UMbazi Donatello: Biography, imisebenzi, izithombe

Donatello - kuyinto umqophi isiNtaliyane, nomele kwenkathi asekuqaleni Renaissance, le-Florentine esikoleni. Mayelana ukuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko. Biography nombhali akwaziwa ngokuningiliziwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwethula kafushane nje.

Imininingwane omfushane oluchaza mayelana umqophi Donatello

I umqophi esizayo Donatello wazalwa ngo-Florence 1386, indodana Nikollo Di Betto Bardi - ocebile uvolo carder. Watadisha kule minyaka 1403-1407 e workshop ngesibonelo sendoda egama layo Lorenzo Ghiberti. Lapho, wafike wathola, ngokukhethekile, inqubo zethusi ekusakazeni. On umsebenzi we umqophi wangihlaba kuthonywa ujwayele omunye umuntu omkhulu - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti futhi Brunelleschi wahlala impilo yonke abaseduze abangane wizadi.

Dzhordzho Vazari wathi ukuthi umqophi Donatello wayeyindoda obehlale, inhlonipho kakhulu, iphathwa abangane kahle, ungalokothi akazange unamathisele ibalulekile imali. Abafundi bakhe nabangane ezathathwa kuye njengoba khulu njengoba they ezidingekayo.

Enkathini yokuqala lokusungula

Umsebenzi walo umqophi esikhathini ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ku 1410s, kwakuhambisana nezinga oda kamasipala, okuyinto wanikeza ukuhlobisa izakhiwo zomphakathi Florence. Ukuze izakhiwo Noma San Michele (olungaphambili lwesonto) wenza Donatello esifanekisweni St. George (inkathi kusukela 1415 kuze 1417) kanye St Mark (1411 kuya 1413). Ngo-1415, eqeda esifanekisweni St. Ioanna Evangelista, ukuhlobisa Florence Cathedral.

Ukwakhiwa Commission ngonyaka okufanayo umhlobiso Campanile wayala ezokhipha esifanekisweni ngu Donatello abaprofethi. Phezu kwendalo wizadi yabo wasebenza iminyaka ecela emashumini amabili (kusuka 1416 ku 1435). izibalo abahlanu e Cathedral Museum. "KaDavide" esifanekisweni nabaprofethi (eminyakeni engaba ngu-1430-1432) namanje kakhulu ezihlobene ne-ke ngasekupheleni isiko Gothic. Iziphazamiso zokuhlobisa isigqi sibalo ongaphansi, ubuso ngokuphelele nombala iphathwa nomzimba embozwe izingubo esindayo. Kodwa ngisho nakulezi okudaliwe uzama ukudlulisela enhle entsha ubudala lakhe - nobuqhawe ubuntu ngabanye - Donatello. UMbazi imisebenzi wadala ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene, lapho kubonakala khona le ndawo enhle. Lena kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile yokukhulumisana isithombe. Mark (1412), i-St George (1415), kanye lukaHabakuki nolukaJeremiya (iminyaka sokudalwa - 1423-1426). Kancane kancane amafomu ziyacaca, babe amavolumu ebalulekile, portrait esikhundleni ejwayelekile sebuso, futhi emphethweni izingubo Ngembathisa umzimba ngokwemvelo, ukuhamba kwayo yesibili futhi eguqa.

John XXIII Ethuneni

UMbazi Donatello kudala kanye Michelozzo ethuneni John XXIII esikhathini kusuka 1425 kuya 1427. Sekuvele isibonelo zakudala ukuthi zazisetshenziselwa emathuneni kamuva okuqondene Yempucuko. Yesikhathi eside nokubambisana phakathi Okugweda ezimbili iqala kulo msebenzi.

Ekubunjweni izibalo lethusi

Donatello ngasekuqaleni 1420 sika, libhekisela ukulahlwa izibalo ngethusi. Kulesi impahla, umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - kwesithombe Louis of Toulouse, okuyinto wayalelwa kuye 1422 ukuhlobisa nasembonini Noma San Michele. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu ezikhumbuzo esikarisako, ezembula kuvisisa sanctity feat siqu, owawuvame Yempucuko.

