Umalaleveva - a ... umalaleveva zithwala. Izimpawu, uphethwe, ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela umalaleveva

Umalaleveva - isifo esiyingozi, ngezinye izikhathi ebulalayo. Abantu abangenwe ke, njengoba umthetho, kukhona izimpawu ezinamandla, kuhlanganise Ukugodola, imfiva, isimo zomkhuhlane. Izifo umalaleveva amathuba enkulu yokufa. Nokho, ukwelashwa esifike ngesikhathi futhi lulungile kungavimbela ke. Umalaleveva ubangelwa Plasmodium, umzimba uhlala ezithile uhlobo omiyane odla igazi lomuntu. Ngezansi, lolu daba kuzoxoxwa kabanzi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on the ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela isifo ingatholakala salolu shicilelo.

indaba

Izimpawu umalaleveva zazibizwa emibhalweni yezokwelapha yamaShayina yasendulo. Ezinye izimpawu isifo sici, esingekho kuwo kamuva okuthiwa umalaleveva ezitholakala umsebenzi udokotela yasebukhosini i-Nei Jing "Canon of Medicine". Lesi sifo wayaziwa kakhulu eGreece njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-4 BC, lapho imbangela okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa. Izimpawu main kuyagcinwa ngu uHippocrates nezinye izazi zefilosofi zasendulo nodokotela. Susruta wamaHindu udokotela, sazi futhi umsekeli-Ayurveda, e indatshana yakhe futhi ukhulume mayelana izimpawu zikamalaleveva kanye wakhuluma ngendlela abukeka ngayo ngemva kokuba singenile ezinye izinambuzane. Abanye abalobi Roman ezihambisana umalaleveva futhi ayinawo amaxhaphozi.

izingqondo bebuza njalo ngifuna izindlela ukwelapha zonke izinhlobo zokugula. Yikuphi nje izindlela yakhetha ukwelashwa umalaleveva endulo: nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi, ukusikwa kwamalungu esitho ulunywe yisilwane, ukusetshenziswa opium izimali ... Nginesithakazelo ngisho izazi zezinkanyezi exhumene ukuvama okuvela ukushisa komzimba malarial nge nemfundo yezinkanyezi kanye nesikhundla izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Abaningi bashiya ebuthakathini. Scientific Albertus Magnus, eDominican, uphakamise yokwelapha umalaleveva ngu Ukudla namabhanisi encane, uzilungiselele ngofulawa umchamo womuntu isiguli, kanye ukuphuza isiphuzo eyayihlanganisa nogologo, igazi elinegciwane kanye pepper.

Udokotela wasendulo ngesiGreki uGalen, owayesebenza eRoma, basikisela ukuthi le ukuhlanza ezenzeka umalaleveva, kwenziwa umzamo yomzimba sokuxosha ubuthi futhi ukopha ngesivinini ukuphulukiswa. Lezi zimiso ziye wabusa imithi iminyaka engamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu. Ezimweni ezingenakubalwa umalaleveva abangu ngaphansi nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi futhi ziphoqelelwe ahlanze isisu namathumbu ngu enemas nokuhlanza. Kwaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele: abantu bafa igazi olubi nokuphela kwamanzi emzimbeni, kanye kusukela obangelwe izimpawu zikamalaleveva ngesikhathi ngisho mfushane.

EChina ngawo-2nd ekhulwini BC emisebenzini yezokwelapha echazwe isitshalo Artemisia noma umhlonyane amnandi, isetshenziswa njengoba ikhambi lokwelapha umalaleveva. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-1971, ososayensi Chinese behlukene ke, isithako esebenzayo - artemisinin. Phakathi nempi yaseVietnam ngenkuthalo abasebenza ekutadisheni izakhiwo anti-malarial of umhlonyane amnandi. Extract isitshalo fed amagundane laboratory kanye amagundane itheleleke nge amagciwane umalaleveva. Artemisinin kwakuhluke kakhulu ngempumelelo, kanye quinine chloroquine. I-derivatives yalolu ketshezi namuhla ayingxenye izidakamizwa ezinamandla futhi ngempumelelo anti-malarial.

Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube Plasmodium esibangela ukuthuthukiswa umalaleveva, elaqala ukutholwa udokotela French kanye nososayensi Laveranom ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. abacwaningi Russian baye negalelo elikhulu ekutadisheni isifo futhi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ukukulungisa. Phakathi kwalezi zazi kuyafaneleka EI Martsinovsky, VA Danilevsky, SP Botkin. Phakathi wokuQala nowesiBili Umhlaba Izimpi Ukuvutha umalaleveva Kuye kwaphawulwa.

