Ukuqapha (ukuqapha futhi isenzo uhlelo) isimo emvelweni of imvelo

Abantu ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ophilayo kule mbulunga enguMhlaba, akhathazeke nezinkinga okusinda noma ukudalwa izimo ezikahle kakhulu ekuphileni njalo. Futhi neze ekuqaleni isintu kwakukhona imibuzo wensindiso Zomhlaba iplanethi. Ngeshwa, ngaleso sikhathi ifikile. izinguquko Esibi ezenzeka emhlabeni, okusongela impilo yale planethi uqobo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze bonke abakhileyo kulo, kwabonakala. Futhi ingozi yalezi zizathu - endoda ngokwayo. Uma endulo abantu ukubukela nemvelo ke, cishe, ngenxa yelukuluku. Ukuqaphelwa yomuntu yesimanje phezu imvelo yinto ehlukile - yenziwa uyaqaphela futhi ngenjongo. Kancane kancane wadala luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe yezenzo. Isimo kwezemvelo imvelo abantu laqala khona ukugubha ukuze amsindise. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka BC mina leminyaka. e. Guy uPliny emsebenzini wakhe "i-Natural History", wabhala mayelana kokuma kwemvelo.

Kumiswa isayensi kwemvelo

Indlela ukuqapha umuntu oqashwe njengoba indlela ukutadisha into yemvelo. Ukubona yayisekelwe nangemiphumela yesikhathi eside futhi bezibona ezungezile imvelo izinto. Kancane kancane ngaba bakha izenzo ezithile zesistimu ukuqapha isimo emvelweni emhlabeni. Imiphumela observation abangu systematized, ukwakha isayensi - ngemvelo. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu kwaba ukutadisha ubudlelwano eziphilayo komunye nomunye futhi ekuxhumaneni kwabo nokuthi injani indawo ezungeze kubo. Le ndoda yaqala ukuba baqonde indima imvelo ekuphileni kwakhe, Ngaqala ukuqaphela futhi batadishe izinguquko ezenzeka kuwo futhi, ikakhulukazi, waqokomisa thuthuva wonke esikhathini uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, okuyinto kwabangelwa imisebenzi yayo. Kube usongo of ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo embulungeni yonke. Yingakho isenzo okudingekayo futhi lonke uhlelo lahlelwa. Isimo kwemvelo zokuqapha kwemvelo kwenziwa ezingeni wombuso. Nezokongiwa Kwemvelo waqala kuzoxoxwa izinkundla international. Isayensi ngemvelo luye lwaba isisekelo isisekelo ukukhululwa kwe-abasafufusa zinhlekelele global. Igama elithi "ngemvelo", okuyinto lihunyushwa ezinhlamvini "oikos" lesiGreki elisho ikhaya noma indawo yokukhosela, livele German wokuziphendukela kwemvelo Ernst Haeckel ngisho ngo-1866. Lapho ithuthukiswe imvelo isayensi, kulapho-ke kwenzeka ngaphambi imisebenzi abaphumelelanga njalo.

Ukuze umuntu wanamuhla kwaba namandla sobala phambi emvelo, futhi umsebenzi oyinhloko futhi ezibalulekile kwachazwa Ukuvikelwa nemvelo.

Umonakalo emvelweni iye akhiwa kuyicala wokulwa esintwini. Kulesi sici lakhiwe imithetho efanele lwezomthetho kanye nenkambiso nje isuke ibangelwa lezi uhlelo lokujeziswa. umsebenzi nsuku zonke futhi ukukhathazeka zonke umphakathi futhi wonke umuntu ikakhulukazi, ukuvikela izinto zemvelo ngesimo kwesimiso somhlaba wonke ukuqapha nokulawula baphuma ke uhlelo ephelele yezenzo. Isimo kwezemvelo imvelo ukugadwa ngaphakathi esimweni ngasinye, futhi imizamo nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

ukuqapha

I ezizungezile imvelo, imvelo kwendawo yethu futhi kuncike izinguquko okuqhubekayo ngokwemvelo futhi siye ohlangothini nokubaluleka. Imvelo akulona umfaniswano isikhathi emkhathini. Kukhona kangaka okuthiwa ezingeni kuqhathaniswa njalo ukusebenza ngalo ukuqhathanisa ukufundwa entsha. Lokhu isilinganiso kungashintshwa kuphela kakhulu kungakapheli isikhathi eside isikhathi sokuphumula. Kulokhu sikhuluma zemvelo, izinguquko yemvelo imvelo. A uhlamvu ezahlukene kakhulu abe izinguquko ezenziwe umuntu. Inkomba isimo isilinganiso imvelo kuleli cala akuqinisekile, it is ngokushesha futhi kakhulu ekushintsheni. Ikakhulukazi kusobala ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule. Kuze kwadingeka ukufunda kanye nokulinganisa imihlola ezahlukene ukuthi zenzeka ngenxa umthelela yabantu. Umi uhlelo ukuqapha imvelo noma usethe wezinyathelo ukukhomba, ukulandelela izinguquko yemvelo kanye nokuhlola yabo. The main ukuqapha imisebenzi:

• ukuqapha imvelo nemithombo kwethonya ke;
• ukulinganisa isimo imvelo;
• isimo imvelo nesimo sengqondo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuqapha kwemvelo:

• Kuhle linganisa - kwemvelo (kuhlanganise Geophysical nezinto eziphilayo ..);
• izici ezinomthelela (ingxenye) ezingcolisayo ukutadisha, kanye nethonya umsindo, ukushisa, kanye emisebeni kagesi;
• Human isikhala ephilayo noma imvelo (imvelo, imvelo, ezifuywayo, ezisemadolobheni nezezimboni);
• kungokwesikhashana, lubandlululo;
• amazinga ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo.

Kukhona umehluko nalo ziqashwe nsuku indawo: isimo global, yesifunda, zendawo, "iphuzu", ngemuva (isisekelo ukuhlaziywa zonke izinhlobo zokuqapha). Emhlabeni jikelele ibhekwa zokuqapha global kanye nesimiso sembulunga yonke izenzo. Isimo kwezemvelo imvelo ukugadwa kulo lonke iplanethi. Izimiso uhlelo global okokuqala eziveziwe zavela ngo-1971 yi-International Council of Unions Scientific. Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli idonse ukunakwa ososayensi kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile futhi bonke abantu abanengqondo emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1973-1974. njengengxenye izinkinga zemvelo we-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP Uhlelo) ukuthuthukiswa amalungiselelo esemqoka ye-Global Environment Monitoring System yaqedwa naphakathi (GEMS).