Superclass Pisces: izici isici isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Fish - leli yilona qembu enkulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zama-chordates zasemanzini, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi endala kakhulu. Fish akha cishe yonke amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nosawoti. Konke isitho izinhlelo zabo ngiyijwayele impilo imvelo yasemanzini. Ngokusho wamukela yesayensi Ukwahlukaniswa Pisces kungokwalabo esizindeni eukaryotes, kwezilwane kanye nohlobo Chordates. Cabanga superclass ngokucophelela.

nemigubuzelo umzimba

I yangaphandle ikhava umzimba izinhlanzi - kuba isikhumba izikali. Cases ukuxolelwa ezingavamile lapho izikali ziyashoda noma ukushintshwa. Isikhumba lihlukaniswa dermis kanye epidermis. I epidermis iyona superclass Pisces hhayi Horny.

Ngo ukwakheka isikali-ke indima esemqoka udlalwa ngu dermis. Isikali zihlukile kuye ebangeni izinhlanzi elifanelana nalo.

• izikali Placoid has a ekilasini izinhlanzi cartilaginous. Siqukethe dentin, koqweqwe lwawo camera. Kuyinto lolu hlobo izikali ngokuhamba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iye yaphenduka namazinyo oshaka imisebe. Nokulahlekelwa isixhumanisi isikali ngeke alulame.
• Ganoid izikali nobuntu Sturgeon squad. Kuyinto ithambo ipuleti camera ganoinom. zempi enjalo ivikela kahle emzimbeni.
• Kosmoidnaya izikali ebonwe Crossopterygii nezinhlobo lungfish. Siqukethe Cosmina futhi dentin.

Umbala izilwane superclass Pisces kungaba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Fauna kungaba nombala ofanayo, futhi ezimibalabala, ungaba dim, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isixwayiso ngengozi Umbala.

uhlelo zemisipha

uhlelo zemisipha ivumela izinhlanzi ukufeza ukunyakaza futhi ukushintsha isimo imvelo. Skeleton zezinhlanzi kuhlukile eliwumhlaba isilwane skeleton. ogebhezi inezici angaphezu kwamashumi amane ukuthi Ungahambisa ngokuzimela. Lokhu kusiza impahla ukuthi ukudonsa futhi ibenze emhlathini ngezinye izikhathi kabanzi kakhulu.

The backbone siqukethe amathambo ngabanye, hhayi tho ndawonye. It ihlukaniswe yaba umzimba kanye nomsila izigaba. Lapho lokuzulazula yisandla kudala fin senhlanzi. Basuke ihlukaniswe ngazimbili (thoracic, lesisu) kanye ayibhangqiwe (amaphiko, bendunu caudal). Ngo abameleli bony fin superclass siqukethe imisebe bony, okuyinto bahlanganiswe ulwelwesi. Imisipha yiba nesandla ekulandiseni, engeza bese ugoba ngendlela othanda izinhlanzi.

Swimming izilwane zasemanzini sibonga kungenzeka imisipha. Basuke kuyehla, kanti izinhlanzi ezihamba phambili. Imisipha zihlukaniswe "kancane" nemisipha "fast". Isidingo sokuqala kobhukuda eziphumulele, saphinde. Okwesibili - I-jerks iyashesha futhi inamandla.

Isimiso sezinzwa zezinhlanzi

Ubuchopho izinhlanzi zihlukaniswe izingxenye. Ngamunye wabo has a umsebenzi othize:

1. I forebrain ihlanganisa Lesisemkhatsini sokugcina. Kule ngxenye sizothola ngokufanele isibani olfactory. Zithola amasignali kusuka izitho zangaphandle iphunga. Fish ngenkuthalo usebenzisa iphunga ngenkathi abazingeli, laba banzi isibani.
2. Ubuchopho obuphakathi e uqweqwe yayo has Lobe optical.
3. I obungemuva luhlukaniswe cerebellum futhi medulla.

Emgogodleni iyona abameleli superclass Pisces ubabonisa phezu obuphelele lonke sokukhubazeka komgogodla.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi

Iningi abameleli unayo eyodwa superclass kwegazi futhi inhliziyo ezimbili chambered. avaliwe igazi ohlelweni lokuthengwa kwempahla, ke ezithwala igazi lisuka enhliziyweni ngokusebenzisa gills kanye ezicutshini zomzimba. Inhliziyo izinhlanzi ehlukanisa ngokuphelele elinomoya-mpilo lwemithambo yegazi abampofu emithambo yegazi.

Izingxoxo inhliziyo e izinhlanzi Ulandela nomunye futhi igcwele igazi emithambo yegazi. Kuyinto itheku venosus, ATRIUM, i-ventricle infundibulum. Igazi uyakwazi ukuhambisa kuphela kwelinye direction - kusukela sine ye Isigaxa. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuyasiza valve akhethekile.

