Ubudlelwane emakethe Modern futhi "black" umnotho: ukuhumusha umqondo

Black (noma isithunzi) umnotho ohlelweni emakethe umnotho lwanamuhla, ngokwezinga elithile, kuba engokwemvelo elihlobene ne-ukwenqaba izinyathelo eqine. Ngo umnotfo zesikhashana, ngokusho kongoti, ubukhulu abamnyama emnothweni inyuka (kufika ku 40-50% we-GDP), ke yingoba ubudlelwane emakethe emnothweni ephelezelwa ukuthuthukiswa omubi ezizimele, ukukhula samakhaya, imithetho singenele, iconsi yesikhashana ku izinga lempilo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kudingeka esisobala indlela eyanele ukuze ukuqapha indlela ezihlobana lonke emakethe umnotho kanye abamnyama emnothweni emazingeni Macro futhi Meso.

Okwamanje, ososayensi baye basungula ezihlukahlukene izindlela ukuzimisela emnothweni isithunzi, futhi amaqembu ahlukahlukene izindlela for nokuhlola yayo: oqondile, ngokungaqondile, kuhlanganise ukuhlaziywa umsebenzi, izindlela yemali, okunye indlela ukuhlolwa lezimpahla kwemali, izindlela econometric. Kodwa emakethe umnotho yesimanje kanye abamnyama emnothweni zisekhona ezingeni yentuthuko ukuthi kaningi izincazelo lwezigaba kwethunzi (abamnyama) isungule umnotho, amagama nokwethuka heterogeneity etholwe izilinganiso ambalwa. Ngakho, uhla yabo emazweni CIS uyahluka 10 no-55% emazweni EU-ikhandidethi - 10 no-22% e emazweni asethuthukile - 1,2i17%. Lokhu kungenxa umehluko e izinqubomgomo ezisemthethweni, izinga emnothweni kanye nezenzo ezifihliwe futhi ukusetshenziswa zokuklanywa kwentengo ezihlukene ubudlelwane emakethe yesimanje. Phakathi kwalezi zindlela, oqondile - oyithatha kalula, nezinye, ngokungaqondile, sakhiwo, kanye nezindlela ze-etintfweni ezifihliwe ukumodeliswa ezithambile - kufuthwe.

Izinkombandlela Task Force Eurostat izincomo CIS Izibalo iKomiti nezinye izikhungo ukuhlaziywa komnotho kukhona eyahumusha nokubonakalisa kuphela isidingo abanamathela izincazelo ezivamile futhi ngeengaba yomsebenzi wezomnotho abamnyama, inake izici of emnothweni kazwelonke, ukusebenzisa ngohlaka kohlaziyo (definition futhi ukuhlela imingcele kufihlwe, umnotho kanye nezenzo ezingekho emthethweni ngu imikhakha oluhlanganisiwe), ekuhloleni epha kambaphambili kuze icandelo.

izibalo olukha phezulu Kwamanye amazwe, ukuhlolwa black umnotho nje ngomqondo ovamile noma ngokwengxenye akuyona kuphela ziyabhekelelwa ukubonakaliswa ethile komnotho ezifihliwe, avame le ndlela njengoba isakhiwo umnotfo emakethe futhi komthunzi walo ingxenye. Isici esiphawulekayo iningi labo eshicilelwe samanje nokuhlolwa uhlobo umnotho, kuyinto ukuntula kwabo umnqopho, njengoba umthetho - undervaluation, imbangela okuyinto isinyathelo izakhiwo njengoba inhloso lomkhuba, yiziphi umnotho emakethe kanye abamnyama emnothweni, nemibi ezimali izibalo kanye isifiso ngamabomu ukunikeza ulwazi olungamanga wabaphenduli etholwe ngenxa yasendlini isampula survey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela ngokwengqondo ngisho umphakathi lengakalungiselelwa amagugu ukuhlaziya umnotho abamnyama (ngisho noma kokuhlaziywa enjalo futhi wathola).

Kweminyaka yocwaningo izinhlangano, izakhiwo, izindlela sokulinganisa umnotho isithunzi, eziningi izibalo zokuhlola kungenzeka nokuba akuhlele ezinye izindlela jikelele kwencazelo lomkhuba.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa imisebenzi unobserved kwezomnotho esakazwa abanye ososayensi njengoba ejwayelekile isithunzi elithi umnotho kuyakhethwa. Ngokuya unobserved, kwamasela amakhebuli akubikwa, umnotho engabhalisiwe nge ncazelo wabeka ukwenqaba idatha wokulinganisa imihlola noma okungenani inkomba kungathembeki yayo. Igama elithi "isithunzi" kubonakala ukuthi baphumelele kakhulu: ukuthi ayigxilile ubunjalo ukuhlolwa ukugqamisa izimo ezithile ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza imisebenzi, ubunjalo engenayo. Ngale ndlela yencazelo ivumela ukuhlonza yimuphi umsebenzi kwezomnotho kwamasela amakhebuli akubikwa. Olumnyama eside, kulo mongo, kuphela kumelwe kuqondwe njengelakhiwe kuveze abavamile esigabeni emnothweni isithunzi. Modern emakethe umnotho kanye abamnyama emnothweni e izilinganiso lokuhlinzeka ngezibalo okudinga Ukusabalala eziphelele kakhulu nesilinganiso ambalwa of zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi ezinomthunzi kungakhathalekile umthombo imvelaphi.