Uhlangothi olungaphambili lomthethosivivinywa. Ngabe yiliphi uhlangothi lomthethosivivinywa olubhekwa njengento engavamile?

I-banknote ngayinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyinhlamvu noma imali ebhange, ine "ubuso" bayo, noma kunalokho, ngaphambili nangemuva. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu umuntu ongenalwazi ukuthi aqonde ukuthi uhlangothi olungaphambili lwesibhawuni liphi, futhi lapho ingxenye yalo yangemuva ikhona. Yiqiniso, ukuze ukhokhe umkhiqizo noma isevisi, ulwazi olunjalo aludingeki, kodwa kwabanye abantu lolu daba kubalulekile, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangamanga.

Kuphi okuphazamisayo

Okungafani - yilo igama lobuso noma inhlamvu, futhi leli gama livela kulesi siFulentshi igama elithi avers noma i-Latin adversus, okusho ukuthi "ubheke ubuso".

Ngokujwayelekile kanye nezincwadi ezikhethekile akukho mqondo ovamile mayelana nokuthi ungayibona kanjani "ubuso" bezimali. Umbuso ngamunye unelungelo lokuzimela ngokuzimela emithethweni kule ndaba. Noma kunjalo, kunezinye izincomo ezijwayelekile zokunquma ukuphazamiseka. Ngakho, ngakwesokunene, njengombuso, kuboniswa:

• Umfanekiso wesibusi, umongameli (owenza noma owake wangena), inhloko yombuso;
• Isibonakaliso sombuso noma isibonakaliso sezwe; Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi izingalo zibekwe ezinhlangothini ezimbili, ngakho-ke lokho okuphazamisayo kungukuthi uphawu oluyinhloko lwamandla lukhona, luphakeme noma lukhulu ngobukhulu;
• Inganekwane ebonisa igama lombuso, insimu;
• Igama lebhange elikhishwayo.

Futhi uma kungenjalo ubuso

Ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi uhlangothi lwangaphambili lwemali engenayo alunayo izici ezingenhla. Ungaba kanjani? Kulezo zimo lapho isithombe esabekwa khona ebhange akuyona i-portrait noma indawo engakhohlwayo, kubhekwa njengecala eliphambene nesithombe lapho kufakwe khona i-denmark ye-markmark, noma lapho inombolo ye-serial iboniswa khona.
Ezimweni ezinzima kunazo zonke kufanelekile ukuphendukela kwikhathalogu kazwelonke yezwe elikhishwe leli bhilikhithi. Kodwa-ke, lo mthetho ubhekisela ngaphezulu ezinhlamvu zemali, ngoba kunendawo encane kakhulu, lapho kunzima khona ukubeka zonke izinsizakalo.

Kungani "ubuso" be-ruble buguqukile

Ama-banknotes aseRussia nawo anezibonakaliso zokuwa kwezinto ezimbi ngaphansi kwemithetho ejwayelekile. Noma kunjalo, ngezikhathi ezehlukene, lezi zici ezihlukile azifani: okusebenza njalo ngasohlangothini olungaphambili lwezinkokhelo zaseRashiya kwafakwa ama-portraits amakhosi, futhi ngenkathi yamaSoviet bathathwa indawo yesikhombisi somholi we-proletariat, i-VI Lenin, ekhona emabhalweni athile kunoma yisiphi isithunzi. Kodwa-ke, emva kokukhishwa kuka-1991, uhulumeni, kanye nayo inkambo yezombusazwe kahulumeni, washintsha ngokuphawulekayo futhi maduze nje kwakudingeka imali entsha, lapho isithombe sikaVladimir Ilyich sashintshwa khona ngokushesha ngesithombe seKremlin, uphawu lwamandla ombuso, inqaba enkulu yezwe. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuya phambili, ubuso be-banknote yama-banknotes aseRussia beyeke ukubonisa izithombe, ukuze kungenciki emfundweni yezwe yezombusazwe. Izithombe zamadolobha nezikhumbuzo zamasiko azithwali isizinda semvelo futhi zizosebenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