Izidumbu zabantu abangu-negesi lokushintshisana in inhlanzi

Gills senhlanzi - isitho eyinhloko negesi lokushintshisana. Basuke etholakala ezinhlangothini emlonyeni. Ngo izinhlanzi bony, basuke imbozwe ikhava gill, abanye - amahhala ukuvula phandle. Lapho gills ukupholisa, amanzi ludlulele ngaphakathi emlonyeni bese e nemengamo gill. Wabe kabusha siyavela ngokusebenzisa ukuvuleka gills zezinhlanzi.

Isakhiwo gills lokhu: banayo ulwelwesi lulwimi permeable kwakwande nemithambo yegazi, futhi zitholakala nemengamo bony. Gill sesigcilikisha, egcwele inethiwekhi ezincane kunazo zonke-capillary, kusiza izinhlanzi uzizwe ngokukhululekile ngaphezulu ngaphansi ikholomu amanzi.

Ngaphandle izinhlanzi gill kwezimila ungasebenzisa enye indlela negesi lokushintshisana:

• Fish izibungu afeze negesi lokushintshisana ngokusebenzisa ebusweni isikhumba.
• Ezinye izinhlobo zawo amaphaphu ukuthi kubuyise emoyeni humidified.
• Ezinye izinhlanzi uphefumule umoya ngokuzimela.

Kanjani isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene zezinhlanzi?

Fish ukudla sokudonsa bese ubamba amazinyo zitholakala kule ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo (njengaku ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo kakhulu). Ngokusebenzisa emphinjeni emphinjeni engena ukudla esiswini. Elapho ziphathwe juice esiswini kanye enzyme ezikuyo. Ngokulandelayo, ukudla uthuthela emathunjini. izinsalela zayo aphonswe ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile ngokusebenzisa cloaca (ingquza).

Yini ukondla izakhamuzi imvelo yasemanzini? Nguwena ebanzi kakhulu:

• inhlanzi herbivorous nidle ulwelwe kanye ezimila emanzini. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka badle ne-plankton (ezifana carp).
• inhlanzi ezidla zingadla plankton, izimpethu ahlukahlukene, molluscs, ezinamagobolondo futhi Yiqiniso, nezinye, izinhlanzi ezincane.
• Ezinye izinhlanzi Ungashintsha ukunambitheka kwabo izintandokazi ukuphila, isibonelo, zisencane ukudla plankton kuphela, kanye omdala - nezinhlanzi ezincane. Kukhona izinhlanzi okuzingela abazondla ectoparasites kuphela. Bakhetha yokuzingela izindawo lapho "cleaner" bayidle ngemizimba zezinhlanzi parasitized.

Uhlelo excretory zezinhlanzi

Izici Zabantu superclass Pisces kungaba ephelele ngaphandle incazelo excretory isitho izinhlelo. Ukuphila amanzi kubangela izinhlanzi eziningi zezinkinga osmoregulation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkinga zivamile nezasolwandle izinhlanzi ngokufanayo. izinhlanzi cartilaginous kukhona iso-osmotic. Ubuningi usawoti emizimbeni yabo ingaphansi kwe e medium ezizungezile. Ingcindezi osmotic is equalized ngenxa okuqukethwe high urea egazini izinhlanzi kanye trimetilaminoksida. Okuphansi usawoti ekilasini lokuhlushwa uqwanga isekela ngenxa ukusebenza rectal indlala nezinso excretion nosawoti.

inhlanzi Bony hhayi isoosmotic. Ngokuhamba kwemvelo, bakwazi ukuthuthukisa indlela okuyinto retards noma ion outputting. Biology chordal uhlobo kusiza okukhipha zolwandle usawoti phandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi ulahlekelwa amanzi. Chloride ion kanye sodium ion ngokukhishwa gills, kanye magnesium kanye sulfate - nezinso.

inhlanzi Amachibi unayo indlela okuphambene. Ubuningi usawoti emzimbeni izidalwa kunaleyo imvelo. Lezi ingcindezi osmotic is equalized by ukuzihlalela esiningi urea awuthumbe ion olufanele kusuka aqueous isikhala zokuphefumula.

Superclass Pisces: indlela ukubuyabuyelela?

Fish izinhlobo eziningana zizalela. Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo ngokuningiliziwe.

1. ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane - ifomu evamile. Kulokhu, abesilisa nabesifazane ababili abahlukene ngokucacile izinhlanzi. Ngokuvamile it is ngisho obonwa ukubukeka kwabo (isib, umbala). Ngokuvamile, izici ngokobulili yesibili kukhona abesilisa. Abakwazi azibonakalisa umehluko phakathi besilisa kanye nosayizi umzimba female, umehluko phakathi izitho zomzimba (isib, ephikweni eside). Abesilisa ne ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane kungaba monogamous, phambili esithenjini noma okungafanele zokuxhumana kunezinxushunxushu (okuxekethile).
2. Androgyny - kulezi ubulili izinhlanzi kukho konke ukuphila uyakwazi ushintsho. Protoandrii esemncane kukhona abesilisa ke izinsikazi kukhona shintsho umzimba. Protogyny - uhlobo androgyny, lapho bonke abesilisa abesifazane eguquliwe.
3. Gynogenesis - indlela ukuveza ngoba kwezinhlobo zimelelwa kuphela abesifazane. Kwenzeka akuvamile ngokwemvelo.

