Ubukhulu of sokhuni ujantshi belele. Okuhlezi emqondweni uma belele ukhonkolo: Ubukhulu

Sesitimela belele - ukhiye isici kwesakhiwo elihambisana umugqa. On izinga kwabo kuxhomeke ngqo ukuzinza ingqalasizinda. ERussia, wasebenzisa lokhuni futhi wasisekela izakhiwo zikakhonkolo. Maqondana nabo basungula izimiso ezibalulekile ukuchaza ubukhulu. Kuyini ngokucacile zabo?

Ukwahlukanisa ngohlobo belele lokhuni

Ubukhulu belele ezenziwe ngokjuni, ngokuhambisana namazinga isimo, kufanele correlate nge hlobo yayo. Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu elementi ujantshi.

Phakathi ezivamile - ukuqokwa. Ngakho, uma belele zihlukaniswe labo ukuthi zenzelwe:

- main ithrekhi 1, 2 noma Class 3 rd inqobo sezimoto zabo kwabantu ephakeme kunaleyo 5 million tonnes / km ngonyaka, noma izitimela ezisebenza ngesivinini esingeqile 100 km / h.

- izindlela main 3 kanye 4 amakilasi, ukufinyelela (umsebenzi olunzulu), marshalling, neziteshi receiving--;

- yimuphi ngezindlela ezibangelwa ikilasi 5, kuhlanganise esiteshini, ukuze labizwa ngokuthi ephansi kwabantu, kanye nezinye, ukuthi izimpawu shunting ukuthekelisa-uhlobo ukunyakaza.

Banikezwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene iyahambelana uma isebenza, ngokulandelana, I, II no III izinhlobo belele. Ngokuphathelene nabo ifakiwe, ukuze izinkomba okwakha.

nomswakama isici

Inani elivamile ujantshi belele ezenziwe ngokhuni kungase kuxhomeke ezingeni umswakama okuqukethwe. Kusho ukuthini? Iqiniso lokuthi amagugu abafanele ezifanelekayo nomswakama esingeqile ku-22%. Uma lesi sibalo ezingaphezu kuka kunani elicacisiwe, ubukhulu uthayi kufanele aphathwe ne izibonelelo ezidingekile ukuncipha. Inani layo lincike ohlotsheni izinkuni - softwood noma wokhuni oluqinile. Imfuneko efanayo liyatholakala maqondana cross-izingxenye esiyinhlanganisela ujantshi izibopho.

Tolerances Ubukhulu belele esiyinhlanganisela

belele usayizi ungahluka zehluke imithetho eseZwini namazinga isimo, kule ezahlukene lamanani amukelekile. Ngokuphathelene obuphelele - 20 mm, ukujiya - 5 mm. Futhi, kukhona tolerances, kwehlisa kuya ububanzi kwesigubhu, ukuphakama izinhlangothi, ibanga phakathi imishudo futhi sokuphambuka kwabo eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu we olele.

osayizi ezisezingeni belele lokhuni

Cabanga manje, eqinisweni, lokho kungaba usayizi lokhuni ujantshi belele (ujantshi), kuye ngohlobo.

Ngokuphathelene izakhi wesitimela ithrekhi ohlobo mina ke amagugu kufanele kube:

- ukujiya - 180 mm (ukubekezelelana 5 mm);

- ukuphakama izinhlangothi lithi wanqunywa - 150 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba phezulu - 180-210 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 250 mm (ukubekezelelana 5 mm);

- Ubude - 2750 mm (kuvunyelwe ukulungiswa uhla 20 mm).

Ngokuphathelene olele-type II, Ubukhulu bayo kumele bahlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

- ukujiya - 160 mm (ukubekezelelana 5 mm);

- ukuphakama izinhlangothi lithi wanqunywa - 130 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba phezulu - 180-210 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 230 mm (ukubekezelelana 5 mm);

- Ubude - 2750 mm (ukushintshashintsha kuvunyelwe ngaphakathi 20 mm).

