Suburbanization - wukuthi umqondo? Uyini umehluko ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha de-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kanye suburbanization?

Man - isidalwa, yebo, ezenhlalo, efuna lapho unabanye abantu. Yingakho bonke abantu abakhona emhlabeni uyaqhubeka "flow" kuya emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu - ekubeni zemvelo. Iyingxenye ebalulekile isici zemvelo, landscape yemvelo. Ngakho, emadolobheni kanye izindawo zemvelo - ngaphandle umkhakha futhi qeda ahlale namuhla izimbazo amabili ayinhloko esekelwe kuwo kwakwenziwa ukuphila emphakathini wanamuhla.

Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa nemiqondo ephathelene kwesigaba ukuhlela zasemadolobheni. Uyini suburbanization, de-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kanye ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni? Iyini incazelo yalezi imiqondo emithathu?

Meaning of "ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni"

Igama elithi "ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni" lisuselwa Latin elithi "Urbanu", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "idolobha". Ngaphansi ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni (ngomqondo ebanzi) ukuqonda ukukhula indima kwaleli dolobha ngo-ukuphila komuntu nomphakathi. Ngomqondo iyincane, kuyinqubo ukukhula kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni kanye "ukuchichima" abantu emaphandleni - emadolobheni megacities.

On ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha njengoba enzeka izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nenqubo, ngenkuthalo baqala ukukhuluma phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho iphesenti kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni laliqala ukwanda ngokushesha. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha emadolobheni, ukuvela lezi ezintsha imisebenzi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni.

Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba eziningi izici yokuphila yasedolobheni izinqubo, okuyilezi:

• depopulation emaphandleni - emzini;
• ekuguquleni nemizana - ezingomazakhele ezigudle emadolobheni;
• kumiswa izindawo ezinkulu futhi ephelele suburban zokuhlala.

On umbuzo "Kuyini suburbanization, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha uyeke ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha ruralisation?" geourbanistika ihlangabezana isayensi - omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu lwesifundo komuntu kwanamuhla.

Nge welithi "ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni" esihlobene eduze okuhlobene lo mkhuba okuthiwa ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni zamanga, okuyinto ejwayelekile izifunda ezifana Latin America naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Kuyini lokhu ikwenze kuhambe zamanga. Eqinisweni, akulutho ukukhula engafanele emadolobheni, okungasekelwe sihambisane nokwanda adingekayo imisebenzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ahlobene. Ngenxa yalokho, inani labantu yasemakhaya nje "abayizipoki" emadolobheni amakhulu. ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni Amanga, ngokuvamile uhambisana yokwanda nokungasebenzi kanye ukubukeka emzini okuthiwa "imijondolo" - ayenzelwanga evamile omakhelwane ezisemadolobheni umuntu.

Izinga yokuphila yasedolobheni emazweni ahlukahlukene

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ngonyaka ulungisa isilinganiso olandelayo we ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni zezwe. Lezizifundo iqhutshwa kusukela ngo-1980.

Izinga yokuphila yasedolobheni - kuyinto iphesenti kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni ukuze ezibalweni ezigcwele zabantu babo ezweni. Futhi akayona okufanayo emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Ngakho, izinga eliphakeme yokuphila yasedolobheni (uma acabangele isimo yemifino, ehlanganisa emzini owodwa) awashintsheki e Kuwait, Qatar, Belgium neMelitha. Kuzo zonke lezi amazwe izinkomba yokuphila yasedolobheni idlula 95%. Futhi, ezingeni yokuphila yasedolobheni impela high e-Iceland, i-Argentina, Japan, Israyeli, Uruguay neVenezuela (ngenhla 90%).

sibalo Russian simo ngokuvumelana UN ulinganisela kuyinto 74%. Ngezansi ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni ukalwe elise Papua New Guinea nowaseBurundi (nge indices yokuphila yasedolobheni 12.6 futhi 11.5% ngokulandelana). EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani eliphansi kunawo wonke ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni izinga ejwayelekile Moldova (amaphesenti angu-49).

Umqondo dolobha eliminyene elinabantu

Metropolitan izindawo - into ukuthi kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa inqubo yokuphila yasedolobheni. Le nqubo kokuhlanganisa imizana angomakhelwane ezisemadolobheni, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nekuhlanganisa. Phakathi nalesi simiso, ukukhiqiza zokuxhumana esimeme futhi olunzulu: ukukhiqizwa, ezokuthutha, ezesayensi kanye namasiko. Metropolitan izindawo - ingenye zemvelo izigaba ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni izinqubo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko of agglomerations:

• monocentric (ezakhiwe nucleus emaphakathi komuzi);
• polycentric (ekuqongeleleni ezigudle emadolobheni amaningana okulingana).

izici ezilandelayo kukhona sici for edolobheni:

1. Compound ezimaphakathi nedolobha ne eduze nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu namancane (ngaphandle unokungaxhumani abalulekile indawo).
2. Ingxenye izindawo esakhelwe phezulu edolobheni kumelwe nakanjani idlule iphesenti umhlaba wokulima.
3. Ngoba noma yisiphi agglomeration libhekene beya nsuku zonke - umsebenzi, imfundo, isiko kanye nezokuvakasha.

