Umnotho Finnish: umkhakha isakhiwo

Finland - BANGESIKHATHI ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izici futhi amandla cishe iningi kakhulu e-European Union. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule lizwe ephansi ukwanda kwabantu e-EU, kunomoya onokhahlo, amabanga amade phakathi nemizana futhi komkhawulo abalulekile kwemithombo yemvelo kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu, umnotho Finnish ihlangabezana i sina ngokweqile kuncike ubuqiniso Inqubomgomo zesifunda, okuyinto njalo ihlolwe izinselele wesimanje elihlobene ne fast ngokwanele, ungakwazi ukusho ngisho ukuguga okusheshayo labantu kanye ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.

I zithwala main

Izwe Suomi ekhethiwe indlela enzima, enqophe imigomo kazwelonke, ukuqiniswa sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe ezinhle enkundleni ngamazwe, kanye ngcono okuphelele ngenhlalakahle yazo zonke izakhamuzi zezwe. Kuze kube yimanje, emnothweni Finnish namuhla kuhloswe kwenta ncono imphumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwesifunda, okuyinto ukuqinisekisa ukuthi esifundeni isimo ngasinye wakwazi yilo ngokugcwele amakhono abo kufihlwe. Kule ndaba, izwe uyazinaka nokugcina hhayi kuphela ezindaweni ampofu kakhulu, kodwa futhi kwezinye izifunda ukuze sithuthukise ukuziphatha kwabo kwezomnotho nokuzabalazela ushintsho esiteji emhlabeni. Lona isikhundla ayisihluthulelo isu samanje Uhulumeni Finnish.

Imininingwane zomlando

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Finnish linamandla kakhulu futhi ube owakhayo. Lokho kuphela isigaba leminyaka 1960-1970, lapho isiqongo sifike ebuningini benombolo zabantu ababezalelwe ngemva kwempi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuthuthelwa abalulekile iningi labantu abasebenzayo yobudala izifunda wezolimo ezindaweni zokuphatha nezezimboni. I engamashumi amabili ezayo, emnothweni Finnish kuyinto okuzinzile futhi ngokulinganayo athuthukile. Isimo uyalangazela ukudala i ibhalansi kahle ngezindlela ezahlukene ukusiza ukuthuthukisa inyuvesi amadolobha amakhulu, izifundazwe kanye nomasipala. In practice, lokhu kuholele ukudalwa okuthiwa nemizana zobuchwepheshe, okwakukhona analogue suschestvuschey manje US Silicon Valley - yindawo lapho sebehlanganisa izifiso zawo ochwepheshe umhlabeleli abavela emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi le ndlela yokukhuluma ubuholi Finnish kuye kwaholela yokuthi izinkampani eziningi ziphathwa kulezi nemizana ngamabomu ukuze uthole imiphumela adingekayo ucwaningo nentuthuko yabo. Kwelinye lala madolobhana ngobukhulu zobuchwepheshe kuyinto Oulu, okuyinto wakwazi ukunikeza yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni esifundeni.

izinkinga

Umnotho Finnish uhlangabezane nesimo esibucayi ezithile ngo-1990, esagcina kulandelwa isigaba zokululama. Ubunzima isimo zazibangelwa yokuthi kwase kudlule isikhathi ekukhuleni abantu umsebenzi wayo wakudala izindawo zezimboni, okwaholela a Ukufiphalisa ezibucayi imingcele okuthiwa Finland ezimbonini. Lesi simo sanikeza a outflow okusheshayo zomsebenzi kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga namaphethelo yezwe. Kulokhu, endaweni ezungezile of Helsinki yavuleka futhi ukungafani lesifunda kuphela potihnonku anda.