Fish kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha esebenzisa lokuzalwa bukhoma, futhi yaytserozhdeniya ovoviviparity.

Class of Bone Fish

Superclass Pisces zihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: izinhlanzi cartilaginous futhi bony.

inhlanzi Bony - iqembu elikhulu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-19.000 zinhlobo. skeleton yabo emathanjeni. Kwezinye izimo, lolu hlaka lwamathambo kungenzeka uqwanga, kodwa ke nakakhulu. Ngo izinhlanzi bony abe esinyeni bhukuda. Kulesi isigaba, amayunithi ezingaphezu kuka-40. Ngitshele kabanzi mayelana eziningi kakhulu.

• Sturgeon squad kuhlanganisa izinhlanzi bony lasendulo ezifana Sturgeon, beluga Sturgeon. Ziyahlukahluka empumulweni etholakalayo nomlomo ohlangothini ventral zomzimba. Umlomo ine uhlobo a umqhewu transverse. Ngesisekelo skeleton - uqwanga. Sturgeons ukuphila kuphela Nenkabazwe.
• Clupeiformes squad - ingenye yezinhlanzi isikole ulwandle adla plankton. Herring, i-herring, lenhlanzi, anchovies - inhlanzi commercial. Azalela zabo phansi noma ulwelwe.
• Salmoniformes squad - ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti eziyizimbangela phansi. Zitholakala ukuthi aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ingabe izinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezohwebo nge inyama okumnandi futhi caviar. abameleli Key - salmon, chum salmon, ama-salmon pink, trout, trout ensundu.
• Ama-oda carps - kuyinto izinhlanzi angenasawoti ngaphandle emhlathini amazinyo. Ukudla bona ochotshoziwe namazinyo pharyngeal. Lamabutho kuhlanganisa izinhlanzi commercial (roach, bream, i-ling, ide) nenhlanzi ziyafuywa amadamu (carp, carp, esiliva crucian).
• lungfish lamabutho - iqembu endala. Uphefumule gills nokukhanya (ziboya eziyize odongeni emphinjeni). Basuke ingashintshwa ukuze abahlala emazweni ashisayo futhi omisa yabulala namachibi ezinhlanzi. abameleli Bright ye-oda - the lungfish Australia futhi Queensland Lungfish South America.

cartilaginous izinhlanzi

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi izinhlanzi cartilaginous futhi bony itholakala isakhiwo skeleton, khona noma ukungabi khona gill ihlanganisa nihlambe esinyeni. Class zezinhlanzi cartilaginous ethulwa abakhileyo kwezilwandle, ezithinta impilo yonke skeleton cartilaginous. Njengoba kungekho esinyeni sibhukuda, abameleli alesi sigaba zokubhukuda asebenzayo, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukucwila. kanjani Sturgeon, emlonyeni ine uhlobo Slots transverse, kukhona empumulweni.

izinhlanzi cartilaginous kuhlanganisa lamabutho amabili kuphela. It Sharks imisebe. Sharks abe torpedo emise umzimba shape - abayikho ababhukudi esebenzayo kanye nezinto ezidla lezi ezimbi. Imihlathi yazo enamandla igcwele amazinyo abukhali. Kulokhu, oshaka ngobukhulu zidla plankton.

Stingrays unomzimba isicaba ne gills esiswini. I amaphiko izinhlanzi zanda kakhulu. Rays zidla izilwane benthic nenhlanzi.

Ukusetshenziswa yokudoba imithombo kanye nokuvikelwa

Izinhlanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwebantfu, okuyinto ingenye ukudla okuyisisekelo. Njalo ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke kuvuna amathani abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-60 izinhlanzi. Kulokhu, ngaphezu kwakho konke wabanjwa Clupeiformes, cod kanye mackerel.

Eminyakeni yamuva, i-catch izinhlanzi abahlukene encishisiwe. Lokhu kungenxa Ukuwohloka isimo emvelweni emhlabeni. Izitoke selinciphile ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, ukubhujiswa kwezinye zezinhlobo inhlanzi, ukungcola zidala izindawo, ubuthi, esindayo zensimbi. Kancane kancane esintwini ezihambayo kusukela nengaphethwe ebamba ipulazi izinhlanzi njengendlela into commercial.

Impumelelo best ezikhulayo izinhlanzi ukulima zisekelwe emuva kakhulu emlandweni. Sinenkosi ukulawula ngokuphelele ukutshala imikhiqizo ephuma sibungu ukuba imikhiqizo marketable. Fish yakhulela amachibi yokufakelwa ngezinhloso ezehlukene: yokudla, ukukhulisa, basebusika nokunye. Kukhona futhi amachibi esikhethekile zidala. Babehlale anosayizi encane futhi sekuqala ukufudumala kahle.