Potr Nikitich Tkachov: Biography, umsebenzi wokubhala, iziteketiso, ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - imibono yokungabi nandaba abadumile Russian mbuso ka populism. Isihloko idingidwa yomlando wakhe ukubukwa nemibono.

Ebuntwaneni futhi iminyaka yokweva eshumini nambili

Petr Nikitich Tkachev wazalwa ngo-June 29, 1844 esifundazweni Pskov (isigodi Sivtsova). Abazali bakhe lo gentry ifike. EyokuQala kaPetru Nikititch wavakashela 2nd Petersburg sokuzivocavoca. Khona-ke, kusukela ebangeni wesihlanu lolimi esikoleni ngo-1861 wabhalisa e-St Petersburg University umthetho ubuhlakani. Nokho, lolu cwaningo azange abe uPetru Tkachev. Iqiniso liwukuthi kulesi sikhathi umfundi izibhelu waqala, okuholela kule nyuvesi ivaliwe. Phakathi kwezinye iqhaza kulezi nezibhelu Tkachev waklonyeliswa wokuqala kule uPetru noPawulu Fortress (ngo-Okthoba), bese Kronstadt, okuyindawo wadedelwa ngo-December.

Defense of the mqondo, isici ukubukwa wamavukelambuso

Inkosi yayala ukushiya uPetru Nikitich enhloko-dolobha esiphathiswe unina. Tkachev ungazange kwadingeka ithuba ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo eyunivesithi. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba, wayesalokhu abaphumelele ukuhlolwa kwakhe njengomfokazi umfundi zangaphandle, okwethulwa mqondo bakhe, waba ngomunye wabaholi ilungelo. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ekugxekeni Lavrov ngokuba neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela kakhulu bathinteka kusukela ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso, uPetru Nikitich yabhala yathi ngayo siqu ukuthi njengoba sokuzivocavoca angazanga yimuphi omunye umphakathi, ngaphandle okwenziwa yilezo zinsizwa abayimilutha imibuthano umfundi, ihlelwe Ukufundwa amakamelo, nezikole ngeSonto, izimboni sokuxhumana kanye epulazini njalo. ku. Yena bekulokhu hhayi kuphela kubo, kodwa phakathi kwabo, ngisho lapho ngineminyaka emboniselweni. Peter Nikitich gxila esifundweni isixazululo ngokushesha izinkinga ezithile ukuhamba wamavukelambuso kumiswa izici isici umqondo wakhe sezenhlalo.

Ukuhlanganyela izinyunyana wamavukelambuso

Tkachev phakathi nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca waqala ukufunda izincwadi sezenhlalo. Wazana nge ezincwadini waseHerzen futhi Ogarev, izihloko Dobrolyubov futhi Chernyshevsky. Kakade kahle emavesini okuqala noma oluphathelene naye lowo 1860-62 biennium. (Abanye bahamba lokuthandwa), Tkachev wafundisa ongumlimi revolution. Ekugcineni ngiyitholile endleleni revolution kusukela 1861. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Tkachev wahileleka kakhulu ukunyakaza umfundi, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi izikhathi eziningi ngaphansi ukubopha, usesho, bephenywa. Peter Nikitich kwaba njalo ngiqashwe amaphoyisa. Ubizwa odonsa isigwebo cishe njalo ngonyaka.

Ngo-1862, it wavula ubulungu yayo kulo mbuthano L. Olszewski. Lo mbuthano yayilungiselela ukushicilela amapheshana ambalwa, okuyinto ngokuthi lokuketula yinkosi. Ngo-1865 futhi 1866 Petr Nikitich Tkachev kwaba basondelana nenhlangano I. A. Hudyakova futhi NA Ishutina, futhi 1867 futhi ngo-1868 - ukuze "umphakathi Rublevskoe", elimalungu alo baqhubeka nenkulumo-ze ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-othisha abajikelezayo. It is eyaziwa ngokuthi uPetru Tkachev e 1868 ingeyamakhosi zindlani "Smorgon", okuyinto inhlangano eyandulela esungulwe S. G. Nechaevym. Khona-ke, ngo-1868-1869 GG., UPetru Nikitich kanye Nechayev wayeyilungu ekomidini eliphethe we Petersburg umfundi ukunyakaza.