Statue of David

Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli lokusungula lokhu inkosi art zethusi iyona esifanekisweni kaDavide, wadala emhlabeni iminyaka 1430-1432. It yakhelwe, ngokungafani kuya ebaziwe medieval ku ukuya nokubuya. Enye emisha bewusihloko ubunqunu, lapho ziqondiswe Donatello. UMbazi uDavide wachaza nqunu, hhayi izingubo, ngoba kwakuyinto evamile ngaphambi, okokuqala kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi njengoba elivunyelwa futhi ngezinga elikhulu kangaka.

Okunye imisebenzi by Donatello, letimayelana 1410-th - ekuqaleni 1420 sika - sibalo ingonyama ezibaziweyo kusukela sandstone - isibonakaliso omkhulu eFlorence, kwesiphambano lamapulangwe esontweni Santa Croce, le reliquary nethusi esontweni Ognissanti, isithombe sethusi, ise-National Museum of Florence ngaphansi ngokuthi "Amorin Attis," okuyinto, ngokusobala, isithombe onkulunkulu wenzalo Priapus lasendulo.

Imisebenzi kule nqubo ye impumuzo

I ucwaningo kule nqubo ye impumuzo ngesikhathi Donatello wayebuye wamavukelambuso. Ukufuna isithombe namaqiniso umqophi isikhala illusionary kuholela ukudalwa nesimo sendawo isicaba, lapho ukujula umbono kusetshenziswa imiqulu ukushiyana kwezidalwa. Ithuthukisa inkohliso kwezendawo ukusetshenziswa izindlela ngombono oqondile. "Ukudweba" ishizolo, umqophi sifaniswa umbhali imidwebo umdwebi sika. Kufanele kuqashelwe lapha imisebenzi efana "Impi George kanye Dragon", "Pazzi Madonna", "umkhosi uHerode", "Ascension kaMariya" nabanye. lokuklama ku landscape olunothile wizadi kuboniswa, besebenzisa imithetho ngombono oqondile. Wakwazi ukwenza esishintshashintshayo eziningana ngekwendzawo lapho abalingiswa.

A lokuya eRoma, kwesibili isikhathi Florentine

Umqophi Donatello esikhathini kusuka Agasti 1432 kuya ku-May 1433rd eRome. Lapha yena Brunelleschi obmeryaet izikhumbuzo idolobha, ukuhlola ebaziwe lasendulo. Izakhamuzi, ngokusho legend, kubhekwa abangani ezimbili abazingeli. Okuvelayo lamaRoma bukaJehova kubonakala emisebenzini efana shrine eyakhiwelwe Capella del Sacramento ethunywe Eugene IV (Pope), "Annunciation" (okwehlukile -. altare Cavalcanti, ubone izithombe ngezansi) Singing umpheme ohlala izibukeli we Imikhandlu Florentine futhi Dept. yangaphandle, esenzelwe Cathedral e Prato (ngenkathi yokudala - iminyaka 1434-1438).

Donatello ephumelelisa classicism esiqotho esiqoshiwe "Umkhosi uHerode", wadala esebuya evela ohambweni lokuya eRoma.

Babalelwa ku-1440 i-umqophi kudala izivalo zethusi, futhi izindondo ayisishiyagalombili Florence Old sacristy San Lorenzo (inkathi kusukela 1435 kuze 1443). I abalingisa stucco imifanekiso ezine yafinyelelwa inkululeko emangalisayo kule Interiors isithombe, izakhiwo kanye nabantu izibalo.

wasePadua kwesikhathi

Donatello uthunyelwa e 1443 Padua. Lapha iqala esigabeni esilandelayo umsebenzi wakhe. It wenza i esifanekisweni Equestrian ka Erasmo de Narni (Gattamelata esifanekisweni). Donatello inkatho yakhe 1447, futhi osungulwe umsebenzi kwaba ngemva kwesikhashana - ngo-1453-m. Indlela wakhonza njengephayona isikhumbuzo uMarcus Aurelius. Ukusebenzisa idayagonali akha inkemba nenduku Gattamelata (Erasmo isidlaliso), kanye izikhundla isandla united izibalo Ibhiza lomgadi e ngalé ucezu umqophi Donatello. Imifanekiso wadala kule nkathi, omkhulu ngempela. Ngaphandle okungenhla ke wenza ukuxhumana chancel. Antoniya Paduanskogo, kanye impumuzo esibonisa izigcawu ezine ekuphileni kwakhe, okuyinto ezibhekwa esivelele lokusungula lokhu inkosi sezwe olunothile.

