River ezokuthutha. Ezokuthutha ngasemfuleni ezokuthutha. Riverport

Amanzi (umfula) yezokuthutha - lokhu ezokuthutha, esinikela ukuthuthwa abagibeli nempahla nge izitsha yamanzi kokubili odabuka yemvelo (imifula, amachibi) kanye yokufakelwa (amadamu, emiseleni). Inzuzo yayo eyinhloko eziphansi, okwenza kube indawo ebalulekile federal sezokuthutha esiyinkimbinkimbi yezwe, naphezu seasonality nesivinini ongaphakeme.

Ngebuhle nebubi

Russian emfuleni ezokuthutha udlala indima ebalulekile inter-wesifunda kanye ezokuthutha naphakathi-wesifunda wezwe lakithi. zako amanga izindlela odabuka yemvelo, elungiselelweni esebenzisa engabizi kuka ukuze kwakhiwe ujantshi kanye nemigwaqo. yizimpahla izindleko e nemifula ingaphansi kwe ngesitimela. Kodwa zabasebenzi umkhiqizo lingaphezulu ngamaphesenti angu-35.

Nokho, umfula zokuthutha babe nemibi eziningana - zonyaka ngokwemvelo, ephansi isivinini ukunyakaza, ukusetshenziswa elinganiselwe, okuyinto ngenxa ukucushwa kwe inethiwekhi amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba umthambo omkhulu wezwe lakithi ageleza ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu futhi kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho, kanye main wezimpahla notshwala abe isiqondiso latitudinal.

emikhulu

Ngenxa ukwakhiwa asibekela emfuleni emifula iVolga kanye Kama waphendukela ezijulile-amanzi amapayipi. Interbasin uxhumano YaseMoscow-iVolga, White Sea-aseBaltic nasengxenyeni iVolga-aseBaltic nasengxenyeni iVolga-Don futhi iVolga namhlanje United uhlelo ajulileyo, ubude - ayizinkulungwane 6,3 amakhilomitha. Lapho ukwanda komthwalo yamanzi maphakathi nezwe ezokuthutha abasengxenyeni esempumalanga Russia namanje isikhundla ekuholeni esezandleni ze-iVolga-Kama umcengezi. On emfuleni yayo ngoba ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu angu ukuthuthwa abagibeli kanye imoto. Yindawo elisemcengezini wathatha ezokuthutha emfuleni ezokuthutha zokwakha (amaphesenti angu-60). ezokuthutha yabo iqhutshwa zombili izinkomba, kuba advantageously uhlamvu naphakathi.

Yini uthuthwa nemifula Russia?

River ezokuthutha kulezi imithambo ikakhulu eletha ugodo, lapho bobabili izitsha ezindala, simuke namanzi, indlela ingxubevange. On the iVolga Kama zithutha ihlathi laseSiberia ugudle iVolga-Baltic mfula - ihlathi Vologda futhi Arkhangelsk izifunda, Karelia ngoba izifunda North eCaucasus kanye iVolga esifundeni. River ezokuthutha eMoscow kuhileleke izingodo zokuthutha kusiteshi ofanayo nesifunda eMoscow eMoscow. Through the izimbobo we iVolga kanye Kama ku Kuznetsk amalahle umcengezi ithuthwe, bese it is uthuthwa nemifula neziteshi zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni egqamile kuyinto ukulethwa usawoti - ne Baskunchan kasawoti alesi up iVolga iVolga izimbobo, Urals, Centre, e-North-West ibhizinisi kwemboni yokudoba kanye emazweni angaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iVolga wathumela imikhiqizo yezolimo (amakhabe) ka Volgograd futhi Astrakhan izifunda, izinhlanzi yoLwandle iCaspian, kanye imikhiqizo chemical kusukela iVolga esifundeni kanye Urals. Kuzo zombili izinkomba, athuthwe imikhiqizo uwoyela kawoyela ongahluziwe, okusanhlamvu impahla emikhunjini.