Ukuqala umsebenzi yetemibhalo

Ngo-June 1862 waqala umsebenzi etemibhalo Petra Nikiticha. ithalente lakhe etemibhalo wabonakaliswa 60s. Ngenxa theory Narodnichestvo wamavukelambuso, umhlaziyi ekhaliphile umbhali Tkachev babebambisene omagazini eziningana ezithuthukayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi owokuqala yezingxoxo zikaCharles enikelwe ukugxekwa kabusha zokwahlulela, okuyothi uhulumeni babehlele, ikakhulukazi wamavukelambuso-yeningi kwemizwelo ukuphikiswa. Bakhandwa owanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini "Epoch" nabafowabo "Isikhathi" Dostoevsky, kanye "Library Sokufunda".

Ujwayele emibhalweni Marx

Izihloko eziningana wadala esikhathini kusuka 1862 kuya 1864, Peter Nikitich ezihlongozwayo umbono zokushintsha ubudlelwano ekhona yezenhlalakahle eRussia ezimisweni sezenhlalo amadivayisi kunethiwekhi umhlaba futhi umkhakha izinhlangano zemfundo, ikakhulukazi emazweni abahlala kuyo. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlangana namanye imisebenzi noKarla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Umlando wakhe ngo-December 1865 imakwe yokuthi "izwi Russian" okokuqala emaphephandabeni zomthetho wezwe lakithi aliveza mqondo eyinhloko Marx elihlobene ne ukukhulelwa izinto yomlando, okuyinto wethula esethulweni kuze "Critique we Political Umnotho". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi Tkachev kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso Umelekeleli njalo omagazini ababili yeningi (Ukubuyela "Ebhizinisini" futhi "Russian Igama"). Empeleni kuphumelele njengoba Pisarev, ngubani yafakwa uPetru noPawulu Fortress. I mqondo ngenhla uPetru Nikitich kugqugquzelwa esizayo, angithi? e nencazelo yabo, kancane lula.

Ukwenza umqondo Tkachev

Ngo-1868, Tkachev P. N. Ngiphrinte sisekelo we-International ukuhumusha (ku isithasiselo encwadini ethi noBhekere), kanye isimiso National Bank of Proudhon. Peter Nikitich ukubukwa ekupheleni the 1860s athuthukile umqondo othize. Wabiza a revolution zezombangazwe nezenhlalo kuleli zwe. Lo mqondo uvezwe kulo mbuthano eshicilelwe Tkachev futhi Nechaev "Luhlelo izinyathelo zokuguqula umbuso."

UPetru noPawulu inqaba

Mangisho ukuthi okuningi kwalokho ekwenzayo ebhala Tkachev PN ibha noma musa idlule izimo ukucwaninga, noma akhethwa yokuboshwa eziningi. Lapho, phakathi olandelayo umfundi izibhelu (ngoMashi 1869) Tkachev waphinde waboshwa, yena kwaphoqa kanye 3 amacala etemibhalo. Eyokuqala wabo - ukuze kwakhiwe futhi ukushicilelwa isikhalo "emphakathini!", Ikuphi owethulwa nezidingo abafundi; yesibili - kushicilelwa ukuqoqwa ngaphansi kwegama "Ray", eshicilelwe esikhundleni esenqatshelwe "izwi Russian"; eyesithathu - iqiniso lokuthi wanyathelisa incwadi "Umbuzo labour" E. kaBekeri. Ngalesi sikhathi, uPetru noPawulu Fortress uPetru Nikitich kwaba indawo yeziboshwa cishe iminyaka emine. Ekuqaleni 1873 Tkachev yadingiselwa Luka Omkhulu ekhaya. Kusuka lapho, wabalekela phesheya ngosizo M. Kupriyanov, wamavukelambuso kakhulu.