Ngisho nalapho ezinyakazayo samanje Donatello kubonisa ukuthi eziqoshiwe ezimbili zokuxhumana. Ioanna Krestitelya e Florence (e casa Martelli mina V Fiorentina sebenza) it is kahle khona olandelanayo kakhulu. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo esibophezelayo. John emelelwa egijima, futhi zonke uzwane zokugcina uhilelekile kulesi ukunyakaza. Nature likhishiwe imfihlakalo entsha.

Isici esiphawulekayo amakhono Donatello liqukethe e iqiniso lokuthi umqophi kuvezwa nge lelo khono futhi amandla, amandla, ubuhle nomusa. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, eliqoshwe 1434 esiqoshiwe sase-zemabula emphemeni edolobheni lombhishobhi Prato okubonisa geniuses isigamu-nqunu nezingane abadlala zomculo nokudansa nge nemiklamo izimbali. Kakhulu uyaphila ukunyakaza kwabo, ukudlala futhi zihlukahlukene. Kungashiwo okufanayo waphawula nezinye bas-imifanekiso e zemabula, esenzelwe Florence Cathedral.

Donatello eminyakeni yamuva, ekutholeni Padua msebenzi otheni. Kusobala ukuthi ubangwa nezibi. Umqophi emuva ngo-1453 e-Florence futhi uyaqhubeka baphile khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe (e 1466), ngaphandle uhambo iDemo e 1457 kuya Siena.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi Florentine

Luphakamisa kamuva imibuzo eminingi usebenza ngokuvuselela Donatello. UMbazi emisebenzini ngasekupheleni wadala hhayi umsebenzi kangaka ezithakazelisayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukukhuluma esiphathelene nokushabalala ikhono lakhe, kanye nokubuya ezinye amasu gothic. Ukuqopha ngu Donatello esikhathini kusuka 1450 kuya 1460 kweva imelelwa esifanekisweni Marii Magdaliny (1455, isithombe cm. Ngezansi), ezenziwe ngokjuni, iqembu "UJudith futhi Holofernes", umfanekiso weNkosi Ioanna Krestitelya, imifanekiso on isihloko ukuvuka Passion of Christ izihlalo ezimbili esontweni San Lorenzo. Kulezi imisebenzi, owayebusa edabukisayo indaba ephathwayo esakheka Donatello. UMbazi aphethwe naturalism, esemngceleni phezu ezingokomoya aqhephukile. Inani ezaqanjwa seziqedile ngemva kokufa inkosi yayo abafundi - Bertoldo futhi Bellagio.

UMbazi washona ngo 1466. Wembelwa esontweni San Lorenzo, okuyinto lihlotshiswe umsebenzi wakhe, ne-honours okukhulu. kuphetha Ngakho career Donatello. Umqophi wemifanekiso, Biography futhi imisebenzi yayo ziye okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, uye waba nendima ephawulekayo bokwakha emhlabeni. Phawula lokho ayeyikho.

Inani imisebenzi lokhu okuyinhloko

Donatello kwaba uyisihluthulelo emlandweni Renaissance ebaziwe. Nguye owaqala ehlelekile ukutadisha indlela ngomzimba womuntu ukunyakaza, echaza isakhiwo mass action waqala ukuchaza izingubo ngenxa umzimba plastic kanye nokunyakaza, setha umsebenzi ukuveza i-portrait ngabanye ematsheni, yabhekisela ukuphila yengqondo izinhlamvu ngocansi. He phelelisa thusi zethusi waxing up zemabula. Trehplanny kuyiphefu, wayenza athuthukile, abe ukuqhubeka ebaziwe nokudweba.