Ukuvuselelwa okuphezulu e-Italy

Ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho amakhulu eminyaka amasiko, ubuciko kanye nefilosofi babuswa yi-scholasticism yasendulo, i-theocentrism yenkolo, okungukuthi, Ukuphefumula kuNkulunkulu, ukungabikho kokuphila komhlaba, okwakubhekwa njengesandulela sokuphila kwezulu, kukhona into emangalisayo, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-Renaissance, okungukuthi, i-Renaissance. Okudingekayo kwezomnotho kwalesi simo kwakungukubunjwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane be-capitalist, kodwa iRaissance, okokuqala, ukuhlolisiswa kwamagugu kanye nombono omusha womuntu nezwe elizungezile.

Umuntu uba isikhungo, umgca wezinto zonke emhlabeni. Lokhu kwaholela esici esibaluleke kakhulu senkambiso nobuciko bokubuyiselwa kabusha - ukubonakaliswa nokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye ekubukeni komhlaba nokuphila komphakathi. Isiqondiso esiyinhloko emafilosofi, izinkolelo zokuhleleka kwemvelo ukuphilisa abantu, ukuvikela ukubaluleka komuntu wesintu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuhle komuntu umgomo wokuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye namasiko omphakathi.

Isisekelo sokuvuselelwa kabusha kwesintu sokuqala sokuqala sokucabanga sasibuyiselwa emuva ngalezo zinsuku ezithakazelisayo emasikweni asendulo, ebonisa umuntu njengomuntu ophethe izinto ezijulile zomuntu siqu, ubuntu obuqhakazile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhumusha okunjalo komuntu kwakungamukelwanga nje, kwakubhekwa kabusha. Izwe langaphakathi lomuntu nesakhiwo sakhe sezinto ezibonakalayo zaba yinto ehlukile yendawo yonke, engenamkhawulo, esikalini esilingana nomhlaba wonke, okuhlanganisa amandla okuzithuthukisa nokuzithuthukisa.

Ukuvuselela e-Italy

I-aesthetics kanye namasiko we-Renaissance avela e-Italy. Le nkathi ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezine: i-Proto-Renaissance, eqala ngekhulu le-XIII futhi ithathwa njengesikhathi sokuzalwa kwendlela entsha yokucabanga; Kusukela ekhulwini le-XV kufika ukuvuselelwa kwangaphambili; Ekupheleni kwe-XV - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVI, isikhathi esizayo sesikhathi sabizwa ngokuthi "i-Renaissance High"; Ekugcineni, inkathi yokubuyiselwa kabusha kweRevente kanye nenkinga yemibono yakhe ifika ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI.

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Protorenaissance kubonakala ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu nama-Middle Ages, amaGothic, amasiko wamaRoma ezakhiweni nemidwebo. Noma kunjalo, ngalesi sikhathi imibono esemqoka yesikhathi esizayo sesikhathi esizayo izalwa. I-precurse yokuqala yezinguquko ezithombeni zobuciko ngumsebenzi we- Giotto wase-Italy odumile (i-Giotto di Bondone). Imidwebo yakhe yinto engokoqobo emfanekisweni, izibalo zabantu kanye nesizinda ngemuva kwazo zikhulu futhi zikhangayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izincwadi zesiNtaliyane ziyaqala. Bazakhela ubuciko babo bezinkondlo zikaDante noPetrarch. Ngesikhathi sokuqala kabusha kwe-Renaissance ngumsebenzi womculi omkhulu waseNtaliyane uSandro Botticelli, odwebayo obonisa ukuthinta okuthinta inhliziyo nokujulile kobuhle besifazane basemhlabeni, bahlanganiswa nobuzwe obujulile nokuphilisa.

Phakathi nekhulu le-XV, i-Renaissance e-Italy naseYurophu yonke yayisungulwe ngokuqinile. Emidwebeni nasezincwadini, umfanekiso wezwe lasemhlabeni, "igazi eligcwele", umuzwa ojulile nokuphila okunothando kuzo zonke izibonakaliso zayo zomuntu ophilayo emhlabeni, waba yinto evelele. Ukuphila nezinto zezwe langempela zikhishwe ngemininingwane encane kakhulu. Ubuciko bube yiqiniso, ukuqinisekiswa kwezwe nokuphila. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko nobuciko bekuhlobene nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesayense yemvelo yesayensi nemishini.

Ukuvuselelwa okuphezulu

Izimbali eziphakeme kunazo zonke ze-Renaissance zenzeka ekupheleni kwe-XV - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVI. Le nkathi ihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yabalimi abakhulu njengoLeonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, njll. Ukuvuselela okuphezulu yiyona nto ephakeme, ephumelela imibono yobuntu, eyabonakala ngomphumela omuhle wokuhlelwa kohlobo, umbala nokuqukethwe, kubonakala Ezingxenyeni zabaculi. Ukuklama kwamakhosi amakhulu kubhekwa nokuqonda okujulile, ukungokoqobo, ukungena okucashile ezweni elingokomoya nelomoya lomuntu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, abaculi basebenzisa imigomo emisha yokudweba, kamuva eyaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko baseYurophu.

I-Renaissance High yashintshwa yinkathi yenkinga. Ukuqhutshelwa phambili kwe-capitalist kuye kwaholela ekudumeni, okubangelwa ukungafani phakathi kwemibono yokubambisana kwabantu kanye nokuyiqiniso okuzungezile. Le nkathi ihlotshaniswa nokuvela kwemisebenzi ye-utopias, esekelwe emibonweni emnandi mayelana nomphakathi omuhle. Izazi zefilosofi zokuqala zase-Utopian zaziyiNgisi uThomas More and Italian Tommaso Campanella. Emidwebeni, isikhathi se-Renaissance sekwephuzile sihlotshaniswa nokubonakala kweMannerism. I-Mannerist abaculi (iVeronese, iTintoretto, njll) ngenhloso yokwenza iqiniso, ukuphulwa kwemigomo yokuvumelana nokulinganisela.

I-Renaissance yaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuciko baseYurophu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwavela izici eziyisisekelo zokudala ubuciko, ezazibonakalisa ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko nezincwadi phakathi neminyaka namakhulu.