Ukumodela kwezesayensi - Iyini? Izinhlobo kanye ukumodeliswa izigaba

Kuleli phephandaba, siphakamisa indlela ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe isihloko ukumodeliswa e computer science. Lesi sigaba kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuqeqeshwa ongoti esizayo emkhakheni kolwazi nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izinkinga (ukukhiqizwa noma ucwaningo) kukhompyutha usebenzisa string ezilandelayo:

Kufanele uyinaka welithi "isibonelo," ngokwezwi. Ngaphandle kwale isixhumanisi akuyona isixazululo yenkinga kungenzeka. Kungani-ke ungasebenzisi model nokuthi leli gama libhekisela? Yilokhu sizoxoxa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

imodeli

Modeling e computer science - iyiqoqo izithombe sento zangempela ukuthi ibonisa zonke izici ezibalulekile kanye izakhiwo. A imodeli ukuxazulula inkinga kuyadingeka, njengoba kunjalo, eqinisweni, asetshenziswa inqubo isinqumo.

Inkambo esikoleni lwekhompuyutha ukumodeliswa isihloko ekuqaleni ukuba kuqhutshekwe wafunda lesithupha. Ekuqaleni kubalulekile ukwethula izingane imodeli umqondo. Kuyini lokhu?

• wafana Esenziwe Lula into;
• ikhophi Unciphise into yangempela;
• Isikimu mkhuba noma inqubo;
• Image mkhuba noma inqubo;
• Incazelo mkhuba noma inqubo;
• isitshalo Physical;
• Analogue Imininingwane;
• Into esikhundleni sibonakalisa izakhiwo into yangempela, nokunye.

Model - lena umqondo ubanzi kakhulu, njengoba sesiye kakade ocacile ovela ngenhla. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi wonke amamodeli kungenziwa zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu:

• impahla;
• ekahle.

Ngaphansi imodeli zezimali ukuqonda ngale ndaba, esekelwe netintfo mbamba. Lokhu kungaba noma yini eyingcuba noma inqubo. Leli qembu kungenziwa olunye selihlukene laba ezimbili:

• ngokomzimba;
• analog.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba okunemibandela, ngoba kube nomehluko ocacile phakathi lezi zenyathi ezimbili kunzima kakhulu ukuba nifeze.

imodeli Ideal elichaza nzima. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso:

• ukucabanga;
• umcabango;
• Umbono.

Ukuze kungenzeka ukuba afeze umsebenzi wobuciko (yaseshashalazini, ubuciko, izincwadi, nokunye).

imigomo ukumodeliswa

Ukumodela e computer science - kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu, njengoba ephishekela Izinjongo obungakahleleki. Manje sinikeza ukuhlangana nabo.

I sekulingisa lokuqala Kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi leli zwe elisizungezile. Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, abantu Nithole ulwazi kanye bayidlulisele titukulwane takho. Ngakho, umfuziselo zomhlaba (imbulunga).

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, thina abalingisa izinto non-akukho, okuyinto manje siqine ezimpilweni zethu (isambulela, isigayo, nokunye). Okwamanje mozhelirovanie ziqondiswe:

• ekuboneni imiphumela yanoma yikuphi inqubo (okwandisa izindleko travel noma udoti wamakhemikhali ngaphansi phansi);
• ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinqumo.

ukumodeliswa imisebenzi

Thina okukhulunywe ngaye esihlokweni ukuthi ukumodeliswa anjalo computer science. Le nqubo has ezinye izinkinga, okuyinto sixoxa kulesi sigaba.

Iyini inkinga sekulingisa? Ake sithi futhi thina kukhona inkinga, ukuqeda ke udinga ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi. Okungukuthi, inkinga - inkinga ukuthi udinga ukuphatha. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yonke imisebenzi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu.

imodeli ngamazwi

Yiziphi izindlela ukumodeliswa? Ikhompyutha isebenzisa izindlela ezimbili kuphela - Ulwazi kanye ne-mathematics. Kodwa kubalulekile ukusho olunye uhlobo imodeli - ngamazwi. Mayelana naye manje ngoba sikhuluma kancane ngaphezulu.

imodeli Verbal libhekwa njengoba enhle noma esingabonakali. Le ncazelo ngezinhlamvu, emagama, imisho. Ukuze labo onobuhle zihlanganisa:

• protocol;
• imithetho yomgwaqo;
• Imininingwane izincwadi;
• eqanjiwe;
• incazelo wetemlomo nobe lobhalwako bento, inqubo noma mkhuba.

imodeli zezibalo

Iziphi ezinye izinhlobo onobuhle kufundvwe e computer science? Imininingwane yokwakheka nokulandelana zezibalo (algorithmic) zihlukaniswe. Nakuba, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, imingcele ephakathi onobuhle ngamazwi, etibalo kanye nolwazi esikhundleni ezivamile.