Ukuphila phesheya, impikiswano nge Engels futhi Lavrov

umsebenzi Magazine, iphazanyiswe ukuboshwa, wavuselelwa ngo-1872. Tkachev futhi waqala ukusakaza izihloko zabo kule "Imbangela". Nokho, akazange ngemvume igama lakhe pseudonyms ehlukahlukene (Noma kunjalo, P. Grachioli, P. gy Lee, Lean PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

ELondon kanye Geneva uPetru Nikitich esisodwa wasebenza P. L. Lavrovym (isithombe sakhe kunikezwa ngenhla) belungiselela ukushicilelwa kukamagazini i- "Phambili!". Noma kunjalo, kakade izinyathelo zokuqala esekudingisweni, imakwe impikiswano sína Engels futhi Lavrov. Ngo 1874 e Zurich, nase-London yashicilelwa Tkachev incwajana ethi "wamavukelambuso inkulumo-ze imisebenzi ..." futhi "Vula incwadi Fridrihu Engelsu." Le mpikiswano le ngokushesha uPetru Nikitich sesimweni angawodwa phesheya.

Abakwamanye amazwe nezincwadi zokufunda Engels, Umshicilelo Lavrov nabanye wema isikhundla ukuhluka kuka Peter Nikitich. Ingqikithi yalo ukungavumelani phakathi ezimbili wukuthi Tkachev kubhekwe umzabalazo zezombusazwe njengenhlangano nemfuneko ebalulekile inguquko esizayo. Nokho, indima uquqaba yena phansi lokho kwakunzima ukwamukela abathutha eziningi Russian. Ngokusho kwakhe, manje eziyivelakancane wamavukelambuso kumele bawine amandla, ukusungula esimweni entsha, ukufeza uguquko wamavukelambuso, esichaza izimfuno zabantu. Lesi sakamuva singabangela kuphela ukuzuza imiphumela. Peter Tkachev amaphutha umbono walo ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga ayinakho inhlabathi yezenhlalakahle eRussia, ukuthi akusiyo izithakazelo isigaba esithile. Friedrich Engels, Umshicilelo yena, ezihlokweni ebhala ubukela Tkachev wathi ukubukwa ukuthi wayebheka izinto ezincane.

ukushicilelwa kukamagazini i- "I-alamu"

Peter Nikitich, siphuma kuzo "! Phambili", Found abasekeli phakathi kwesiyingi 'Inceku Cercle "(ukuhumusha -" umbuthano Slavic "), okuyinto kuhlangene abavela kwamanye amazwe Russian-Polish. Ngosizo lwabo, Tkachev, ngo-1875 waqala ukusakaza kukamagazini i- "I-alamu" eGeneva. Kulo magazini, wathatha isikhundla umhleli. Lolu hlobo kwaba Jacobin isitho isiqondiso eduze Blanquism, le populism wamavukelambuso. Tkachev kule nkathi wabonisa obala imibono yakhe sezenhlalo, ukuxoxa izindaba ukulungisiswa theory zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, amaqhinga kanye isu emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso. Kumagazini i "I-alamu" UPetru Nikitich olwenziwa polemics ne P. L. Lavrovym futhi M. A. Bakuninym. imibono yakhe, okuyinto ekuqaleni azange abe nomthelela okuningi, futhi ngokuvamile kuyacasula, waqala ukukuthola Abasekeli ekupheleni 1870s. Kwenzeka njengoba zenzeka, turning Abavukeli Russian imikhuba sezombangazwe nezenhlalo kanye nezidingo umzabalazo esashintsha.

"Abantu sika Liberation Society"

Ngo-1877, Peter Nikitich nabalandeli bakhe bakwazile ukuhlela "National Liberation Society." Lokhu akuwona amaza inhlangano conspiratorial yadalwa kusetshenziswa Blanquist Communards evela eFrance (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant et al.). The Inkampani usekela imisebenzi yayo ku eminye imibuthano Russian (isib, I. M. Kovalskogo Odessa futhi Zaichnevsky orel). Tkachev, ngo-1880, wasebenza ephephandabeni "Akuyena uNkulunkulu noma master" Blanqui.