IsiRussia eyikhulu

Ubuso be-ruble eyi-100 yenqubo ka-1993 behlotshiswe ngesithombe seSenate Tower ye-Moscow Kremlin kanye ne-Russian tricolor eyayifakwe endaweni yaseSénate. Eqinisweni, isithombe esinjalo ngaleso sikhathi sasinamahlelo amancane kunoma yiliphi ihlelo, kodwa kakade ngo-1995 konke kwashintsha: amahlelo amasha we-1, 5, 10, 50, 100 nama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-500 akhishwa. Kodwa "ikhulu" elisha lavela kancane kancane - ngoJanuwari 1, 1998.

Ingxenyeni yangaphambili yenothi, isithombe esabekwa ngezansi, sinomfanekiso we-quadriga, inqola yamaRoma enamasondo amabili edonswa amahhashi amane. Inqola yethusi ye-Apollo ihlotshiswe ne-portico ye-Moscow Bolshoi Theatre. Ekuqaleni, isithombe esifanayo sine-rublekhi eyi-100 000 ruble. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwehlelo lika-1997, amahhashi "alahlekelwa isisindo" izikhathi eziyinkulungwane futhi athatha indawo yabo inhlonipho kwihlelo lama-ruble ayikhulu. Kule fomu, ikhulu likhona kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa ngo-Okthoba 30, 2013, inani elibalulekile lokukhumbula i-"Olimpiki" elinesibalo sokubheka ama-ruble angu-100 lishicilelwe. Ngokufanekisa, ukukhululwa kwalo kuqale izinsuku eziyikhulu ngaphambi kokuvulwa kweMidlalo yama-Olympic. Uhlangothi olungaphambili lwehlelo lama-ruble angu-100 linomfanekiso we-snowboarder okwenzayo kuma-Olympic, futhi ngemuva ungabona inyoni yokushisa eyinkimbinkimbi ehamba phezu kwe-Olympic Stadium "Fisht". Ukujikelezwa okuphelele kwe "Amakhulu ama-Olympic" kwakungamakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-20, futhi amanye awo akhishwa ebhokisini lesipho.

Isikweletu esiyinkulungwane

Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-1000th banknote ka-1993 nakho kwaba nomfanekiso wefulegi kazwelonke eNkundleni yeSeneate, futhi kakade ku-95 ibhange laphinde laphindiswa. Ubuso behlelo lama-ruble angu-1000, olungena ku-Septhemba 29, 1995, luqhubekisela phambili izinto zeVladivostok - phezulu kwekholomu yama - rostral ngesimo sebhayisikili iManjur, esasifakwa emnyango womuzi ngo-1982. Isithombe sesibili esiphezulu yisona sechweba laseVladivostok, elisendaweni edumile e- Golden Horn Bay , enomlando ocebile. Kodwa-ke, kuleli fomu, "izinkulungwane" azizange zinde isikhathi eside - le nhlangano yavela, futhi kwakudingeka imali entsha. NgoJanuwari 1, 2001, i-banknote entsha enenani elibonakalayo lama-ruble angu-1000 aseRussia ibonakala ngokukhanya, ukuphazamiseka kwalo kwakuhlotshiswe ngesikhumbuzo ku-Grand Duke u-Yaroslav the Wise, okwakhiwa ngokuhlonipha umsunguli wedolobha ngabakhileyo baseJaroslavl. Isithombe sesibili ngakwesokunene kwe-banknote yi- chapel ka-Lady of Kazan, ngemuva kwalokhu okuyi- Yaroslavl Kremlin. Kule fomu, "i-thousandth" ikhona nanamuhla. Naphezu kokuthi ubuyiswe kabili, ukubonakala kwayo akuzange kushintshe, amazinga kuphela okuvikela ayengeziwe.