Ngokwe-UN, eplanethini yethu, azikho ngaphansi kuka-450 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ngamunye elihlala abantu okungenani esigidini. I agglomeration esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni obonwa-Tokyo Metropolitan Area, okuyinto ukuba azungeze 35 million abantu ekhaya. Izwe ehamba phambili e lonke inani agglomerations ezisemadolobheni yilezi: China, USA, India, Brazil Russia.

agglomerations Urban eRussia

Ngokuthakazelisayo, eRussia ezingeni wombuso sibe khona ezimali ye agglomerations ezisemadolobheni kuleli zwe. Ngakho-ke, ubufakazi ngale ndaba kungenzeka sithi ukuhluka omunye komunye.

Nokho, endaweni yase Russia isinqumo ukwaba 22 agglomeration. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo zimi kanje (kubakaki ukhombise inombolo eyiyona abantu):

1. Moscow (mayelana 16 m).
2. Petersburg (5.6M).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2M).
5. Rostov (1.7m).

Ukuze izindawo Russian wedolobha ejwayelekile kwezimboni okusezingeni eliphezulu zensimu, ezingeni lelisetulu ezifanayo kwezokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, inani elikhulu izikhungo zocwaningo bese kuthi imfundo ephakeme. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi agglomerations eRussia kukhona monocentric, okungukuthi, benayo, isikhungo abahlukene, olawula zonke kwamanye amadolobhana namadlelo.

Suburbanization: definition

Manje-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela ezinye imiqondo ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe izifundo ezisemadolobheni. Suburbanization - wukuthi umqondo, futhi yini empeleni yayo?

Leli gama singenelwe ukusetshenziswa asebenzayo engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. Suburbanization - lesi simanga kuhambisana ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo ye namadlelo - esishintshashintshayo elise emhlabeni emadolobheni amakhulu.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani elandayo labantu laliqala ukuthuthela Emaphethelweni edolobha, kude umsindo izimboni kanye emoyeni ezingcolile futhi eduze namathafa zemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi "izifiki ezingamaProthestani" ningaqali yokulima izwe futhi ukukhulisa izinkukhu. Bayaqhubeka basebenze edolobheni, ngichitha amahora ambalwa usuku ngalunye ukuze uthole uya noma ubuya emsebenzini. Yiqiniso, suburbanization lenziwa latholakala kuphela sibonga ekuthuthukiseni motorization mass.

KwamaDorobha - kuya suburbanization!

Muva nje, lo magazini "I-The Economist" yashicilela isihloko ezithakazelisayo onesihloko esithi "Iplanethi amadlelo." Ngokusho umbhalo sihloko, suburbanization - akusiyo lutho kodwa "okucashile" ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni! Phela, ezweni namuhla leli dolobha futhi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezingu sikhule kuphela ngezithukuthuku emizaneni. Ukwehluka "The Economist" ubiza nedolobha elikhulu lesimanje ezimbili kuphela - kungcono London kanye Tokyo.

Futhi manje singabona isithombe ezithakazelisayo: uma iminyaka 30-40 edlule emaphethelweni yasemadolobheni amakhulu baye baba "ekhaya" for the izingxenye ezimpofu labantu, kodwa manje konke ishintshile akuhambisani. Futhi manje amakota kwezindlu elite ngokwethukela ukubonwa ezindaweni suburban.

Uyini de-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni?

Ekugcineni, kudingeka ukubhekana nangenye umqondo. De-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni - inqubo malungana ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni (kusukela "dez" French - uyaphika).

De-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni libhekene izinqubo Izindawo sabantu ngaphandle amadolobha. Ngomqondo global, igama elithi futhi kusho kuphikisa of indima enhle emadolobheni emphakathini. Umgomo oyinhloko imfundiso yokuziphendukela de-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni - ukushabalalisa zonke emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha uyeke ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha suburbanization ... Zonke imiqondo le eduze kakhulu ezihlobene nomunye. Uma ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni - yinqubo ekuthuthukiseni indima kwaleli dolobha ngo-emphakathini, suburbanization - okungukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, outflow sabantu ezindaweni suburban.