Uyini Valence oxygen compounds?

Ukuze sithole kungenzeka amanani Valence-mpilo okufanele ukuhlola isimo kwalesi sakhi ishadi lesikhathi, izici eziyinhloko isakhiwo zama-athomu yayo. Le ndlela ewusizo ekuhloleni umbuzo lokho Valence oxygen ejwayelekile futhi yini akuyona ejwayelekile ngaye. Zezakhi ezivamile abonise valency evamile - II. Lesi sici ikuvumela ukuba ichaze inani izibopho omunye athomu e amafomula siphelile kanambambili ezihilela umoya-mpilo.

Uyini Valence oxygen?

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala ekuqongeleleni ulwazi izakhiwo kanye isakhiwo izinto bamakhemikhali wacabanga ukuthi Valence - ikhono ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi inombolo ezithile zama-athomu e-molecule ketshezi. Ososayensi abaningi ngemva kokutholakala element baye bazama ukuqonda ukuthi Valence oxygen. Impendulo laliqongelelwe experiment:-mpilo inamathela ezimbili monovalent hydrogen atom e ukusabela zamakhemikhali, kusho divalent. Imibono ka ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ngesibopho ekuqongeleleni ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo izidakamizwa. Ngo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe we Valence ka H. Lewis W. Kossel ukudalula ubunjalo nokuxhumana chemical ne electronic isakhiwo umbono. Abacwaningi ukuchaza ikhono athomu sika ukwakha inombolo ethile ukuxhumeka ukulwela esitebeleni kunazo isimo amandla. Endabeni ekufezeni kuyizinhlayiyana owesincane izidakamizwa uba umuntu omdala ophumelelayo. Ngo ithiyori Lewis izakhiwo eziningi abayinakanga indima electron zangaphandle iqhaza ekudaleni isibopho zamakhemikhali.

Izakhiwo i-oksijini ukubekwa ethebuleni gqwa

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona lapho babe Valence oksijini, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ezinye izici zayo isakhiwo electronic. Oxygen ikhanda iqembu 16 ishadi lesikhathi. Igama ovamile amalungu omkhaya - "chalcogens" of ngezigaba ephelelwe yisikhathi basonta VI (A) iqembu. Esikhathini ishadi lesikhathi salezi umoya-mpilo kuseli ngaphansi №8. I-nucleus iqukethe ukubunjwa yayo 8 futhi inani elifanayo omuhle kokungathathi hlangothi izinhlayiya aphansi. Esikhaleni athomu, kukhona ezimbili amazinga amandla ukuthi zenzeka lapho ama-electron 8, 6 zazo - yangaphandle.

Yini kunobuhlobo obuthile phakathi yokwakheka athomu kanye Valence?

On ezingeni lokugcina athomu-mpilo iqukethe ama-electron ezimbili ayibhangqiwe. I sasekhaya isici zingaphansi kwenani we electronegativity (ikhono ukuheha kunenze nisondelane electron pair). Ngo ukwakheka compounds nezinye izakhi-mpilo ikhanga saphakama engqamuzaneni ingqikithi electron kwabantu (ngaphandle electron sasekhaya). Ukufinyelela isimo sokuhlala udonga lwangaphandle mhlawumbe ne ukwengeza amacala amabili ezimbi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umoya-mpilo liyadingeka 2 ama-electron. Okungenzeka okulandelayo: ukwamukela electron eyodwa (Valence II), kude nezinye athomu 2 electron (Valence II), ukwamukela electron kusuka kwamanye ama-athomu (0 Valence). Ejwayelekile umoya-mpilo ukuziphatha ephawula icala lesibili. Le ndlela ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuthola lokho Valence oxygen ejwayelekile kakhulu compounds yayo evamile. Lezi zihlanganisa i-iningi oxides of izinsimbi kanye nonmetals.

Kanjani a Valence e compounds?

Oxygen uyakwazi uxhumana ngqo eziningi izakhi zamakhemikhali. Akwaziwa compounds yayo nge cishe zonke abameleli ishadi lesikhathi (ngaphandle amagesi inert argon,-helium, neon). Ukusabela nge halogens nezinsimbi ezihloniphekayo, umoya-mpilo abakwazi ukuzibandakanya ngokuqondile, kodwa oxides Au ₂ O _3, F ₂ O, Cl ₂ O ₇ nabanye khona (ngokungaqondile etholwe). Ukuze compounds kanambambili in kwetinhlavu-mpilo eyabe ingxenye, libhekene isibopho covalent futhi polarity. Valency e-molecule anjalo incike isibalo iyiphi ngazimbili electron, okuyinto bakhangwa i-nucleus ye-athomu omoya-ezahlukene. Ngo iningi zezakhi ukuzulazula kwama-athomu-mpilo ezihilelekile kudalwa izibopho ezimbili covalent. Ngokwesibonelo, e-oxides CO _2, P ₂ O _{5, 2 SO, 3 SO,} K ₂ O, B ₂ O _3, neMo ₂ O _{5 namanye} amangqamuzana. I hydronium seka H ₃ O + umoya-mpilo ziphephile atypical ngaye valency III. Ukuba khona peroxo -OO- okubangelwa imvelo elingavamile-hydrogen peroxide H ₂ O _2. Le ngxube liveza isici umoya-mpilo Valence II.

Indlela ukucacisa Valence we izakhi?

Umqondo Valence-mpilo kunikeza amathuba Lewis isakhiwo - uphawu chemical isici emhlabeni lapho ama-electron amachashazi uphawu olwelwesini. Bathatha nengxenye ekudalweni zishintshe ayingxenye okwabelwana electron ngazimbili. Formula Lewis ubonisa umoya-mpilo valency elihambisana inani electron yayo ayibhangqiwe (2). Umphumela efanayo etholwe ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo isithombe electronic. Laba bobabili amaseli zangaphandle-mpilo ezingeni elise-electron ayibhangqiwe (elikhonjiswe imicibisholo ku-formula). Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana lokho Valence oxygen, okuvumela ngesikhathi ifomula lokugcina ukubaluleka ekhuthaza kanambambili zama-athomu angomakhelwane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, afeze izibalo ezilula. Ingabe lokuqala siphindwe ngesibalo O ama-athomu kuya izinga evamile ukuba Valence umoya-mpilo. Inani ewumphumela yahlukaniswa yizindaba index njengoba kucacisiwe kule formula nge uphawu chemical eduze kwenye into ngokuhlanganisa nomoya-mpilo. Nge indlela elula esibala ngayo carbon ne phosphorus e valency oxides yabo.

1. Phindaphinda lwezikhombo ngezansi kwesokudla O uphawu dioxide ejwayelekile CO ₂ valency isici 2 • 2 = 4. Inombolo okuholela ukwehlukana Inkomba sishiwo carbon: 4/1 = 4. Isikhutha CO ₂ ikusimo yayo Valence eliphakeme IV .
2. Inkomba ngezansi kwesokudla chemical-mpilo uphawu e phosphorus oxide P ₂ O ₅ uphindaphinde ejwayelekile Valence athomu O 5 • 2 = 10. Le nombolo hlukanisa imali yazo ngo wathi Ifomula lwezikhombo ngezansi kwesokudla athomu phosphorus: 10/2 = 5. oxide phosphorus eliphezulu kakhulu Valence V yayo