Izikhombisi-main

Russian emfuleni zokuhamba ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe kahle iVolga-Kama elisemcengezini, ngoba Kama nemingenela yayo - the Vyatka futhi Belaya - kubalulekile Urals ubuhlobo eNorth West, Centre, i-iVolga esifundeni. I Kama phansi ngovela ikakhulu okusanhlamvu, izingodo, uwoyela chemical izimpahla, izinto zokwakha amaminerali. Ohlangothini reverse ohamba ngayo amalahle, usimende, ukhuni. kakhulu engenhla Kama wezimpahla kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iVolga-Don isiteshi wasiza ukwanda ukuthuthwa iVolga ngobuningi. Siyabonga kuye, kusukela ezindaweni ezakhelene Don, eVolga ukuthutha okusanhlamvu, amalahle, amakhabe, imikhiqizo ezimbonini kanye nezinye izimpahla. Okuhlukile - imikhiqizo usimende, itshe-nsimbi, ukhuni, amakhemikhali. Konke lokhu ithwala emfuleni zokuhamba. Samara, kanye nakwamanye amadolobha Ephakathi iVolga esifundeni, kuyinto umthengi ezinkulu lezi zinto. A indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni yezokuthutha ukudlala mfula uxhumano phakathi kwale nomcengezi esifundeni North-West, kanye namanye amazwe angamalungu oLwandle iBaltic ngokusebenzisa iVolga-Baltic indlela. Therethrough apatite CONCENTRATE is uthuthwa ohlangothini eningizimu, itshe-nsimbi, izinto zokwakha, ukhuni enyakatho - imikhiqizo chemical imithwalo, okusanhlamvu, amalahle ne-petroleum.

umgibeli zokuthutha

Ngo kanzulu main umgibeli notshwala we iVolga-Kama umcengezi. Noma yimuphi esiteshini umfula ngeke anikele izakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene zendawo, ezokuthutha, ezisemadolobheni kanye nezindawo suburban. izitsha Passenger kabanzi inhlangano kwezokuvakasha nokungcebeleka. Omude kunayo yonke owake umugqa zokuhamba kusuka eMoscow kuya e-Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov futhi Ufa. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke emfuleni esiteshini ungaphakathi inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Esikhathini iVolga-Vyatka somfula ngobukhulu emfuleni emachwebeni kukhona Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, eMoscow, Perm, Astrakhan Kazan, Yaroslavl.

Enyakatho-ntshonalanga

Sekuyisikhathi eside River wakhonza njengephayona ezokuthutha nezokuxhumana lemcoka North-Western kanye nezifunda zezomnotho Northern. Engxenyeni European kwale misele esiyinhloko ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla iyona Northern Dvina River nemingenela yayo futhi Sukhona Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, futhi Northwest - Svir, Neva kanye White Sea-Baltic Canal. Misele enyakatho labetibambile ukusakaza enamandla yezimbiwa zokwakha namafutha, ugodo, nokusanhlamvu namalahle. Emachwebeni eziyinhloko Narjan Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

Northwest pool eletha Iqonde eningizimu imithi nsimbi kusukela Karelia, ukugxilisa ingqondo apatite Kola Peninsula. Kolunye uhlangothi - imikhiqizo ezimbonini, okusanhlamvu, usawoti namafutha. Iphuzu ukuba sendleleni yezimpahla ezihlukahlukene emkhathini kunemishini engu Volkhov, Petrozavodsk futhi Petersburg. Ngakho, eMoscow Upper iVolga esifundeni ahlelwe unomphela umgibeli umugqa. athuthukiswe kahle lapha kanye nemizila bendawo, lokhu kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile nge ukwanda inani lemikhumbi ngesivinini.

ngasempumalanga

Empumalanga, Russia kwasekuqaleni izimpikiswano yezokuthutha kuthatha OB-Irtysh umcengezi e Western eSiberia. River zokuhamba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni uwoyela negesi imithombo, kanye namahlathi. Main ezokuthutha transshipment ISIZINDA (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) kwi Irtysh kanye ob enikeziwe amalahle, imishini imishini futhi amapayipi, zokwakha, ukudla kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni ezindaweni uwoyela negesi amasimu yaseTyumen. Ukulethwa kwezimpahla ukuze asemaqaqasini zaleli zwekazi kwenziwa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho, kulandele ukulayisha kabusha imilomo taz, lePhure futhi Obi ku nezikebhe. Iningi traffic uwela phezu kwezinkuni eya izihlenga ethekwini emfuleni Asino. Khona it is zithutha emikhunjini ku Novosibirsk, Omsk, saseTomsk. Esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka engu ka ukudiliva eduze Irtysh kanye ob ukwenza izinto zokwakha ezitholakala ezindaweni eningizimu kuya enyakatho, ezindaweni uwoyela negesi umkhakha. Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu has emfuleni ezokuthutha ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla okusanhlamvu, usawoti, amalahle kanye imikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Obi, kanye emachwebeni of Barnaul naseNovosibirsk, indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa namachweba wazithatha ngokuqondene ukudalwa izikhungo yezimboni lasendulo - Surgut, ob, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Angara futhi Yenisei

Yenisei River ezokuthutha exhumanisa sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Eastern eSiberia izifundazwe Arctic. Lapha ihlathi zokuthutha ukufinyelela izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinkonzo inzuzo isamba Yenisei. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfula zithutha okusanhlamvu, amafutha namalahle nokwakhiwa amaminerali izinto. Upper Yenissei kusukela Minusinska ukuba Krasnoyarsk, elinesimo predominance we izimpahla ageleze endaweni esezansi main ke ithatha okusanhlamvu.

