Ukuhlinzekwa kolwazi. UMthetho Federal of July 27, 2006 № 149-FZ "On ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuvikelwa kolwazi"

Okwamanje, imithetho ekhona idokhumende normative database yayo, elawula inqubo, imithetho kanye nezidingo ukunikeza ulwazi. Kuyini, ambalwa azi, futhi ikakhulukazi labo abangenalutho ukwenzani umthetho. Ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kanye nemithetho insimbi ezibekwe kule Article.

Uluhlu imigomo asetshenziswa umthetho

Amanye amagama nezincazelo, ezisetshenziswa kuleli wathi isenzo normative ngokucace kakhudlwana kuchazwe sivumele isishaya-mthetho, ukuze izakhamuzi akudingeki ukungabaza noma ukuqonda ezimbili. Ngakho, kukhona lokhu okulandelayo phakathi kwalezi zincazelo:

1. Ngaphansi ulwazi kusuka umbono wale dokhumenti libhekisela yiluphi ulwazi ukuthi ungaboniswa ngesimo imiyalezo noma enye indlela. Futhi bangakwazi kwenziwe kutholakale besithathu nganoma iyiphi indlela.
2. ubuchwepheshe Imininingwane - zonke izinhlobo izindlela olunikezwa umthetho, izindlela, izinqubo osetshenziselwa ukuthola, ukongiwa kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kanye nesicelo kolwazi.
3. Imininingwane umnikazi - lena nomuntu owawasho bebodwa noma wathola ngesisekelo a ukuthengiselana lomthetho kwabanye. Umnikazi kungaba inhlangano yawo ibe esemthethweni.
4. Ukuhlinzekwa kolwazi - ngaphansi kwalesi definition libhekisela yimuphi umsebenzi oluhlose ulithumele kusukela komunye umuntu. Ngakho umamukeli kungaba inombolo ethile eliku abamukeli.
5. Ukufinyelela olwazini - ngokomthetho nangokwenyama ithuba lokuba umamukeli ukuthola ulwazi. Izinhlobo netindlela tekufinyelela ichazwe ngu imiculu zokulawula esilawula ezinye yiziphi ngokuqondile izihlobo ezimpilweni zabantu.
6. Inqubomgomo - izimfuneko ezisebenza abantu abafinyelela ulwazi, futhi ukuvinjelwa ukuvezwa kwalo ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi ulwazi.

Ezibalwe lapha nje ezinye imiqondo. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi oluphelele mayelana wonke izincazelo asetshenziswe umthetho kahulumeni, kubalulekile ukubheka ngqo kuye.

izinhlobo zolwazi

Ngakho, liyini inani? Umthetho "Ngo Imininingwane, Information Technologies futhi wokuVikelwa kweLwazi" lembula essence yayo njengoba into ubudlelwane zomthetho. Kungaba into eqondile of ubudlelwano civil hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umphakathi kanye nohulumeni, kanye nabanye. Njengoba ojwayelekile, ulwazi wathola imahhala zokusabalalisa. Lokho umuntu owawuthola, ilungelo ulithumele abanye. Nokho, lo mthetho usebenza kuphela ezimweni lapho akusiyo oluyimfihlo. Inqubomgomo yena, ingasetshenziswa ngesisekelo isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu noma yisiphi isivumelwano, futhi ngesisekelo nomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho elawula umsebenzi tekusebenta-search, setha ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Ukufinyelela kungaba uthole ngakho ngokukhethekile ilungelo lokuzikhethela kumuntu ofanele. Ukuhlinzekwa kolwazi, okuyinto siyimfihlo, kungenzeka kuphela ngenkululeko womnikazi wayo noma ngesisekelo isenzo zokwahlulela.

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kungashiwo ihlukaniswe yaba nezigaba ezilandelayo:

• basakaza ngenkululeko futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela;
• ukusatshalaliswa okuyinto engavumelekile itholakala kuphela ngokuhambisana inkontileka;
• yokwanda okuyinto engavumelekile itholakala kuphela ngesisekelo imithetho;
• yokwanda okuyinto akuvunyelwe ensimini ka WaseRussia noma babekelwe imingcele.

abanikazi kolwazi

Ake sicabangele ongumnikazi ulwazi. Imithetho elawula ndaba, kwatholakala ukuthi abantu abanjalo kungaba abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, futhi Russian Federation uqobo. Futhi, abanikazi kungaba Izikhonzi Russian Federation kanye nomasipala. Uma umuntu ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa ezintathu zokugcina kuncike Ukhulume ke egameni amalungelo nemisebenzi nguMkhandlu olufanele ogunyazwe izikhulu. Amandla bonke abaphethe kubandakanya amandla ezilandelayo:

• nika noma ingxenye nika amandla okufinyelela ulwazi, ukusungula inqubo nokuhlinzekwa kolwazi kanye nezindlela ukufinyelela;
• ukusebenzisa ulwazi ephethwe ku ngokubona kwayo;
• lokufeza nokuhlinzekwa kolwazi kwabanye abantu ngokusebenzisa esiphethweni yanoma yisiphi isivumelwano noma ezimweni eshiwo umthetho;
• ukuze baphakamise emalungelo ato olwazini, uma entelwe phansi ngulabo besithathu;
• ukuzivocavoca namanye amalungelo ehlinzekelwe noma kunqatshelwe ngokomthetho.