Ezinhlotsheni ezingu ezingamakhulu amabili akhona of yisinanakazana lenyama uhlobo Plazmodium umalaleveva kubangela okungenani eziyishumi. Phakathi kwabo P. ovalecurtisi, P. wallikeri, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi. Okunzima kakhulu futhi iyingozi ngokuya umalaleveva ngokwempilo yangenyama kubangelwa nezilwanyana ezincane P. knowlesi futhi P. falciparumand. Ukutheleleka okuholela ukuthuthukiswa sifo ngocansi kuphela omiyane Anopheles bohlobo. Ukutheleleka umalaleveva abe maningi amathuba ngesikhathi travel asebenzayo emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude sendawo le planethi, kanye nokuxhumana umuntu nezilwane zasendle.

amaqiniso

Umalaleveva - isifo esibangelwa yisinanakazana lenyama Plasmodium ezithelela isilinganiso sabantu abangu-izigidi ezingu-200 ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kukhona ukufa kwabantu 500,000. Amagciwane umalaleveva udle Anopheles ukulunywa omiyane. Kwenzekani ngokulandelayo? Umalaleveva amagciwane sihamba eziyinkimbinkimbi umjikelezo wokuphila emzimbeni sikamiyane, bese - emzimbeni i elinegciwane. Umjikelezo lapho umiyane eluma umuntu asebengenwe igciwane, futhi kukhona egazini lakhe amagciwane elibanga isifo "umalaleveva". Izithombe pathogen lapha ngenzansi.

Izifunda ephezulu nokufa rate kusukela lesi sifo kukhona Afrika, e-Asia, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Umalaleveva - isifo esithinta inani elikhulu kakhulu labantu abavakashela lezi zindawo. Emazweni ase-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara iningi amacala (86%) - izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-5. Mayelana 40% labantu emhlabeni isengozini yokuthola iqembu. Isikhathi bayashintshana ekufukameleni kusukela kweviki elilodwa kuya kwamathathu. Abanye abantu bangaba abathwali okuthiwa izimuncagazi ithule. Kulokhu, ukusebenza kwawo ukutheleleka, zingaba khona ngemva kwezinyanga eziningana noma ngemva plasmodium umalaleveva ngisho iminyaka angangena emzimbeni.

ubufakazi

Umalaleveva - isifo kabani izimpawu zihlanganisa Ukugodola, imfiva, ikhanda kanye ubuhlungu bemisipha. Ezinye iziguli isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukukhwehlela kanye nesifo sohudo. Isimo imfiva zenzeka yilowo nalowo, ababili noma abathathu izinsuku - lena ukubonakaliswa ejwayelekile kakhulu umalaleveva. Ukundindizela uzizwa abandayo futhi salandelwa okuthiwa esiteji ashisayo ukuthi libhekene imfiva, amajaqamba, ikhanda, nokuhlanza.

Izinkinga njalo izimpawu isifo amafomu ezifana umalaleveva ezishisayo. Ngenxa ukubhujiswa abomvu egazi ashaye futhi amaseli isibindi kungaba isikhumba kanye jaundice abamhlophe kwamehlo, kanye nesifo sohudo nokukhwehlela. Emacaleni angaphezu ezingavamile, ukuqubuka liyavela umzimba ngendlela silume, papules ngokubomvu. Ngezizathu kunqunywa umalaleveva. Photo ngaphezulu sibonisa othwala isifo.

amafomu Sinzima, isibonelo, uma umalaleveva lwegciwane Plasmodium falciparum, ahambisana izinkinga ezifana:

• ukopha;
• hepatic futhi ukwehluleka kwezinso;
• ukushaqeka ikhoma;
• ukulimala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngesikhathi esifanele, lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile iholela ekufeni.

Kanjani-ke ithelelwana njani?

Ngakho, sicabanga kabanzi indlela amagciwane umalaleveva ingena emzimbeni futhi ithuthukisa ke. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo we Plasmodium umalaleveva amagciwane sinzima, umzimba has abanikazi ababili - indoda futhi le anopheles omiyane. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lesi sifo wadluliselwa bite yomzimba wesinambuzane, lapho amagciwane sidla ngokuqondile egazini.

