Modern imfundo Pedagogical eRussia

Uthisha - uhlelo eyenzelwe ukulungiswa Ochwepheshe jikelele, kanye pre-school, oyinhloko, eziyisisekelo kanye nemfundo yesibili. abaqeqeshiwe kahle othisha zezikhonzi jikelele nezikole sokufundela, abafundisi nezikhungo wahlanganyela imfundo eyengeziwe kwezingane, osonhlalakahle kanye nabanye. Uma sicabangela lokhu gama Ngomqondo obanzi, ke livame ukusetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa ukuqeqeshwa kwabo bonke abantu abahlobene bekhulisa nemfundo asemasha (abazali kuhlanganisiwe).

ngokucacile

Mfundisi Ezemfundo we Russian Federation libhekene nezidingo ephezulu umsebenzi okhokhelwayo, kanye ubuntu uthisha, uthisha njengoba isihloko inqubo yemfundo nokuxhumana Pedagogical.

Ngakho-ke, kufanele inqubo afanelekayo ukuqeqeshwa yasithatha ngokungathí sina. ukuqeqeshwa Modern uthisha egxile imisebenzi emibili. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo kanye nenani siqu uthisha esizayo, ukuvuthwa kwakhe zezakhamizi kanye zokuziphatha, isiko jikelele, ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo. Okwesibili, isidingo ukukhuthaza lunye nokuthuthukiswa professional emkhakheni abakhethiwe womsebenzi Pedagogical. Singasho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ubuntu ngokugcwele nguthishela - kuyinto isisekelo inhloso nezimo ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela ukuqeqeshwa kothisha esizayo.

Umlando omncane

Umlando Uthisha eRussia owaqala ekhulwini XIX. Khona-ke, uhlelo wethulwa nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile professional ebandleni-othisha, 'ezikoleni zokufundela ubufundisi bese izikole lesibili ekilasini likathisha, izifundo ngoba imfundo ephansi zamabanga esikoleni Diocesan kanye namantombazane' othisha esikoleni, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe, okuyinto kwenziwa ku izifundo ezikhethekile Pedagogical.

izikhungo zemfundo avuleka njengengxenye amanyuvesi, kudingeka ukulungiswa othisha ezikoleni wesifunda kanye zemidlalo. Imfundo kuyo kwaqhubeka iminyaka 3, bese senyuselwa eminyakeni 4 kusukela 1835. Uthisha ngamunye yayilungiselela ukufundisa izifundo eziningana.

Kusukela 1859 lalihlelekile omunye isibonelo sokuba ukuqeqeshwa othisha abase eyunivesithi. izifundo Vula zokufundisa abaphothula Physics, Mathematics kanye Umlando kolimi. Zomlando kanye Philological Institute kuleli dolobha elihle lasendulo (eyasungulwa ngo-1875) futhi Petersburg (1867), ekhishwe engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, iningi othisha ngoba zokuzivocavoca classical. Lezi zikole zomphakathi babelingana emanyuvesi.

ERussia, kwakukhona iqoqo preconditions ngoba ukuvela imfundo ephakeme ngasekupheleni XIX and zakuqala XX leminyaka. Uthisha kanye nesayensi wathola ukuthuthukiswa eyanele kule nkathi yesikhathi, ososayensi abaningi wahlanganyela ukunamathela theory (V. P. Vehterov, P. Kapterev, V. M. Behterev, kanye nabanye.).

Kwavulwa amayunivesithi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kwakukhona amabili imiqondo lemfundo kubhekwe kithi. Eyokuqala yalezi yayisekelwe umqondo yokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa amakhono Pedagogical noma iminyango yezemfundo. Kwakufanele ukuhlanganisa izifundo theory kanye nomsebenzi ucwaningo. Ukuze bahlele umkhuba imfundiso kwetikhungo letesekela zadalwa ngesikhathi ubuhlakani. Umqondo wesibili kusho ukwakheka emva inyuvesi futhi wagxila ucwaningo nentuthuko.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona model of Uthisha, okuthiwa ebalulekile. imfundo yokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi yezandla lahlanganisa imfundo ephakeme. kweminyaka emibili ngesimo izinkulumo bazofundiswa jikelele angokwesayensi, ngoba kwase kulandelwa ngokufundisa umkhuba esikoleni samabanga aphansi noma sokuzivocavoca.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngo RSFSR emva 2 linemibhikisho wanqoba samuntu kumiswa Pedagogical. Eyokuqala of them - umile izikhungo zokuqeqesha (ezikoleni zamakhono nokuqeqeshwa uthisha nezikhungo). Okuqukethwe imfundo yayihloselwe ukuqaliswa imisebenzi zezombusazwe. Eyesibili inketho - a okukhulu short-term izifundo. Ayehlelwe ngoba wokuqeda yokungafundi futhi ze yezombusazwe mass.