Kabanzi, e Uusimaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Pirkanmaa futhi Ostrobothnia Pohoys esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini 1994-2000 komnotho kwaba phakathi 6.5% kanti izinga kazwelonke we-5%. Nokho, umehluko zesifunda kuphela saba sibi kakhulu, futhi abangasebenzi lakhula. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1990, isilinganiso walo wawenziwe 3.2% ezweni, futhi ngo-1995 - kakade 15%.

inkathi 2000

Sotsorientirovannaya umnotho Finnish eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-21 waqala ukuhlushwa Ngokuphambene kancane, kodwa abaholi laggards ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa esifundeni ayiguquki. Izinga sokukhula komnotho nesizotha kuye kwaholela yokuthi izinkomba ukuthuthukiswa komnotho sezihlangene futhi kunokulinganisela yini. Parallel kule, sekube ezinye ingasheshi yokufuduka kwabantu ezindaweni ezinkulu kanye izikhungo yezimboni, njengoba abaningi Finns ubhekene nalokho ibizwa ngokuthi ukwanda: emkhakheni abezenhlalakahle baqala ukuzwa ukuminyana abalulekile, amanani izindlu futhi ikhuphuke kakhulu futhi lalilikhulu kakhulu abaningi.

Konke lokhu ngokunengqondo kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi umkhuba abantu bathuthela nedlelo kanye nomasipala ezigqagqene anda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, 2012 Zashintsha ezicini ezithile, njengoba inqubo yokunciphisa sabantu abasebenzayo yobudala abaneminyaka engu 15-64. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngo-2025 inani labantu engaphezu kwengu-64 kuzokhulisa esifundeni dolobha ngo-80% uma kuqhathaniswa amazinga samanje, futhi Eastern Finland ngeke kutivela zomsebenzi, okuyinto yena, kakhulu ukhawule ezimbonini zemikhiqizo ukuqhubeka ezithuthukayo. Ngcono ngokuya isibalo sabantu abaseminyakeni yokusebenza sizoba kuphela ukuhweba, ezokuvakasha, amabhizinisi, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

ezicini ezinhle

Kulezi zimfanelo ezinhle enyakatho yezwe kukhona okulandelayo:

• I nokuvuleka kwe-umnotho Finnish.
• kutepolitiki.
• Kakhulu athuthukile ingqalasizinda.
• Ukuthembeka ezokuxhumana.
• Ukuxhumana ephelele phakathi kwamabhizinisi, ucwaningo, noma ezikhungweni eziningi ezikhona lobuchwepheshe namanyuvesi.
• Ijubane ekuthuthukiseni iinkambiso zemikhiqizo emitjha kanye nobuchwepheshe.
• Izinga ezanele imfundo bendawo.
• sezulu kahle ibhizinisi.

engxenyeni kahulumeni

bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni ihlinzeka neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni izwe. Phakathi kwawo-1990, liye iqedwe amabhizinisi ezifana kulawulwa isimo, njengokuthi: Institute of Public Administration, maphakathi imephu, ukushicilela kanye nabanye abaningi. Nokho zabhekana azimele olungaphelele:

• "Ningaphathi" (yokucwenga namakhemikhali).
• "Fortum" (emkhakheni energy).
• "Outokumpu" (yokukhiqiza).
• "Valmet" (uhla lwamanani).
• "Sampo" futhi "Sponda" (services zezimali, ingcebo).
• "Stora Enso" (ugodo, Woodworking kanye uginindela nephepha umkhakha).

Ngesikhathi 1990-2000. Privatisation esilethe yengcebo isimo bhiliyoni 11 aseMelika.

umkhakha othize

Finland (namuhla umnotho wezwe ihlangabezana ukukhula kancane uma iqhathaniswa naso sonke we-European Union) njengayo imikhakha ezinkulu has ihlathi, ulwazi, ezokuxhumana, yokusansimbi, amandla, umshini wokwakha, okulungisa ukudla, embonini yezokwakha, nokunakekela impilo kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yebhizinisi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhakha wezolimo esikhathini 1940-1950 ilethe izwe ngaphezulu kuka-25% we-gross umkhiqizo wezwe, futhi ezinsukwini zethu - 3%. Ngesikhathi endaweni yokuqala waphunyuka collar, okudala ngu-60% of the GNP. Kuze kube 1980, selukhulile kancane kancane futhi isabelo umkhakha nethonya, kodwa namuhla share yayo iqinile ngezithuba 28%.

nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile ugodo

Amahlathi - ngomnotho eyinhloko isimo Finnish. Phakathi main ukhuni ukucutshungulwa izinkampani avele: UPM-Kymmene, Stora Enso futhi Metsä Group. By the way, inkampani emhlabeni eyaziwa Nokia kuphinde kwaqala imisebenzi yayo ibhizinisi ngokuvula esigayweni uginindela, futhi kuphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, nganquma ukuvele ngiye ku emkhakheni ezokuxhumana.

Ngesikhathi 2007 10% wenani emhlabeni nokuthengiswa kokubili ihlathi uginindela nephepha imikhiqizo babe eFinland. Futhi ukuthekelisa ukubaluleka ukuphrinta leliphepha wayengomunye nanhlanu nokuthengiswa Imininingwane.

Metallurgy futhi isiqoqi sama-softwe

Umnotho aseFinland kule ingxenye imelelwa izinkampani ezifana:

• Sisu Auto - ukukhiqizwa amaloli nezimoto esikhethekile ingxenye kakhulu izidingo embonini yezokuvikela.
• Wärtsilä - ukhiqiza izinjini izitsha ezahlukene umthamo, screw-uhlobo izindlela, izimvu zamanzi, izinhlelo zokulawula nokunye.
• Wekman - umkhiqizi tile metal.
• Kone - ukhiqiza zommbila, ezihambayo yokuhambahamba escalators nomgibeli ngamakheshi.
• Abloy - emhlabeni nomkhiqizi odumile izinhlelo uvala, izingidi, hardware lathumela, izingidi, kuhlanganise electromechanical.
• Rautaruukki - nomkhiqizi izakhiwo ensimbi for ukwakhiwa lezinsimbi ekhethekile.
• Outokumpu - ukhiqiza insimbi engagqwali.

Futhi uletha nayimali eningi Okokuqala Quantum Minerals imisebenzi inkampani, okuyinto igunyaziwe futhi wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa kunazo zonke-Finnish inhlabathi emayini yensimbi emhlophe, elise eLapland. amavolumu ukukhiqizwa uhla amathani 10 million ngonyaka.

Ekupheleni kuka-2015, abantu 121.000 babehileleke umkhakha wobunjiniyela. Ngokuphathelene nokuthengiswa, 2015 kwaba ngempela waphumelela njengendawo umkhakha. Izimali ezivela yokuthengisa zaba 12.6 euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu.

Imboni steel is ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni ensimbi. Ukulandela imiphumela 2015 Finland elapha endaweni 31 th emhlabeni ngokuya umthamo isamba ncibilika metal (engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.9). Steel Izigayo kutsetselelwe izidingo sensimbi zonke isimo sangaphakathi emakethe.

chemical umkhakha

Zibalwa lwesithathu kwetinhlavu GDP aseFinland. imikhiqizo kumakhemikhali cishe ezingeni elifanayo ezweni iminyaka eminingi, ngenxa yokuba khona isidingo enamandla kakhulu, hhayi kuphela emakethe angaphandle, kodwa futhi kule lwasekhaya.

Babalelwa ku-60% azo zonke imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali ithengiswe e-European Union naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Umnotho aseFinland namuhla ngokuyinhloko ukweleta ukuthuthukiswa yayo titans enjalo umkhakha zemvelo namakhemikhali, njengomoya:

• "Kemira" - iqembu, onguchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa amakhemikhali, umquba, upende, lacquers, inhlaka, inhlaka. Kuyinto lokhu giant nguye kuphela umenzi emhlabeni amasethi ephelele amakhemikhali ephezulu ebangeni mhlophe iphepha uginindela. Libuye umholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni formic acid.
• "Kemira Zikhula Kanjani" - njengoba zithwala eyinhloko iqembu umsebenzi wakhetha ukukhiqizwa umquba kokudla kwezilwane.
• "Tikkurila" - kwekulu nomkhiqizi Old World of ezimbonini, ukwakhiwa nopende yasendlini. Ngaphezu amabhizinisi elise ngqo Finland, i-Group has izimboni zayo eLatvia, Poland, Estonia, eNetherlands, e-Italy, England nase-Russia.