Sporozoites (beya Plasmodium) ahambe ngemithambo yegazi bese ufaka isibindi womuntu. Kube evuthwa futhi ngegciwane abomvu egazi ashaye - kwamangqamuzana abomvu engeziwe, ngaphakathi okuyinto ukuthuthukisa nje isiguli akusho ukuluma emuva umalaleveva zithwala - omiyane. Uma emzimbeni isinambuzane, zingene plasmodium e salivary yayo nezindlala, futhi esikhathini esizayo uma ukuluma ibe sporozoite futhi siqale ukuphila umjikelezo lwabo egazini lomuntu.

izinqubo Development zezinto eziphilayo ezifana P. ovale futhi P. vivax, kungase kube eziyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu futhi zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa amafomu ngasebenzi - hypnozoites, okuvame isebenze amasonto ambalwa noma ngisho neminyaka. Emzimbeni, le Plasmodium umalaleveva omiyane ibhekane ucansi phakathi nokuphila umjikelezo yabo, futhi umzimba womuntu lwegciwane in esigabeni asexual, ebizwa nangokuthi schizogony. Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa Plasmodium emangqamuzaneni abomvu egazini sibizwa ngokuthi i-erythrocyte schizogony.

Njengoba ukutheleleka ithelelwana njani? imithombo aso angamazinyo zesifazane Anopheles omiyane kanye nabantu abatheleleke (kokubili iziguli kanye nabezindaba). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umalaleveva - isifo ayihambi phakathi abantu noma zasekhaya noma amaconsi sisemoyeni. Ukonakala okungenziwa singenzeka kuphela uma umthamo wegazi lesiguli ingena emzimbeni umuntu enempilo.

ukuhlola Izici

Lapho izimpawu ngenhla, ikakhulukazi uma uhamba, kunconywa ukuthi zihlolelwe khona amagciwane umalaleveva. Izenzo izifo eziningi zingase zifane izimpawu zikamalaleveva. Lokhu, isibonelo, i-yellow fever, i-typhoid, umkhuhlane, ikholera, isimungumungwane kanye nesifo sofuba. Ngakho-ke, udokotela kufanele ukwazi umlando ukuvakashelwa umuntu ogulayo, ezomisa ukuhlolwa ezidingekayo.

Ukuxilongwa umalaleveva endaweni Eyokuqala ihilela ukuhlela kokwenza zakudala kakhulu Balisebenzisa test - isifundo esiphathelene igazi smear-slide ingilazi, olusebenzisa inkomba Umbala eveza khona izilokazane eziphila ngezinye ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesi sivivinyo ilula ngokwanele, ngokunemba imiphumela kuncike kakhulu amakhono omsebenzi zalabo abanolwazi ngubani silungiselela futhi uhlola imikhiqizo igazi ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu.

Okunye ukuhlola engase ziyolekelela sitholakele isifo:

• immunoassays;
• polymerase chain reaction.

ukwelashwa

Izici yokwelashwa kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana:

• Plasmodium buka, bangeniswa umzimba;
• isimo basemtholampilo isiguli, isibonelo, ukuphathwa kuzohluka for omdala, ingane kanye okhulelweyo, ngoba ukukhanya kanye namafomu esindayo lokugula;
• izidakamizwa nozwela lwegciwane.

Isici yokugcina incike indawo yokuhlala lapho ukutheleleka utholiwe. Iqiniso lokuthi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba izinhlobo ezahlukene nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva ukuthi kukhona emithini ethize. Izimali umalaleveva kungenziwa ifaniswe kahle udokotela owazi ulwazi yezifiso for ekwelapheni umalaleveva emhlabeni wonke. Abantu abatheleleke nge-imibono lwegciwane P. falciparum, angafa ngalo ngaphandle ukwelashwa, ngakho izinyathelo zokwelapha kumele kuthathwe ngokushesha.

amafomu Ezintsha umalaleveva iphathwa imithi ngomlomo. izimpawu Inxanxathela ezifana igazi kakhulu, ukwazi kahle, ikhoma, edema yamaphaphu, ukwehluleka kwezinso, acute ukucindezeleka zokuphefumula syndrome, eqonda coagulation intravascular, ukopha ngesikhathi osithandayo, lactic, khona elithwala umoya-mpilo umchamo, jaundice kanye nokuquleka generalized, zidinga ekuphathweni emthanjeni izidakamizwa.

Indlela ukuqeda umalaleveva ngosizo izidakamizwa? Ukwelashwa imithi isifo akuzona iyaphumelela njalo. Kusho "Aral" kuphumelela ngokumelene izimuncagazi wabo bonke ngaphandle amelana izinto zalo asebenzayo zamagciwane amagciwane, isib, Plasmodium ovale. kokukhethwa kukho okulandelayo ngoba imithi engasetshenziswa ulwe amelana zinhlobo chloroquine umalaleveva:

• Quinine sulfate lihambisana imithi elwa namagciwane "Doxycycline" noma "tetracycline".
• Izidakamizwa "Clindamycin" noma "Maralon".