Umlomo Angara: lapha kufika ingxenye eyinhloko ehlathini, ehlukanisa ukugeleza izimpahla kwi Yenisei. The main ingxenye iqondiswa phezulu, kanti umlomo futhi Dickson - nomfula. Ngaphezu amahlathi, isikhundla ebalulekile elalihlala zokuthutha zokwakha nokumbiwa kwamalahle. Emachwebeni eziyinhloko Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, futhi phezu Angara - Makarievo, eBratsk, e-Irkutsk, Ust-Ilim.

Yelena kanye lase-Amur

Yelena lokuthumela iqala kusukela Osetrovo port futhi aphathwa delta emfuleni. Lapha, ngaphezu kwezimpahla yasekhaya wazinika impahla okuyinto zivela ujantshi - kusukela Tiksi Bay Sturgeon. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu traffic up amalahle kanye zokwakha, kanye nabo bonke abanye - ehlathini, namafutha. Iningi lawo abantu kusukela phezulu kuya phansi. Cargo imisebenzi kwenziwe emachwebeni of Kirensk, Sturgeon, Yakutsk, Vitim.

EliseMpumalanga Ekude, ezokuthutha ukubaluleka elikhulu lase-Amur kanye nemingenela yayo Zeya futhi Bureya. I imithwalo eziyinhloko okusanhlamvu, usawoti, izinsimbi, amalahle, izingodo, uwoyela, nenhlanzi. izimbobo ezinkulu - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, eKhabarovsk. Kulezi zindawo, abantu ngenxa nengqalasizinda enganele komhlaba ukuxhumana emfuleni ezokuthutha kubalulekile, futhi zokuthutha abagibeli.

Sea ezokuthutha

Ukubaluleka enkulu ulwandle ezokuthutha ukuthi ihlinzeka kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezohwebo Russia angaphandle. Cabotage kubalulekile kuphela ukuze awunikeze emikhawulweni wezwe empumalanga nasenyakatho. I inzuzo kwezimpahla ukuthutha zasolwandle singamaphesenti angu eziyisishiyagalombili. Lokhu kufezwa ngenxa kudingeka ahambe ibanga elide ibanga traffic - ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 4.5 amakhilomitha. Ezokuthutha abagibeli yezokuthutha zasolwandle kukhona azinakwa.

Izinkinga zokuthutha waseRussia zasolwandle

Esikhathini ezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke laseThire elingasolwandle wezimpahla inzuzo zibalwa kuqala, emi ngaphandle ukudiliva aphansi-izindleko izimpahla. Esikhathini Russian Federation lakhiwa kuqhathaniswa ababuthakathaka, kungenxa yokuthi izindawo eziyinhloko nezomnotho kuleli zwe kude lamachweba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yolwandle ezisizungezile insimu ka eRussia umnkantsha. Lokhu kakhulu kwandisa izindleko usebenzisa le hlobo ezokuthutha. Enye inkinga ngoxhaxha ephelelwe yisikhathi kakhulu ezweni lethu. Ngokwesibonelo, ulwandle kanye emfuleni zokuhamba eRussia Yakhiwa engaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukuthi akuvumelekile ngekwemazinga emhlaba, ngomkhumbi onjalo kufanele kulahlwe. Ngoxhaxha yasekhaya cishe akukho izinhlobo yesimanje imithambo: lula, ikhonteyina, igesi, imikhumbi ovundlile ukulayisha-athula nabanye. Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-eCrimea, eRussia lezwakala lamachweba amakhulu nanye kuphela, kodwa akwanele ezweni kanjeya. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe isigamu sabantu izimpahla uyeza ulwandle, akhonzwa nezimbobo angaphandle. Lezi ikakhulukazi amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet: Ukraine (Odessa), Latvia (Ventspils), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda). Ukusetshenziswa ulwandle ezokuthutha lokuthumela amayunithi kwamanye amazwe futhi ikhuthaza ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngokwezimali. Uma nezimbobo Black Sea ne isimo isixazululekile ucishe, ogwini aseBaltic Sea yakha port entsha.