe ngu izinto zawo inhlangano, kanye ebekwe nguMthethosisekelo.

ZamaKhono izinhlangano yebhizinisi, amabhizinisi, kanye nokunye. D.

abaluthole Core inkampani kukhona isisekelo ukuthuthukiswa ekahle, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza inzuzo. Ukutholakala ubuchwepheshe eyanele kwenza izinhlangano ukuze uhlale hhayi kuphela untanta, kodwa ukuba athuthuke ezingeni elilandelayo. zamakhono Key kufanele ihlobene eduze imisebenzi inkampani. Ngakho-ke ikuvumela ukuletha inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke.

ZamaKhono lenhlangano ngesibonelo ibhizinisi yenkampani embonini:

• ulwazi emkhakheni womsebenzi (emakethe) kanye nokubuyekeza njalo ulwazi;
• ikhono sihlaziye lwazi aluthola kanye nokuqalisa izinqumo ezifanele ukuze kuzuze inkampani;
• ikhono njalo phambili.

isiphetho

Umqondo zamakhono inomngcele nemibandela emibili: zamakhono, kwenkululeko okuyinto kancane esilufifi, futhi neziqu. Eyokuqala Kuthi kudidaniswe original, sibonga izici lucebe futhi etymology, futhi ubudlelwane nabo kunqunywa ukukhetha sekhono eside. Nge wakufanelekela kancane kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu: e-European Community ezikhonjwe umqondo, kuyilapho isayensi yasekhaya inkontileka ngokuphelele phezu ukuhlukanisa kubo. Ngenxa yalokhu, hhayi njengoba kucacile njengoba singathanda isimo nge ekubizweni makhono okusebenza.