Ukuze Izigodlo. Ama-oda wezindela Ephakathi

Umlando wenkolo isitshela ukunxanela okungokomoya kwabantu ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando. Ukholo ubelokhu engumngane indoda njalo, wanika injongo ekuphileni kwakhe nabanentshisekelo hhayi kuphela yentuthuko kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi yasekhaya kodwa futhi ukunqoba zezwe. Abantu bebelokhu baziwa - isidalwa nomphakathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho wayevame ukufuna ukuthola nomqondo ofanayo abantu nokudala union, angathathwa ngokuhlanganyela ukuhambisa elitsheni. Isibonelo umphakathi zinjalo oda lezindela, esasihlanganisa abafowabo ukholo efanayo, nekucondza ngalokufanako ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani izivumelwano abeluleki empilweni.

Hermits waseGibhithe

Monasticism umsuka hhayi e-Europe, kuthatha ivelaphi ezingwadule enkulu eGibhithe. Lapha e IV ngekhulu le Hermits ababefuna ukuzikhulumela izimiso ezingokomoya endaweni esekusithekeni kude nezwe nge nokuhuheka nakokuyize. Thola akunandawo phakathi kwabantu, bangena ehlane, abahlala endaweni evulekile noma emanxiweni ezinye izakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, kwangena abalandeli. Ngokubambisana basebenza, washumayela, wathandaza.

Izindela ezisemhlabeni ziwubufakazi abasebenzi ukuzibonakalisa ezahlukene, futhi ngamunye alethwe okuthile okuhlukile emphakathini. Ngonyaka 328 Pahomiy Veliky, okhe isosha, wanquma ukuhlela impilo kwabazalwane eyasungulwa Isigodlo, lapho imisebenzi kulawulwa yisimiso. Ngokushesha saqala ukuvela izinhlangano ezifanayo nakwezinye izindawo.

Ukukhanya ulwazi

Ngo 375 AD Vasiliy Veliky ihlelwe umphakathi omkhulu wokuqala Izigodlo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umlando wenkolo uqalile ageleze ohlangothini oluhlukile: abafowethu ndawonye hhayi kuphela wathandaza futhi wafunda imithetho engokomoya, kodwa sekuyisikhathi utadisha emhlabeni, ukuqondisisa ubunjalo, izici zefilosofi zokuphila. Ngemizamo izindela kuyo yonke le minyaka emnyama medieval ukuhlakanipha nolwazi lwesintu kudlulile, kungeyona into elahlekile esikhathini esidlule.

Ukufunda kanye ngcono emkhakheni lwesayensi yisibopho izimfundamakhwela ziyaye kanye sezindela at Monte Cassino, eyasungulwa Benedict of Nursia, kubhekwa uyise ka monasticism esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Benedictine

530 ngonyaka kubhekwa usuku lapho i-oda kuqala Izigodlo. Benedict yayaziwa ukuzila kwakhe, nasemaceleni ngokushesha kwamiswa iqembu labalandeli. Babephakathi Benedictine izindela kuqala njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo behlonipha umholi wabo.

Life kanye umsebenzi wabazalwane lwenziwe ngokuhambisana sisekelo, yakhelwe Benedict of Nursia. Izindela Awukwazi ukushintsha indawo yesevisi, ukuze umnikazi impahla kanye ngokuphelele babeboshelwe le wesigodlo. Regulations ebekiwe umnikelo imithandazo kasikhombisa ngosuku, okhandlayo okuqhubekayo, yizikhathi amahora ukuphumula. Charter ichaza ukudla kanye nemithandazo, isijeziso nokho onecala, kepha kudingeka ukuze afunde incwadi.

Isakhiwo sezindela

Ngemva kwalokho, ama-oda abantu abaningi benkolo Ephakathi ezakhiwa ngesisekelo Benedictine isimiso. Ligcinwe bese wokwehlayo yangaphakathi. I wesigodlo ikhanda okhethiwe phakathi izindela umbhishobhi amangalelwe. Waba omele yokuphila yezindela emhlabeni, okuholela abazalwane ngosizo abasizi eziningana. I Benedictines bebelokhu ngokugcwele futhi ngokuthobeka nililalele wesigodlo.

Izakhamuzi Isigodlo ayehlukaniswe amaqembu ayishumi, eyayibonakala eliholwa lama-. Abbot Ngaphambi (umsizi) ukuqapha nokulandela isimiso, kodwa izinqumo ezibalulekile ngemva komhlangano bonke abazalwane ndawonye.

kumiswa

I Benedictines ungazange kuphela ube umsizi eBandleni kwevangeli entsha lezizwe. Empeleni, kuba ngenxa kubo ukuthi manje ukwazi okuqukethwe eziningi emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo nemibhalo yesandla. Izindela babehilelekile ubhalwe kabusha izincwadi, kulondolozwe izikhumbuzo umcabango yefilosofi esidlule.