By the way, cishe u-40% wabo bonke abasebenzi kule mboni ehilelekile ukucutshungulwa Plastics. Abakhiqizi ngobukhulu polymer yilezi: "Borealis" Polimers Oy "," uDina Amakhemikhali ".

UKUDLA umkhakha

umnotho aseFinland, Kubekwa kafishane ngazo kulesi sihloko, ngezindlela eziningi kuncike embonini ukudla, okuyinto, by the way, kuyinto ayizwani wahlushwa unswinyo sokuphindisela yi Russian Federation, yethulwa ngo-Agasti 2014. Ikakhulukazi, Valio inkampani onguchwepheshe imikhiqizo yobisi, imise ukukhiqiza imigqa salo, esiwulwazi bagxile ukuqaliswa emakethe Russian.

Omunye amabhizinisi okuholela embonini ukudla Finland yinkampani Fazer - edumile nomkhiqizi ushokoledi. Yenqwaba ikhofi ezivezwa Paulig Group.

Emkhakheni wezingalo izinkampani ezikhiqizayo utshwala abaholi ngokuphelele Sinebrychoff (abesebenza kusukela 1819) kanye Hartwall.

ubunjiniyela Electronic kagesi kanye

Lokhu legatsha yezwe kuhlanganisa ukukhululwa kwe kagesi, ezokuxhumana, imishini kwezokwelapha, futhi kubhekwa kakhulu zobuchwepheshe wemboni komnotho yaseFinland. Ububanzi elikhulu abakhiqizi yilezi: "ABB", "Nokia", "Ensto Finland Oy" futhi "Vaisala".

Ngo-2015, umkhakha esilethe isabelomali IsiFinishi of 6.6-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, okuyinto kancane 3% kunanoma sibalo ngo-2014. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwo wonke amabhizinisi yalesi sithombe abantu 40 500 baqashwe. Ngokuqondene ukukhiqizwa umthamo kwezimpahla electronic kagesi kanye ke eFinland kuyehla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli lizwe linazo ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza, ngakho iningi inkampani Finnish uye wakhipha ezinye zemigqa yawo ukukhiqizwa ngaphandle isimo ukuze usimamise nenzuzo kanye nokuncintisana ukukhiqizwa.

shipbuilding

Ukukhiqizwa lwemikhumbi kanye nempahla zasolwandle - cishe ngesisekelo ezindaweni ezifana emnothweni yaseFinland. Ngamafuphi, lokhu umkhakha kubhekwa kakhulu zobuchwepheshe imikhakha umkhakha. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi imakethe Finnish kuleli zwe 1% of the ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane emhlabeni lwemikhumbi, liner, izikebhe, ice-oluseduze. Legatsha babanikeza isikhuthazo imisebenzi ayizinkulungwane 20. Namuhla e-Finland shipyards eziyisikhombisa kwakhiwa, elikhulu esemgwaqweni e Turku, futhi ngokukhethekile ukwakhiwa umgibeli kufika imikhumbi.

uhlelo lokuphatha

Ezindabeni ze-Finnish ukulawula isimo esekelwe isiqondiso yesimo sezomnotho. Finland, njengoba ilunga eliphelele-European Union, babegcina kakhulu ihambisana nayo yonke imithetho ekhona kanye neziqondiso we-European Commission, okuyinto Nokho, awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi kuthinte ngokuphepha kwibhizinisi Finnish. Ngokwesibonelo, Directive phezu nokuncipha carbon amagesi kuye kwaholela nokuncipha okukhulu emazweni anezimboni ngenxa izindleko okwandisa wamabhizinisi yokusebenza ukuqaliswa izidingo zawo.