Ekuqaleni-1930. ukunakwa okukhulu ikhokhelwa ukuqeqeshwa kothisha esizayo eziyisisekelo Marxism-Leninism, imfundo ngokomzimba futhi lezempi, pedagogy wanikezwa-10% isikhathi ekilasini. Ngo-1935, abantu Commissariat yethulwa kuleli ngawo wonke amandla zezifundo entsha (ngaphandle zomlando). isikhathi esinengi wanikwa kahle amakhono Pedagogical, ukwelulekwa kanye izifundo kobuholi. Isimo baba ingxenye uthisha njengenhlangano abasebenzi ngemibono. Inhloso ngqangi yalo yokuthi ukuqeqeshwa bekwenziwa ukulungiselela bothishela benamandla imibono wobukhomanisi.

Esikhathini 30s of republic ngamunye ezizimele ibe sikhungo Uthisha. Ngo-1956, amakolishi othisha, okwakunginika i akuphelele ephakeme imfundo siguqulelwa ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi Pedagogical, ukuqeqeshwa owathatha iminyaka engu-5.

Ezemfundo kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa namaSoviet

Kusukela ngo-1990, ayenziwa izinguquko imfundo uthisha. Iqala isigaba esisha, esibonakala by yokuthi ukuphathwa yale nqubo ayisaxhunyanisiwe egqoke politicized. Uthisha ubelokhu into wesi zomthetho. Ngesisekelo kuvuselelwe imfundo Russian kunguJesu esikwazi umfundi-igxile ukuba umfundi ngamunye. Uhlose futhi ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho izinhlelo sokukhomba imfundo nokuqeqeshwa zokuziphatha kubantu, professional kanye nentuthuko yomuntu siqu of othisha esizayo. Uthisha Umlando ubonisa ukuthi kwavele izinkinga eziningi, ukuze ifunde konke okuhle.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko yemfundo namuhla

imfundo Modern Pedagogical ivela maqondana jikelele. It ezama neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni egcwele mpilo esintu, samuntu yayo. Lokhu kuhambelana esigabeni samanje ekukhuleni komphakathi.

Sekuthanda isinqumo nakakhulu zezinkinga abalulekile emphakathini uthisha zemfundo, ezifana ukuhlaziya imikhuba zemfundo futhi kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ezemfundo esifundeni (isekelwa yi isidingo yemvelo ezindaweni kudalwa izikhungo amasiko nezemfundo).

Iqhaza esikhethekile lolu hlobo ukuqeqeshwa wukuqinisekisa ukuthi omunye amalungelo ezinkulu zesimanje womuntu - ilungelo lokuthola imfundo ukuvikela isimo abafundi, ikakhulukazi izingane, kusukela ukuhluleka abantu abadala, uthome abazali abafundisi, othisha sphere okhokhelwayo.

Ngekhulu xxi kwakukhona shift imodeli ezimbili abaphuma lamadigri impohlo futhi ze-master. Uthisha RF bafakwe isikhala zemfundo European.

izinkinga

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla abantu ukufinyelela isamba angenamkhawulo ulwazi. Obalulekile futhi abe nekhono kukhishwe okusho ubuhlobo siphumputha, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukuba akhulelwe futhi liqalise amaphrojekthi ukwenza isenzo non-eziwubala.

inkinga Uthisha siwukulungisa Ochwepheshe bakwazi ukusebenza ukwakheka ubuntu mayelana nokuthuthuka ezintsha kanye sesimanje, sinombono kwezenhlalo ngamakhasimende emhlabeni. amanyuvesi Modern Pedagogical ziyadingeka ukulungiselela abafundi bayakwazi ukusebenza nentuthuko yomuntu siqu, ofakelwe temphakatsi phakathi kwamasiko amabili, ihlanganiswe esikhaleni kazwelonke kanye nemiphakathi yomhlaba.