Izimpawu zobuqiniso

Isimo ngasinye esibheka amabhange abo siqu siphoqelekile ukuba sinakekele ukuvikela ubuqiniso babo. Yiqiniso, akusona imfihlo ukuthi ukufaka amabhange kanye nezinhlamvu zemali kuyisenzo sobugebengu, kodwa ngeshwa, ulwazi olunjalo alukwazi ukuvimbela abaqashi abalambile inzuzo. Ngokuvamile, izibonakaliso zobuqiniso zisatshalaliswe ngokulingana kulo lonke lo mthetho, kodwa kwezinye izimo eziningi zinikezwa ukuphazamiseka.

Isibonelo, izimpawu zobuqiniso, ngokuvamile ezibonakalayo ngaphambili, ziyi:

• Iphethini le-Moire - indawo ekhethekile eguqula umbala wayo futhi inezinhlobo ezibonakalayo ze-rainbow;
• Umphumela we-Kipp - isithombe esifihliwe esingabonwa kuphela ngokuhlola umthethosivivinywa ngeso lengqondo;
• Amamaki aphethwe ngumzimba - ingxenye yesithombe ihlanganiswe nokubunjwa okhethekile okunomhlaba ovuthayo emisebeni ye-infrared;
• Imibhalo yokukhululwa - eyenziwe ikakhulukazi kubantu abangaboni kahle;
• I-microperforation - ihlelo lenhlangano egcwele izimbobo ezincane, kubantu abanombono ongenakwenzeka;
• Inombolo yocingo esendaweni ethize;
• Ukusebenza kwesithombe ngokusebenzisa upende lokushintsha umbala.

Yiqiniso, kunezinye izibonakaliso - ama-watermark, izintambo zokuzivikela, amamaki amakhulu, ama-microtext, ama-microscopes, intambo evikelekile yokuvikela nokunye, kodwa ngokuvamile ikhona ngemuva noma ekubunjweni kwelolikhwayo ngokwayo.

Ibhange lingawamukeli luni uhlobo lwemali?

Okumangalisa ukuthi, kodwa kwezinye izimo, ngeke uthole umthethosivivinywa ngisho noma kungokoqobo. Amanothi e-bank alandelayo ahoxiswa ekujikelezeni ngamabhange (ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwexabiso):

• Ukuzilahla, ukuphelelwa amandla kakhulu;
• Ikhishwe ekungeneni (ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi sokushintshana ngokuzithandela);
• Izingxenye zama-banknotes anendawo engaphansi kwezingu-55% zesayizi yazo yangempela;
• Izikweletu ezilimazwa ngamanzi, umlilo, amakhemikhali, uma engaphansi kwama-55% endaweni yangempela ishiywa yizingxenye ezibhubhisayo;
• Futhi ungamukeli ama-banknotes uma ingemuva noma ngakwesokunxele kwenothi ingenayo yezinkolo ezimbili, izinamba, noma uma zilimale kabi: ukungabi khona kwentambo yokuphepha, ukulimala kanzima noma ukuguqulwa kwesithombe, ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo se-banknote emaceleni;
• Okufanayo kusebenza ngokuqothulwa, ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingxenye eziningana, amabhange asetshenziswe, uma enye yezingxenye zonke ingaphansi kuka-55% wendawo.

Izimpawu zemali

Kulungile, manje uyazi ukuthi uhlangothi oluphambili lunikweletu, ngakho-ke sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma ngokuthandwa kakhulu futhi, bathi, ukwamukelwa okusebenzayo okuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukumezeka. Uma ufuna imali yakho njalo futhi eningi kakhulu, kufanelekile ukuwaphatha ngenhlonipho. Kukhona umbono wokuthi imali esikhwameni kufanele ihambise umnikazi wayo, futhi ngendlela ethile - kusuka ekukhudlwana kuya ezincane, ukuze lapho uvula isikhwama, izimali ezinkulu kakhulu zibukeka ngqo ebusweni bakho. Futhi kungenjalo kufanele imali ihlale "igxile phansi" - ingakwazi "ukucasula" futhi ihambe. Omunye ukholwa yizibonakaliso, umuntu akekho, kodwa emva kwakho konke, ukuguqula ubuso bakho imali kulula, ngakho kukuvimbela ukuba uzame - kodwa kuthiwani uma isebenza?