Nokho, nokuchema ngokumelene uPetru Nikitich lwahlala luqinile kakhulu. Ngakho ukuthi "Narodnaya Volya" (emazwini V I. Lenina, imisebenzi yayo zilungiselelwe amafilosofi Tkachev) sinqatshelwe umfelandawonye "I-alamu", owawuke wacabanga. "KaNebati" ayeka ukushicilelwa ngemva kokukhululwa emfushane ngo 1881 ephephandabeni.

Ukushicilelwa ngaphansi pseudonyms ahlukahlukene

Tkachev, ukuhlala kwelinye izwe, yaqhubeka inyatheliswa ku zomthetho cindezela Russian ngaphansi pseudonyms ahlukahlukene, okuyinto (zonke efanayo, Grachioli P. et al.), Thina yokuhlala Izinkundla zemicimbi ithilomu. Njengoba omunye wabasebenzi ukhiye "ukwenza" UPetru Nikitich uye banyathelisa izihloko eziningi kumafilosofi, umthetho, umlando, pedagogy, ezomnotho kanye nabanye. Nokho, uma umhleli lalo magazini, GE Blagosvetlov wafa, nokubambisana wayengekho njalo. Zonke izihloko akuvamile uvele Tkachev. Kwakubonakala sengathi umsebenzi etemibhalo wamavukelambuso Petra Nikiticha buphela, kodwa empeleni kwakungenjalo.

Kuze kube manje, siye safunda abanye amaqiniso amasha mayelana nezinga lokuphila kwakhe ekudingisweni Tkachev eminyakeni edlule. Basikisela ukuthi Russian umhlaziyi etemibhalo wamavukelambuso baqhubeka ngenkuthalo ukudala. Muva ngakwazi ukuthola sezenhlalo iphephandaba "I-alamu" ( "Le Tocsin"), esanyatheliswa kuyi-South waseFrance (e Narbonne) e 1882. Zabahleli ngoba zalotshwa Tkachev, ngubani ezifihlakele igama lakhe ngaphansi mbumbulu "Gracchus". Cishe, isitatimende emaphephandabeni angabhekwa zokugcina.

Kusukela ngo-November 1882 Tkachev, lesi sifo iye yathuthuka, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi usesibhedlela. Peter Nikitich wafa Paris ngo-December 23, 1885. Kukhethwe isebenza kuze kube phakade emlandweni lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso.

imibono yefilosofi Tkachev

Uma uthi nhlá, ngendlela imisebenzi ocebile futhi ezihlukahlukene ezifana Tribune-intatheli-sezombusazwe akukameli kube nefilosofi sina noma yena unikezwa ongaphansi, indima luyingxenye ngengozi. Ngempela, kusukela esisemthethweni iphuzu ngokwayo Petr Nikitich Tkachev, ngokusobala, lisinikeza isizathu salesi nokucabanga. Phela, wayengumuntu ekugxekeni zonke izinhlelo zefilosofi.

Nokho, omunye yezingxoxo zikaCharles zokuqala (njengoba ishicilelwe ku 1863 "Umthetho Metaphysics") Tkachev noHlelo wezinguquko nefilosofi. Wathi isidingo ukwakha kweqiniso, elikhiqizayo, siphile ifilosofi, okuyinto alien yiluphi uhlobo Metaphysics. Kufanele ixhumane ndawonye izingxenye social sciences, ngenkani siphela. Le filosofi iyona social, i-social science. Kumele bazuze umphakathi.

Tkachev njengendlela umlobi ngokuvamile uza emuva inkinga wefilosofi ezinhle. Ngokubona kwakhe, kufanele ube isisekelo ekuguquleni emhlabeni, isayensi insimbi, umnyombo ezweni kweqiniso. Njengoba isazi sezombusazwe Petr Nikitich Tkachev ngokukhethekile nezinkinga inguquko, kwabantu, ukuze ngendlela efanele nomphakathi. Wabiza isikhundla sakhe yefilosofi "okwangempela" (noma rationality).

Nakhu umuntu ukwazi ukuthi Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo kuye cishe yonke okuhlobene inguquko, yena wanikela konke ukuphila kwakhe.