Ngaphezu amalungelo umnikazi futhi babelwa imisebenzi ethize. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuhambisana izithakazelo besithathu, amalungelo abo angokomthetho. Imininingwane umnikazi kumelwe futhi livikela ulwazi awo, futhi uma oluyimfihlo ke Sinqanda ukufinyelela kubo.

ulwazi olutholakalayo

Ukuze isihloko umbono kuhlanganisa lonke ulwazi olutholakala ngokukhululekile. Ngokuvamile it is owaziwa amaqiniso kanye nokwaziswa ukuthi nokufinyelela okunqunyelwe. Ukunikeza ulwazi akekho lilinganiselwe, indlela ebalulekile eyaba oludlulele. Nokho, ungase ube umnikazi, okungase kudinge ukuba umuntu usebenzisa it, sabonisa indlela umnikazi.

Ilungelo lokufinyelela

Izakhamizi futhi abantu lomthetho kungahle ukuthola ulwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela ngeke kuvimbele izindlela. Abakwazi afeze zokusesha ngoba zonke izinsiza zomphakathi, noma ukubhala isitatimende ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi. Isibonelo salokhu i-Inthanethi, lapho ukufinyelela khulula akuyona okulinganiselwe idatha etholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu banelungelo zidinga ulwazi abaludingayo kusuka kuhulumeni noma nezinye izinhlangano. Isicelo ulwazi wathumela kubo ngumnikazi ulwazi kwezinhloso zenzuzo, ukuthi yena, ibheka isicelo futhi uma eceliwe ezivikelwe ngumthetho, akugcini ukusatshalaliswa ke okuhambisa ulwazi kumenzi wesicelo. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lokuthola them uma they ezithinta amalungelo nezibopho. umthetho Federal sihlinzekela uhlu lapho ukufinyelela akukwazi kungavunyelwe khona noma kubekelwe ngenye indlela. Lolu lwazi :

• isimo imvelo;
• ukuqaliswa kwe-iziphathimandla zikahulumeni yomsebenzi;
• imithetho kanye neminye imithetho;
• elise imitapo nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi kukhona;
• omunye, avunyelwe ukusakaza.

Ukuze uthole kubo, udinga ukukhipha incwadi ukunikeza ulwazi uphinde uthumele emzimbeni ezifanele.

Vimbela ukufinyelela

Jikelele imikhawulo Finyelela asethwe e Art. 9 kubhekwa isenzo normative. Wawuthi lezi zinhlobo Imininingwane kulawulwa imithetho WaseRussia. Kungase kube ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo yilezi: lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela oda ngokomthethosisekelo, impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuphepha, izithakazelo zabo, kanye nezimo ukuze silondoloze ikhono ukuzivikela waseRussia. Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izizathu ukukhawulela ukufinyelela. Sivumele isishaya-mthetho ithole ukuthi izivimbelo ingahlukaniswa kuye ngokuthi uhlobo ubumfihlo ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube i-commercial imfihlo, yasebhange, isevisi noma yimuphi omunye. Ngakho, ulwazi basuke kulawulwa umthetho ekhethekile, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ikambiso yokuvikelwa nokusatshalaliswa yasebhange ekusithekeni kuchazwa kwemitsetfo lelawula imisebenzi yasebhange. Lokho-ke kuchaza ukuthi ukudalulwa kolwazi, futhi ubala amacala futhi abantu abangakwazi ayidlulisele.