Ngamagama alula, imodeli zezibalo uchaza isiphi isimo ngokombono zezibalo umbono. Oblivious thina ngokwethu, siyayeka bekwi ukumodeliswa zezibalo nsuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo: umama ithumela ingane ukuthenga isinkwa nobisi. Uyazi ukuthi mangaki la imikhiqizo esitolo, etholakala eduze nendlu. Manje sidinga ukubala malini imali ukuze anike ingane. Ake sithi ubisi kubiza ruble angu-75 futhi kopecks 50, nesinkwa - ruble 30 20 kopecks. Zonke ukuthenga izobiza ruble 105, 70 kopecks (75,5 + 30,2). Lena isibonelo imodeli zezibalo.

imodeli Imininingwane

Manje ake sixoxe olunye uhlobo onobuhle bafundelwa Yiqiniso isikole Informatics. Ikhompyutha yokumodela, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze balukhulume ngamunye esikhathini esizayo IT-ongoti, kuhlanganisa inqubo ukuqaliswa kwe-imodeli Imininingwane usebenzisa amathuluzi ikhompyutha. Kodwa kuyini, imodeli Imininingwane?

Kuyinto uhlu olude ulwazi mayelana into. Ukuthi lokhu imodeli lichaza nokuthi yini imininingwane ewusizo kuyakuba:

• izakhiwo into abalingisa;
• isimo sakhe;
• Ukuxhumana izwe ngaphandle;
• ubudlelwano izinto zangaphandle.

Yini ukukhonza njengomdala imodeli ulwazi:

• incazelo ngamazwi;
• umbhalo;
• umdwebo;
• ithebula;
• uhlelo;
• umdwebo;
• ifomula, nokunye.

Isici esiphawulekayo imodeli ulwazi ukuthi akunakuba uthinte, ukunambitheka, nokunye. Yena ongaqhubeki samuntu impahla, njengoba evezwa ifomu kolwazi.

A ehlelekile indlela yokwenza onobuhle

Yini lwezifundo grade ufundwa sekulingisa? Ikhompyutha isayensi 9 ekilasini yethula abafundi ukuba isihloko kabanzi. Kuyinto kuleli kilasi, ingane igcina ifundile mayelana indlela uhlelo yokumodela. Sinikeza ukukhuluma ngakho kancane xaxa.

"System" ukuqala umqondo. Lona iqembu izakhi oxhumene ngazo isinyathelo ndawonye zuku. Ukwakha umfuziselo ayevame indlela uhlelo, kusukela into zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu uhlelo ukuthi usebenza kwezinye ophansi. Uma abalingisa into eziyinkimbinkimbi, uhlelo isinqumo ukuzobhidliza ibe izingxenye ezincane - subsystems.

Injongo yokusetshenziswa

Manje sicabanga sekulingisa target (Computer Science 11 ekilasini). Lathi ngaphambili ukuthi zonke onobuhle zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana namaqembu athile, kodwa imingcele ephakathi kwabo kukhona ezingafanele. Kukhona izizathu eziningana lapho zokuhlukanisa imodeli: injongo, endaweni ubuchwepheshe, isikhathi factor, indlela isethulo.

Ngokuqondene imigomo, unquma ukwaba lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• ukuqeqeshwa;
• abanolwazi;
• sekulingisa;
• zokudlala;
• isayensi nobuchwepheshe.

Uhlobo lokuqala lihlanganisa zokuqeqesha. Eyesibili encishisiwe noma lakhulisiwe amakhophi netintfo mbamba (ukwakhiwa imodeli, ephikweni izindiza, nokunye). A imodeli sekulingisa evumela ukubikezela umphumela wanoma yikuphi mcimbi. Awokuzenzisa ukumodeliswa ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa imithi kanye sphere nomphakathi. Narimer, imodeli kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bayosabela kanjani lapho lokhu noma lokhuya kabusha? Ngaphambi kokwenza operation ezinkulu ku womuntu isitho Ukufakelwa, sekube ucwaningo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo imodeli sekulingisa ungakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga nge "amaphutha". imodeli Game - uhlobo kwezomnotho, ibhizinisi, noma impi game. Nale imodeli kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuziphatha into etimeni letehlukene. imodeli yezesayensi lobuchwepheshe esetshenziselwa ekutadisheni kwenkondlo inqubo noma mkhuba (idivayisi simulating umbani ocucuzayo, model of the Solar amaplanethi System, nokunye).

endaweni ulwazi

Yini abafundi bebanga abajwayelene ngokugcwele ne ukumodeliswa? Ikhompyutha Ibanga 9 igxile ekulungiseleleni abafundi babo ukuhlolwa ngoba yokwemukela ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme. Njengoba amathikithi EGE futhi Gia ukuhlangabezana imibuzo ku yokumodela, manje kudingeka njengoba kubekiwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze lesi sihloko. Kanjalo-ke, njengoba kukhona ngezigaba ngemikhakha ethile? Ngesisekelo lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• yemvelo (isib isifo eyayenziwe ngamabomu izilwane, izifo ezibangelwa ufuzo, umdlavuza);
• kwezomnotho (imodeli yokuziphatha liqinile, umfuziselo intengo emakethe, njalo njalo);
• zomlando (isihlahla zozalo, zomlando imodeli umcimbi, imodeli kwebutho laseRoma, nokunye okunjalo);
• lwezenhlalo (imodeli ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu, ukuziphatha bagcini bemali yokuvumelana izimo ezintsha zomnotho) nokunye.

isikhathi isici

izinhlobo ezimbili onobuhle zihlukaniswa lesi sici:

• ashukumisayo;
• static.