Ekwelapheni umalaleveva ezimweni eziningi zisekelwe stereotyped ayiswe endaweni ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ejenti P. falciparum, aluthola eMpumalanga Ephakathi, siyazwela chloroquine, kodwa uma isifo zohlobo olulodwa umalaleveva iphutha e-Afrika, ketshezi abakwazi ukuletha imiphumela emihle endleleni.

ososayensi Modern ziye zasungula lwemithi ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa kanye nemikhiqizo ye eselaphayo olwa nomalaleveva - artemisinin. Izibonelo izidakamizwa kuhlanganiswe:

• "Artesunate-Amodiaquine."
• "Artesunate-Mefloquine."
• "Digidroartemizin-Piperahin".

Kutfutfukiswa izindlela ezintsha ukwelashwa umalaleveva Kwenziwa njalo, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ukwanda isibalo olumelana nemithi ye Plasmodium. Omunye compounds amahle ukudalwa imithi eminye esebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene umalaleveva spiroindolon, eyabonakala ngempumelelo yokulwa P. falciparum zama-pathogen eziningi ucwaningo.

Izidakamizwa "Primaquine" ingasetshenziswa aphathe amafomu umalaleveva, okuyinto Amagciwane isikhathi eside kwaba esimweni okungasebenzi esibindini. Lokhu kungavimbela ukuphinda ezifweni ezimbi. Abesifazane abakhulelwe akufanele bathathe 'Primaquine. " Lesi sidakamizwa is contraindicated, futhi abantu abaphethwe ukuntula glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ithuluzi is hhayi eyabelwe nje ukuhlolwa kweemboniso alikwenqabeli ukuphuza ukuba khona le nkinga. Kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu amafomu temlomo na komjovo kwemithi esetshenziswa futhi suppositories.

Izifo phakathi yokuzala

Umalaleveva - ibe usongo olukhulu owesifazane okhulelweyo umbungu. Ukutheleleka kakhulu kwandisa ingozi wazalwa kungakabi isikhathi futhi ukuzalwa kwengane isishonile. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi emazweni ase bazokufa bebulawa umalaleveva ngamunye Afrika oneminyaka engu-Sahara ne-30% izingane. Ngakho-ke, bonke abesifazane abakhulelwe abahlala ezindaweni eziyingozi noma uhlela uhambo lapho, kufanele nakanjani kudokotela futhi uthathe imithi yabo enqunyiwe, njengokuthi "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine." Kuyadingeka umalaleveva prophylaxis evimbela ukutheleleka.

Ukwelashwa lesi sifo abesifazane abakhulelwe, esekelwe isikimu ejwayelekile okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Nokho, izidakamizwa ezifana "Primaquine", "tetracycline", "Doxycycline" futhi "halofantrine" akulungile ngenxa izingozi ezingaba khona ezingenzeka embungwini.

Lesi sifo ezinganeni

Umalaleveva lokuvikela kuphoqelekile zonke izingane, kuhlanganise izingane, abahlala noma isikhathi esithile ezindaweni ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo. Amathuluzi ezilandelayo ingaba njengesihluthulelo "Chloroquine" zokuvimbela futhi "Mefloquine."

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa imithamo elungile ingane yakho, okuyinto incike yobudala bakhe nesisindo. Bonke abazali ngaphambi kokuba uye khona umntwana emazweni bohlanga ingozi, kumele uxhumane onguchwepheshe izifo ezingane ezithathelwanayo phezu ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela isifo enixoxa ngalo. Njengoba ukweqisa izidakamizwa kwezidakamizwa olwa nomalaleveva kungaba yingozi, yonke imithi kumele ibekwe aphume kude nezingane, isibonelo, iziqukathi uvalwe waqiniswa.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka

Uma umuntu uhlose ukuya ezindaweni lapho umalaleveva kuvamile, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kufanele uthole ukuthi yini kusho futhi ukuthi imithamo okufanele zithathwe ukuze ingangenwa amagciwane. Kunconywa ukuba uqale ukuphuza lezi izidakamizwa amasonto amabili ngaphambi uhambo ezihlongozwayo, ngenkathi ehlala kuleli ngenyanga ngemuva ebuya ohambweni. Okwamanje, awukho umuthi wokugoma kudalwa umalaleveva, kodwa ucwaningo olunzulu, umgomo namanje ngaphansi ukuthuthukiswa.