Futhi, uma belele ohlobo III kufanele bahlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

- ukujiya - 150 mm (ukuphambuka avunyelwe is 5 mm);

- ukuphakama izinhlangothi lithi wanqunywa - 105 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba phezulu - 140-190 mm;

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 230 mm (ukubekezelelana 5 mm);

- Ubude - 2750 mm (the kuvunyelwe ukulungiswa uhla 20 mm).

Ngakho, sahlola izimfuneko usayizi lokhuni ujantshi belele ukuthi ubeke izindinganiso isimo. Kodwa kule nokwakheka ithrekhi ujantshi kunesinye isici esibalulekile lokhuni ukuthi isetshenziswa kanye belele - amabha komunye. Hlola yena, amazinga asethwe ngumbuso maqondana nobukhulu bazo.

Ubukhulu switch izibopho sokunquma

Njengoba izilinganiso belele, izibalo esihambelanayo sabo amabhodi kuchazwa ngohlobo yabo. Kunemininingwane ephelele yezizathu ngoba Ukwahlukaniswa element of amathrekhi ujantshi nazo ezimbalwa. Phakathi ukhiye, njengoba kunjalo uma izama Usayizi belele, - ukuqokwa.

Ngakho, kungaba izingqwembe esetshenziswa:

- phezu komzila main 1, 2 noma Class 3 rd libhekene traffic kwabantu esingeqile kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-50 / km ngonyaka, kanye ijubane ukuhamba izitimela ezingaphezu kuka-100 km / h;

- phezu komzila main okuqondene 2, 3 no-4 amakilasi, ukufinyelela (operation olunzulu), kanye ukuhlunga nokwamukela-ukuthi bukhona iziteshi;

- ku ngezindlela ezibangelwa ikilasi 5, kuhlanganise esiteshini labizwa ngokuthi ukufinyelela ephansi kwabantu kanye nenye idatha ku ukuhamba uhlobo shunting-ukuthekelisa.

Wathi izindlela zivumelana I, II no III izinhlobo ushintshele izibopho.

Njengasendabeni yabase izibopho, it has a ukubaluleka nomswakama inkomba. Ngakho, Ubukhulu zifane switch othayi, libhekene nomswakama engaphezu kuka-22%, kufanele kubhekwe ngokuphathelene nesabelo ezidingekile omiswe. Njengoba esimweni namazinga ngokuchaza ukuthi wawungakanani belele, kulesi simo inenani okuyinto kwezinhlobo ukhuni esetshenziswa womshini amapulangwe - oluqinile noma softwood. Esimweni sokuqala nezidingo eziqukethwe GOST 6782.1-75, okwesibili - izivakashi esetshenziswa 6782.2.-75.

Sifunda kanjani futhi nini sahlola belele sokhuni, usayizi inkantini correlative roomates ukuba uhlobo yabo.

Ubukhulu switch izibopho ngohlobo

Uma kuziwa imigoqo uhlobo mina, izici zabo kumele kuhambisane amanani alandelayo:

- -180 mm ukujiya (ukulungiswa kuvunyelwe ngaphakathi 5 mm);

- ububanzi ungqimba phezulu - 220 mm (titfutfukiswe), 200 mm (ezibanzi);

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 260 mm;

- ukuphakama ohlangothini lithi wanqunywa - 150 mm.

- ububanzi izakhi ugongolo nepropilennym - 300 mm;

Inkantini II uhlobo kufanele abe nezici ezilandelayo:

- -160 mm ukujiya (ngaphakathi nokubekezelela 5 mm);

- ububanzi elingenhla ungqimba 220 mm (br), - 175 mm (evamile);

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 250 mm;

- ukuphakama ohlangothini lithi wanqunywa - 130 mm.