Kwaba imfundo saziso kusukela kwaneminyaka eziyisikhombisa. Inani lezinto kuhlanganisiwe umculo, ukufunda izinkanyezi, izibalo, ekukhulumeni kanye neluhlelo lwelulwimi. Benedictine ukulondolozwa eYurophu bevela ethonyeni elilimazayo isiko ngowezizwe. imitapo emikhulu ezigodlweni, amasiko yezakhiwo ezijulile, ulwazi emkhakheni wezolimo ziye zasiza ukulondoloza impucuko ezingeni ehloniphekile.

Yenqaba and Revival

Phakathi nokubusa noKarla Velikogo has ukuthi kwakuyoba nesikhathi lapho Benedictine oda Izigodlo yayingenamhlabathi izikhathi ezingcono. UMbusi wayeseletha okweshumi kwamabele eBandleni, bafuna ukuba i-zezindela of kwenani elithile amasosha owanika amandla ababhishobhi nsimu enkulu abalimi kubo. Convents babe abasizakali futhi ukumela titbit ngayinye, ukunxanela ukwandisa inhlalakahle yabo.

Abamele amandla yesikhashana bakwazi wathola wenkolo. Kwababhishobhi ngeke ukusakaza kuKesari, ngaphezulu egxilile ezindabeni zezwe. Abbots zezindela entsha ngokusemthethweni umshado nje kuphela ezintweni ezingokomoya, ujabulela izithelo iminikelo kanye ukuhweba. Inqubo inkolo esilethe ukuphila ukuhamba ngoba ukuvuselelwa izindinganiso ezingokomoya, wayithanda kakhulu kumiswa oda amasha enkolo. Inyunyana isikhungo at X leminyaka baba wezindela Cluny.

Klyuniytsy kanye Cistercians

Abbot Bernon Uthole isipho kusukela ifa uMbusi Aquitaine, Upper Burgundy. Lapha, e Cluny, eyasungulwa Isigodlo omusha ongenabo wokuziphilisa igunya futhi ngaphansi kwesizwe ubudlelwane. Ama-oda wezindela Ephakathi sihlangabezane kuyanda entsha. Klyuniytsy wathandazela wonke amakholwa avamile engenalwazi ngeBhayibheli, ukuphila ngokwesimiso, ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Benedictines, kodwa eziqinile ngaphezulu ezindabeni zokuziphatha futhi isimiso sansuku zonke.

Esikhathini XI leminyaka umyalelo Cistercian lezindela, wawuthatha umthetho ukulandela isimiso, rigidity layo kubadumaze abalandeli abaningi. Isibalo izindela anda kakhulu ngenxa yamandla nento eyodwa wabaholi Order, Bernard ka Clairvaux.

Inani elikhulu labanye

Emakhulwini eminyaka XI-XIII oda amasha enkolo of the Catholic Church uvele izinombolo ezinkulu. Ngamunye wabo yinto imakwe emlandweni. YaseCamaldoli idume charter yabo esiqinile: abazange ukugqoka izicathulo, wamukela nokuzibhaxabula, ungadli inyama, ngisho noma begula. Carthusians futhi chtivshie imithetho eqinile babaziwa ngokuthi Sebawoti izihambi, owacabanga kwabaswele kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenkonzo yakhe. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko engenayo ngabo kwaba ukudayiswa kotshwala "Chartreuse", okuyinto ithuthukiswe ngokwabo Cartesians iresiphi.

Ligalelo oda zenkolo e Ephakathi owenzile futhi abesifazane. Ehola zezindela, kuhlanganise zabesilisa, ubuzalwane Fontevraud wema Abbess. Ayebhe- namestnitsami eNcasakazini uMariya. Elinye lamaphuzu oluhlukanisa usomqulu bekuyisifungo uthule. Beguines - Order, ehlanganisa kuphela abesifazane - kunalokho, kwadingeka isimiso. Abbess wakhethwa phakathi kwabantwana abalandeli futhi yonke imisebenzi iqondiswe ithrekhi esiza abantulayo. Beguines kungashiya oda bese ashade.

Ama-oda Chivalric-Izigodlo

EziMpini Zenkolo baqala ukuvela nokungena komoya omutjha wokuthanda inhlangano. Ukunqoba izwe yasePalestina kwaba ngaphansi ucingo of the Catholic Church ukukhulula izindawo Christian ongcwele izandla Muslim. Emazweni empumalanga iqondiswe inombolo enkulu pilgrim. Babefanele zingavikelwa endaweni yizwe lesitha leli. Lokhu kwaba imbangela oda lempi.