Umnotho e-Finland (izintela, ngenhlanhla, impela high futhi ungaba amaphesenti amane abantu yangasese) kuhambisana umsebenzi ecacile yomthetho endabeni yokuvikela, okuyinto kushintshiwe ngo-2013. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lusebenza ngempumelelo umthetho antitrust, okuyinto yena, kulawulwa, kubalulwa izenzo eziningana zomthetho ukucabanga-out.

umholi Logistics

«Posti Finland Umnotho» (Posti Finland Umnotho) - nenkampani enkulu kunazo zonke-Finnish onguchwepheshe ukucutshungulwa nokuthumelelana ezihlukahlukene izimpahla futhi izimpahla. Le nkampani usebenza ngokubambisana ne esiphathiswa Yanwen. Kusukela ngoMashi 25, 2015 «Posti Finland Umnotho" likhona uhlu izindlela Kunconywa ukuba alethe omunye ethandwa kakhulu ukuyothenga izindawo Aliexpress. Isayithi uncoma indlela ukulethwa ngokuthumela imithwalo ngaphansi kuka- $ 7. Ngosizo «Posti Finland Umnotho" uthenge izimpahla kokulandela sihamba ngokushesha impela futhi ngokucacile. I-opharetha inenethiwekhi ramified kabanzi izinto zabo, okuyinto amakhasimende uzonikezwa cishe ngokushesha futhi kwikhwalithi efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "okuthunyelwe umnotho aseFinland" linikeza amakhasimende ayo (bobabili ezizimele kanye zenkampani) baningana intanethi, ukuze simbone nalelo kabanzi kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni inkampani.

Ibhange umshwalense

Kusukela ngo-January 1, 2015, 291 isikhungo sezezimali iye bhalisiwe e Finland. 279 - amabhange, 11 - izimali utshalomali, emibili yayo ye-elekthronikhi (ngo-2014 ngenxa yezinguquko imithetho isehlane ngendlela ehlukile ewumngcingo band).

Ibhange elikhulu eFinland - OP-Pohjola Group, ephethe iphephendaba inamagatsha 450 bese iqasha abantu abayizinkulungwane 12.3. Ibe isilandelwa ebhange ngokuthi Nordea Pankki Finland Plc nenombolo abasebenzi abantu ayizinkulungwane 7.4.

Ingxenye esemqoka lonke isimo uhlelo lwezimali amabhange ezikhethekile kanye nezohwebo. Phela, Finland - Umholi akunakungatshazwa eNyakatho Yurophu esikhathini izakhamuzi eziningi ngayinye isikhungo wezezimali. Lesi sibalo ilingana abantu abayizinkulungwane 15 ku iyunithi yasebhange.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi mkhuba ngokwanele ongathandeki kumkhakha wetemnotfo sezishiye ukwehla enanini impahla yonke komkhakha wamabhange. Umthamo isamba yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali aseFinland ukuba-January 1, 2016 zaba kancane angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu 684 euro, okuyinto kancane cishe 3% kunanoma ngo-2015. Lokhu ukwehla iphutha ngoba ivolumu abolekise kwehle ngo ababoleka amaningi aseYurophu.

isiphetho

Kuze kube manje, Finland, i-Russia (umnotho wabo manje ibhekene akuyona kwesikhathi engcono) - yezwe, efuna kahle futhi ngokushesha kabusha ubuhlobo bawo ekumelaneni zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo Ngokuqhubeka unswinyo yabo. Abaholi kokubili izizwe wazi kahle ukuthi izinto eziphilayo azigcini yima unganyakazi futhi kufanele azivumelanise netinselele kakade ngokoqobo yethu nokhahlo.