Umkhuba ukuqeqeshwa kothisha esizayo ngesisekelo isimiso Modular futhi indlela sibhamu ekuqeqesheni futhi kudala izinkinga lemfundo uthisha kanye nezinhlelo kufanele ishintshwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo entsha ngokoqobo. Namuhla, isikhathi esiningi esikoleni sokuqeqeshelwa esanikwa abafundi abangu-inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela, practice Niphiwe isikhathi esincane kakhulu. Kukhona isidingo izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ukuba basebenzisane ezikoleni nasemakolishi ukuba ugxile abafundi ekutholeni kanye nakho okuhle.

Ubudlelwano nesayensi

Uthisha kanye nesayensi uzame ngamandla ukuhambisana nako, nakuba lokhu akunakwenzeka njalo. Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ezintsha ngokushesha akuyona njalo wethula ngokushesha ohlelweni lwezemfundo. Nokho, muva nje, wasebenzisa eningi izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa. Ezamakhompiyutha anemisila zokuqeqesha eliphezulu kungaba ngokuphelele lapho zibhekene nomsebenzi ukuphathwa yokufunda. Sebenzisa ngentuthuko yakamuva zesayensi, izinkundla zokuhlola, izindlela kanye nobuchwepheshe kwemfundo self-imfundo.

Preschool imfundo uthisha

Uhlelo lokuqeqesha nemfundo zasenkulisa eyenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngokoqobo. Preschool ngothisha unaka kakhulu pre-school, jikelele, pedagogy lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo kwengqondo. Abaphothule ukuqeqeshwa uzokwazi kusebentisa lwati lwabo semfundo zomphakathi kanye nezizimele esikhungweni ukuthuthukiswa izingane pre-school, imfundo yesibili, ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe, maphakathi lokusungula zezingane, kanye ukwenza umsebenzi ezimele nokufundisa (umfundisi, umzanyana, inhloko isikhungo sezingane , enkulisa).

Izindawo lomsebenzi Ochwepheshe

Thishela imfundvo yasetinkhulisa kunesithembiso izingane emsebenzini wokufundisa Pedagogical, kudala izimo ukuphila okunethezekile izingane muntu phakathi nokuvakasha kwazo kule isikhungo zasenkulisa, ezama ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izimfanelo ngamunye izingane. Ubuye asembulele butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela ubuhlobo abazali, uhlela kokuthintana, beqhuba imisebenzi ezahlukene zokuzivikela (imihlangano, ngezingxoxo).

imfundo yokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi yezandla kanye uthisha

Lo mqondo kuhilela kumiswa umuntu okwaziyo bona ngempumelelo ngokwabo e emfundweni yamabanga aphansi kanye, ingafinyelela zonke izingxenye inqubo Integrative ezemfundo, enze uhla egcwele imisebenzi okhokhelwayo-zemfundo. Uthisha kanye uthisha lochwepheshe ezihlobene, kodwa muva nje sekwande ngaphezulu.

imfundo eyengeziwe

ukuqeqeshwa uthisha engeziwe kuyadingeka othisha ukuqeqeshwa. Futhi, ngosizo lwakhe, ukuqeqeshwa sokuvuselela Kwenziwa, edingekayo ukuze ubuyekeze ulwazi babo bomsebenzi, uthuthukise amakhono ibhizinisi, ukulungiselela imisebenzi amasha emisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe abafundi abafundi itoho futhi esigcwele.

isiphetho

Ngakho, kungashiwo ukuthi uthisha imfundo - multi-level futhi inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ligxile ukulungiselela ochwepheshe, othisha, ngohlamvu capital, okuyinto uzokwazi ukuphila ngokuvumelana amathemba abo isizukulwane esisha wokuqeqesha nokufundisa.