Amalungu inhlangano entsha kulolu hlangothi, banikezwe izifungo ezintathu sokuphila okungokwenkolo: ubumpofu, ukulalela kanye continence. Ngakolunye - baba isikhindi zempi, njalo waba naye inkemba, futhi waba nengxenye nomkhankaso wempi njengoba kudingeka.

Knightly oda yenkolo isakhiwo kathathu: kwakugcwele nabefundisi (Ophakeme), abafowethu abadala-amasosha futhi izinceku. Inhloko-oda - GM - wakhethwa ukuphila, candidacy yakhe ivunyelwe yi-Pope, onamandla ngiphakame sobunye. Isahluko kanye Isahluko of Priors ngezikhathi eqoqwe (umhlangano womphakathi, lapho kudingeka benze izinqumo ezibalulekile bavunyelwa yimithetho Order).

Ngu-monk elingokomoya izinhlangano iphathwa Templars inhlaka (hospitallers) zamaJalimane oda, platypus. Bonke lapho bajabula abahlanganyeli nemicimbi yomlando, ogama ukubaluleka ayikwazi overestimated. Zokholo ngosizo lwabo kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa Europe, futhi emhlabeni wonke. Igama mission ongcwele wenkululeko yazuza ngesiphambano, eyayibonakala ithungwe ungene Knights isembatho. ukuze ngamunye benkolo base besebenzisa umbala nokuma ukudlulisa yomdlali ukubukeka kwabanye.

iwe igunya

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII esontweni waphoqeleka ukubhekana lenqwaba esontweni Kuye kwaphakama. Abefundisi baye balahlekelwa ukuthembeka yayo yangaphambili, basakaza inkulumo-ze wakhuluma ngesidingo ukuguqula noma uqede uhlelo sesonto, njengoba isendlalelo ezingadingekile phakathi komuntu noNkulunkulu, njengoba igxeke nengcebo enkulu bagxila ezandleni izikhonzi. Besabela kuleso simemo, kwakukhona Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, eklanyelwe ukubuyisela nokuhlonipha abantu of the Church. Nokho, indima kuzuzise ngokwengeziwe kule misebenzi sebedlale oda zenkolo mendicant, ekubeni isevisi imfuneko Ukuyekwa ephelele impahla.

Frantsisk Assizsky

Ngo 1207, waqala ukuthatha ukuma Franciscans. Ikhanda layo, Frantsisk Assizsky, wabona okushiwo umsebenzi izintshumayelo kanye renunciation. Wayengumuntu ngokumelene ekusungulweni amasonto zezindela, futhi nabalandeli bakhe bathole kanye ngonyaka endaweni emisiwe. Zonke ezinye izindela washumayeza abantu. Nokho, ngo-1219 namanje wakhushulwa sezindela Franciscan ngesikhathi ekufuna ka uPapa.

Frantsisk Assizsky wayaziwa ngomusa wakhe, ikhono kalula futhi nokuzinikezela egcwele. Uthando lwakhe ithalente senkondlo. iminyaka abagcotshwa nje ezimbili ngemva kokufa kwakhe, iye yazuza unabalandeli abaningi futhi elulama inhlonipho eSontweni LamaKatolika. Ngezinye kwamiswa izikhathi ezahlukene Franciscan oda amagatsha: Order of the Capuchins, Terzian, imiz, le Observants.

Dominic de Guzman

On Izigodlo Wokwakha Ubunye Church ethembele ezindabeni ekulweni uyimbuka. Omunye izisekelo iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki kwaba Order of the Dominicans, eyasungulwa ngo-1205. Yaba incwadi umsunguli Dominik De Guzman i fighter ngekutsi ezimelene nezihlubuki, funda austerity nobumpofu.

Order of the Dominicans omunye imigomo yayo esemqoka amkhethile ezingeni lelisetulu abashumayeli ukuqeqeshwa. Ngoba inhlangano izimo yokufunda ezifanele abangu lathambisa ngisho imithetho ekuqaleni eqinile nakho ngeke kusize enquma abazalwane ubumpofu nosizi njalo emhlabeni imizi. Dominicans ngaleyo ndlela abangu akaphoqelekile ukusebenza emzimbeni: zonke ngesikhathi sabo, ngakho base benikezela imfundo nomthandazo.

Ekuqaleni le XVI Wesonto wekhulu waphinda esibucayi. Ukuzibophezela kwabefundisi kuya ukunethezeka kwezinto ezimbi obukela phansi igunya. Yezinguquko impumelelo ophoqelelwe abefundisi ukufuna izindlela ezintsha sibonisa kubuye wangaphambili. Ngakho Theatines oda, bese iNhlangano likaJesu yasungulwa. inhlangano Izigodlo wafuna ukubuyela izimiso oda zangenkathi ephakathi, kodwa isikhathi iye yahlukunyezwa. Nakuba eziningi Order akhona namuhla, kusukela ubukhulu wangaphambilini we kancane eyayisele.