Uma kungenzeka, gwema ngokuvakashela emazweni yamazinga aphezulu okungabi ukutheleleka prophylaxis ngenye umalaleveva liyadingeka - kungasindisa impilo yakho kanye nokusindisa izimpilo. Uma - isihambi, azame njalo ukuba uyazi izindawo lapho sekube ukuqubuka kwezifo ngalesi sikhathi. Umalaleveva zithwala kungaba umhlaba on kwesikhumba womuntu nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku, kodwa ukulunywa kakhulu zaba ebusuku. Izinambuzane futhi ezimatasa entathakusa futhi kuhlwa. Gwema ngaphandle kulawo mahora. Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kubaluleke kakhulu, unikezwa iqiniso lokuthi umgomo ngokumelene umalaleveva engakaze wadala.

Gqoka izingubo ezifanele - ukugqoka ibhulukwe shirts nge izinto ezinemikhono emide, okusezingeni eliphezulu izicathulo avaliwe esikhundleni izimbadada ovulekile futhi izigqoko. Ifake uphethiloli izingubo ibhulukwe. Sebenzisa imithi yokuxosha insecticidal, isibonelo, singakwazi ukuncoma yokukhalaza "Permethrin" ukuthi iphatha ukuwohloka igiya. Khumbula ukuthi ama-ejenti ezinhle ziqukethe amaphesenti angu-amahlanu diethyl toluamide. Amanetha omiyane okuhle kuyadingeka ikakhulu lapho igumbi is hhayi umoya, isibonelo, akukho conditioning air. Lapha nge aerosol nemithi yokuxosha kubo. It is ibuye Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ohlobo omiyane.

wokugoma

Okwamanje, azikho ngemigomo etholakala ngokumelene umalaleveva. Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, abacwaningi baye uzuze imiphumela emihle kakhulu nge yokugoma zokuhlola. izilingo kwakamuva ezinkulu zokwelapha ezihilela izingane ezivela emazweni angu eziyisishiyagalombili Afrika, lixhaswe ngezimali yi-Gates Foundation, baye babonisa ukuthi imithi cwaningo wawuphumelela ngesigamu ala macala. nezinye ucwaningo Abaningi baye baba yimpumelelo futhi ukubikezela isivikelo isifo njengoba kuchazwe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ochwepheshe bathi wokugoma ngokumelene umalaleveva kuyoba iminyaka 3-10. isinyathelo elindelekile kusekelwe ngesiphazamiso zokuphila umjikelezo amagciwane ngokusebenzisa wokulungiselela amaprotheni oveza amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nalo.

izinhlobo isifo

Ngenhla wawubizwa ngokuthi izinhlobonhlobo esemqoka ye Amagciwane isifo. Ingahluka futhi lesi sifo. Yiziphi izinhlobo ezinkulu umalaleveva:

• tropical;
• A izinsuku ezintathu;
• usuku emine;
• umalaleveva ovale.

I umalaleveva yezinsuku ezine ububonisa imfiva ukuhlaselwa ayisithupha eziyishumi njalo, ngokuvamile iqala ekuseni noma ntambama. nemiphumela enqala ezingajwayelekile, inkathi bayashintshana ekufukameleni kungaba izinyanga 5. Tropical nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva kakhulu bagxila kule igazi, uzwakalise imfiva ngalokwanele, ngokuvamile izimpawu samanje njengesifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, sezinzwa uhlelo izilonda, ukwehluleka kwezinso. Ngokuvamile yezinkinga ukuthuthukisa. Vivax ububonisa imfiva evelele ehlanganisa Ukugodola, ngijuluka futhi lokushisa kuyanda, kodwa kushintshana usongene nge izinkathi ukuthethelelwa.

amakhambi abantu

Imithi - isisekelo ekwelapheni umalaleveva. Kodwa imithombo eminingi ibonisa ukusetshenziswa ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo ezithile ekwelapheni izifo ezibangwa plasmodium. Lapha sishicilela kuphela ezinye zazo, lapho noma kunjalo lezi izindlela kanye nezincomo asikwazi kuthathwe njengendlela eyinhloko yokwelashwa.

Lime ne jusi ziwusizo umkhuhlane yezinsuku ezine. Cishe abathathu amagremu ishoki ziyoncibilika 60 ml amanzi kanye umpe eyodwa lemon noma lime. Lokhu Ukwakheka kuyadingeka ukuba ube isiphuzo ngaphambi ukuqala imfiva.

Alum Uphinde abhekwe njengomuntu ukusekelwa ekwelapheni umalaleveva. Basuke ethosiwe ku hot uyithose pan futhi phansi kumuntu powder. Ngaphakathi azithathe isipuni kusho amahora amane ngaphambi imfiva kanye nengxenye isipuni ngemva kwamahora amabili.