Kakade, ngokuvumelana igama elilodwa, hhayi nzima ukuqagela ukuthi umbono wokuqala ikhombisa ukusebenza, ukuthuthukisa kanye noshintsho into ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Static okunalokho uyakwazi ukuchaza into ngendlela iphuzu elithile ngesikhathi. Lolu hlobo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi kwesakhiwo, njengoba imodeli ibonisa isakhiwo kanye nemingcele into, ukuthi, unikeza nocezu ulwazi mayelana nalo.

Izibonelo imodeli ashukumisayo yilezi:

• iqoqo amafomula ezibonisa ukuhamba isimiso sonozungezilanga amaplanethi;
• igrafu lokushisa emoyeni;
• ividiyo kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, nokunye.

Izibonelo imodeli kwezibalo yilezi:

• uhlu amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga;
• nebalazwe lendawo nokunye.

isethulo indlela

Ukuze uqale, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi wonke amamodeli isimo wamakhasi nokuma kwawo, zihlale ngento eyenziwe, ngandlela-thile emelelwa noma kuchazwe. Ngesisekelo umfuziselo zokuhlukanisa kanje:

• impahla;
• angaphatheki.

Uhlobo lokuqala lihlanganisa amakhophi eziphathekayo lezinto ezikhona. Abakwazi uthinte, ukuhogela, nokunye. Zibonisa izici kwangaphandle nangekhatsi, ekuqhubeni isikhungo. Yiziphi imodeli ngokomzimba? Zisetshenziswa indlela yokulinga cognition (indlela zokuhlola).

onobuhle angaphatheki siye ngaphambili wavakashela. Basebenzisa indlela ezincwadini zokufunda. onobuhle maKristu abizwa ekahle noma esingabonakali. Lesi sigaba okwengeziwe ihlukaniswe subtypes eziningana: onobuhle ngengqondo kanye nokwaziswa.

onobuhle Imininingwane uhlu ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana into. Njengoba imodeli Imininingwane ongakhonza amathebula, imidwebo, izincazelo ngamazwi, imidvwebo nokunye. Kungani lo imodeli ngokuthi unemandla? Into wukuthi asikwazi wathinta ngoba awunawo samuntu ngokomzimba. Phakathi amamodeli nolwazi eyingqopha esikhethekile ezibukwayo.

imodeli acabangwayo - ingenye izigaba yokumodela. Kuyinqubo okudala ukuthi senzeka umcabango womuntu lena ekulandulayo ukudalwa izinto.

izigaba ukumodeliswa

Sihloko e computer science 9 ekilasini "Modeling futhi kube semthethweni" sinzima. Kudingeka ukufunda. Ngesikhathi uthisha 9-11 grade ubophekile ukuba zona abafundi izigaba ukudalwa onobuhle. Lokhu thina manje ujike. Ngakho, kukhona izigaba ezilandelayo ukumodeliswa:

• isitatimende okunenjongo yenkinga;
• Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi zezibalo yenkinga;
• ukuthuthukiswa usebenzisa amakhompyutha;
• ukusebenza imodeli;
• imiphumela eyatholakala.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lolu cwaningo konke obusizungezile, usebenzisa sekulingisa izinqubo, zibe semthethweni. ubuchwepheshe Imininingwane - kuba isihloko anikezelwe yezindlela zesimanje ngokutadisha nangokuphila ukuxazulula izinkinga. Ngakho-ke, Igxila amamodeli ezingase zithathwe usebenzisa ikhompyutha. Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe le nkinga iphuzu ukuthuthukiswa algorithm izixazululo ngosizo lwama-computer.

Nokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto

Manje asikhulume okuncane mayelana ukuxhumana okuphakathi izinto. Sekukonke kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu:

• omunye komunye (okhonjiswe ukuhlobana Emaceleni umcibisholo omunye ohlangothini);
• okukodwa-abaningi (isixhumanisi amaningi kuboniswa nemicibisholo emibili);
• abaningi-kokuningi (isixhumanisi enjalo kuboniswa nemicibisholo emibili).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uxhumano kungaba ngesimo futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela. uxhumano Sinemibandela kuhilela ukusetshenziswa into ngayinye Ngokwesibonelo. A okunemibandela ehilelekile izakhi ngabanye kuphela.