- ububanzi izakhi ugongolo nepropilennym - 280 mm;

Mayelana uhlobo III amabhodi efakwe mazinga alandelayo:

- ukujiya - 160 mm (ngaphakathi nokubekezelela 5 mm);

- ububanzi ungqimba phezulu - 200 mm (ezibanzi), 175 mm (evamile);

- ububanzi ungqimba ephansi - 230 mm;

- ukuphakama ohlangothini lithi wanqunywa - 130 mm;

- ububanzi izakhi ugongolo nepropilennym - 260 mm.

Ubude amabhodi: nalesikhathi yamanani eyamukelekayo

Kodwa ziyini izinkomba ubude bar? Ngokungafani amazinga elawula Usayizi lokhuni ujantshi belele (ujantshi) lapho zonke lamanani kuxhomeke ohlotsheni timphawu okuhambisanayo, ukuphakamisa ukuhambisana ngempela ngokuqinile izindinganiso, esimweni Amabha - ubude nenqubo evamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga ungasethi inkomba ethize, nezikhawu - kusuka ngamamitha 3 kuya 5.5 ne iziqu ka 0.25 m nge ukuphambuka kuvunyelwe phakathi 20 mm.

Ibhuloho imishayo: ngokucacile Standardization

Ngakho, sabuka izindinganiso elawula Usayizi lokhuni ujantshi belele (ujantshi) kanye nokuchibiyela kuyo isakhiwo ujantshi ugodo izindwangu. Kodwa kukhona esinye isakhi esibalulekile nemizila abafanele. Kumayelana nemigoqo ibhuloho. Njengoba ezilungisiwe ujantshi belele-isixazululo, inkomba okusebenzayo ingxenye wesitimela webs nayo ilungiswe namazinga isimo. Sizokwenza ukufunda lesi imininingwane ngaphezulu.

Indaba yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho imishayo - izinkuni. ubungako bawo oluhambisana eyodwa ipharamitha - usayizi kwesigaba esiphambanweni, kanye izinkomba evumelekile ukungamukeleki. The main imfuneko ngoba ugodo - umumo elingunxande. izakhi ezifanele besitimela kukhona cross-section:

- 220 x 240 mm;

- 220 kuya 260 mm.

Nokho, Ibhuloho yokuntwela zombili izinhlobo, kumele babe nobude obufanayo - 3250 mm. Kodwa ngokuya izilinganiso tolerances izinkomba zingahluka. Ngakho, i-amabha Ingxenye evundlile 220 x 240 mm ukuphambuka esiphezulu kungaba lokususa 2 mm (ukujiya) 15 mm (ubude). Mayelana uhlobo izakhi wesitimela nezinye izinkomba yesibili. Ngakho, ukulungisa ukujiya ezindaweni zotshwala 220 nge Ingxenye evundlile 260 mm kungukuthi enikeziwe, kanye ubude, kodwa ububanzi nenani njengoba kunqunywe ngendlela esezingeni 3 mm.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi isivumelwano nekhasimende kungaba enziwe nezinye izingxenye amabhodi - 220 kuya 280 kanye 240 x 300 mm nokuba ubude 4.2 m.

Njengoba kunjalo amazinga elawula Usayizi olele sokhuni (ujantshi), ubude izinkomba ibhuloho amabhodi efakwe imikhiqizo ngaphakathi nomswakama ezingeni elithile. Kulokhu - 20%. Uma imishayo ibhuloho kuyodingeka umswakama xaxa, kubalulekile ukucabangela izimfuneko usayizi ne izibonelelo ezidingekile ukuncipha - ngokuhambisana GOST 6782.1-75.

belele Ukhonkolo: ngezigaba

Esikhundleni belele lokhuni kungaba ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu. Le mikhiqizo zisetshenziswa emigwaqweni main. Awela esigabeni soku-wagcizelela. Zisetshenziswa laying komzila uhlobo P75, P65, futhi P50. Kunezizathu eziningi ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa belele ukhonkolo:

- ngohlobo isibopho ne komzila;

- zinhlobo umsipha;

- i izici kagesi nangokuvikela;

- lizinga izinga yokukhiqiza.