ukusabalala

Ukuze inikeze ulwazi idokhumenti zokulawula kunqunywa ukuthi ukusakazeka kwalo ukuthi kwenzekani lapha eRussia imahhala, kodwa kuphela ngokuhambisana nemithetho. kunqunywa futhi ukuthi ulwazi basakaza edingekayo ukuba olunembile. Lesi sidingo sisebenza hhayi kuphela okuqukethwe ulwazi ngokwayo, kodwa futhi ulwazi umnikazi noma distributor. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu ethola ulwazi kufanele kube mahhala (uma uthanda) ukuthola ukuthi ngubani sizibeke. Ngokwesibonelo, isayithi elibamba yimuphi umyalezo kuyi-Internet, kufanele lukhombise igama labo (Igama lenhlangano noma igama eligcwele isakhamuzi), endaweni yokuba babhalisile noma indawo, lapho ungathola umnikazi (distributor), nezinye imininingwane yokuxhumana, e kufaka phakathi izinombolo zefoni namakheli e-imeyli. izidingo ezikhethekile ngendlela evamile njengoba ukudluliselwa ngokuthumela e-mail noma izinhlamvu yeposi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umthumeli ubophekile ukuba unike umamukeli ithuba ukuphuma ekutholeni ukwaziswa okunjalo. Isibonelo esihle asetshenzisiwe SMS-mail, okuyinto umthumeli ungathumela amakhasimende abo kuphela ngemuva kokuthola kubo imvume.

clamping

Amafomu kolwazi zihlanganisa, kwezinye izimo, idluliselwe yilezo komunye nomunye ulwazi kufanele kubhalwe. Lokhu umthwalo wemfanelo nge osonkontileka noma ngumthetho noma isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi kwabo. Iziphathimandla isimo amaphepha adingekayo, futhi wenziwa ngendlela enqunywe yi-Government. Ngenxa yale njongo, kunemithetho ekhethekile. Ngezinhloso ngokudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye phakathi izinhlangano, ezihlanganisa uhulumeni, usungula inqubo ukusetshenziswa izingxenye ezincane electronic. Ezimweni ezithile, amaqembu aphoqelelwe ukuba wenze ukudluliselwa kolwazi kusetshenziswa isiginesha ezinjalo.

Ukuvikelwa

Ihlaziye umthetho "On ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuvikelwa kolwazi" usungula izinyathelo okumele zenziwe yi-isimo kanye nabanye abantu ngenjongo ukuvikela ke. Ngakho, phakathi uhlu lezi zinyathelo, kukhona yenhlangano, yezobuchwepheshe, futhi-ke, izinyathelo zomthetho. Basuke ezithathwe nababamba iqhaza ukuthi:

• idatha zokuvikeleka ezivela nokuhlaselwa amaqembu abo lwesithathu ekwenzeni nabo ikusasa ukuziphatha okubi, ukubhujiswa, ukukopisha noma nokusabalalisa ulwazi;
• osekusithekeni;
• ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela kulwazi.

State obonisa imisebenzi yabo, sibophekile ukuba uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze bavikele. Basuke obonakaliswe ukusungulwa Tidzingo letimbalwa lekumele ubudlelwano exhunywe ukufinyelela emininingwaneni, kanye nokunqunywa athwale icala ukuvezwa zabo okungekho emthethweni noma nezinye izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Ngu nezidingo zokuphepha, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa:

1. Ukuvimbela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kanye ne-transmission okwalandela besithathu, okuyizinto ke ayifaneleki.
2. Ngangokunokwenzeka - ukuze kutholakale amaqiniso lokufinyelela emthethweni.
3. Ukuvimbela imiphumela engavela uma kokunikezwa kwe-inqubo amiselwe yokuthola ulwazi.
4. zokuqapha njalo.

umthwalo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, omunye wemisebenzi yombuso ukusungula zinyathelo ukuvikela ulwazi. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, isishayamthetho okumisa imithetho nezinye iziqondiso ohlinzekela yimaphi kabi kolwazi. Umthwalo Yiqiniso, ukupholisa imibhoshongo, kuye ngezinga of isenzo esiyingozi emphakathini. It kungenziwa enikeziwe ngemithetho ehlukile futhi amakhodi. Ngakho, uma nokuphulwa sina, okubhekene lobugebengu singasebenza lowo owenze lokho. isenzo kancane kancane kuyingozi kuhambisana nesibopho eyasungulwa umthetho zokuphatha. Njengomthetho, inhlawulo macala kukhawulwe inhlawulo. Uma lowo owenze ngendlela engase iphazamise alibonisi izimpawu zanoma iyiphi icala lobugebengu noma zokuphatha, umthwalo kungenzeka zinikezwe isiyalo (uma umuntu owenze singumqashwa).

Ngakho, ukucabangela yomthetho ichaza kuphela amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo elawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela it is ukusakaza, imaphi amagama ulwazi kanye nezinye amaphuzu abalulekile kunqunywa imithetho ekhethekile esikhishwe labo noma nakwezinye izihlobo. Ukuhlonipha zonke izinkambiso komthetho, njengoba abanikazi, futhi othola ulwazi ndawonye ngeke ukuhlinzeka inzuzo yayo, ngeke sivumele nokwephulwa kwamalungelo wesithathu nezithakazelo nezinye izakhamuzi kanye nezinhlangano.