Kulokhu thina labo abakhathalele umbandela lokuqala - inqubo lapho komzila eqondiswa belele ukhonkolo. Ubukhulu umkhiqizo kanye nezinye izici ezibalulekile kuchazwa ngokunembile ngesisekelo izici indlela efanele. Ngakho, kuye ngohlobo ukunamathela belele komzila yilezi:

- uhlobo GW1 senzelwe yasibamba ahlukene usebenzisa ngezikulufo nge ukulungisa ulwelwesi phezu olele;

- u-R2 uhlobo, senzelwe nesibopho esingenakuhlukaniseka nge bolts nge okunamathiselwe uthayi liner nje kuphela kodwa futhi wesitimela;

- Nd3 uhlobo senzelwe nesibopho esingenakuhlukaniseka nge bolts ngu okunamathiselwe ngqo kumuntu olele wesitimela.

belele Ukhonkolo: Ubukhulu kanye nemingcele

Umbandela ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inquma imingcele edingekayo uma belele ukhonkolo - esabelweni ngalo komunye izinhlobo ngenhla.

Ngakho, uma kuyindodana, uthayi labizwa ngokuthi SH1, kufanele izici ezilandelayo:

- ibanga edingekayo phakathi emaphethelweni abutment - 2016 mm;

- ibanga phakathi emaphethelweni abafanele komkhiqizo ekupheleni - 406 mm;

- izihloko ekuphakameni ngaphansi-wesitimela kwesigaba - 193 mm;

- Product ukuphakama esigabeni maphakathi - 145 mm.

Olele uhlobo GK2 kufanele abe nezici ezilandelayo:

- ibanga esasihlukanisa imiphetho abutment - 2016 mm;

- ibanga phakathi emaphethelweni abafanele komkhiqizo ekupheleni - 406 mm;

- izihloko ekuphakameni ngaphansi-wesitimela kwesigaba - 193 mm;

- Product ukuphakama esigabeni maphakathi - 145 mm.

Sleepers, labizwa ngokuthi u-R3, kumele bahlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

- ibanga esasihlukanisa imiphetho abutment - 1966 mm;

- ibanga phakathi emaphethelweni abafanele komkhiqizo ekupheleni - 359 mm;

- ngaphansi-wesitimela kwesigaba ukuphakama - 193 mm;

- ukuphakama esigabeni maphakathi - 145 mm.

Lawa izici eziyinhloko zazo, ngokuhambisana namazinga isimo, kumelwe ti- olele ukhonkolo. Ubukhulu balo ngokuya ubude nobubanzi ngokuvamile fixed - ngokulandelana 300 futhi 2700 mm. Ukukhubazeka ukuthi kukhona ufana nalawo alotshwe imikhiqizo izinkuni, izakhi ukhonkolo namazinga isimo singanikezwanga. Usayizi ujantshi belele yohlobo olufanele akusho ukushintshashintsha correlative roomates ne umswakama kanye nezinye izici zendawo ezungezile.

Ties ukhonkolo lokhuni futhi wasisekela: commonalities futhi umehluko

Yiziphi ezinye umehluko omkhulu kungenziwa kuphawulwe phakathi eziphathekako izakhi ngokhuni? Okokuqala, uyini umehluko, ukuze uma belele - Ubukhulu. Izisindo - futhi kubalulekile dissimilarity umbandela imikhiqizo abafanele. Lesi sibalo ngoba uma belele ngokhuni - mayelana 80-85 kg ngokhonkolo - mayelana 270 kg. Ububanzi kokubili hhayi ngokuphongoza. Sleepers, ugodo, Ubukhulu esiye lucwaningwa kwasekuqaleni? ngokomlando kwandulelwe ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu, kodwa namanje akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banayo eziningi eziwusizo ezibalulekile - aphansi, kalula yezokuthutha, ukukhishwa zokuthutha, sindisa ukuzinza.