Plutonium-238: ukukhiqizwa eRussia, isithombe, izici, isicelo

Plutonium-238 - zonke izinto eziyingozi kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni isikhala izinto kanye kudalwa amabhomu enuzi. Esikhathini umkhakha ukuthi likhiqizwa kuphela Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. Ngaphambi yokwakha kabusha e-USSR, United States wahlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhiqiza isotopes ku insimu yalo.

Plutonium-238 ukukhiqiza i-US

Ukukhiqiza plutonium-238, kwakudingekile ukuba afeze kakhulu isikhathi esiningi futhi umsebenzi noma ezingcolile ucingo. 150 kg plutonium eseqedile wonke 50 bubanti imfucuza ezitsheni. UMongameli Gorbachev inkathi sokukhathalela okhetheke khulu. Yokwakha kabusha elite isinqumo akulungile udoti abazalwane phansi-American. Kusukela ngo 1988 plutonium-238 ezikhiqizwa kuphela eRussia.

Ngo-1992, inhlangano ukukhiqizwa okuthiwa "Lighthouse" usayine inkontileka nokulethwa e-United States kakhulu ngendlela amakhilogremu amahlanu into eyaziwa ngokuthi plutonium-238. Ukukhiqizwa eRussia Itholakala edolobheni eqhelile Ozersk, kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi Chelyabinsk-40. Inzuzo kule nkontileka Kulinganiselwa yizigidi 6. Inani plutonium ekhiqizwa kungaba okwanele ukusebenzisa kusuka 3 kuya ku-6 iziphuphutheki nge ukufaka zenuzi. Abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi cishe zonke ukuqalisa ezinjalo Melika ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union kwakuqoshwe kuphela ekhiqizwa eRussia IKhompyuthaYami.

Cooperation noma meanness?

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho kungamanyala encane, kodwa namanje abalulekile. Iqiniso lokuthi e-United States uye wasebenzisa iziphuphutheki nge ukufaka zenuzi asihlola eRussia. Babedalelwene ku IKhompyuthaYami efanayo Russian. Naphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma plutonium-238 is hhayi wayeka, izimpahla e-United States baqhubeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emuva lé ngawo-2003 phakathi Russian inkampani "TENEX" kanye omele waseMelika ukuthi bahlinzeke lokhu dioxide IKhompyuthaYami.

Nokho, plutonium-238, okuyinto kwenziwa ensimini ka-Russia, akazange ukwanelisa ezinganeliseki esesuthi American. Phela, States ngabe udinga ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa missile ukuzivikela emkhathini. Ngakho banquma ukuba kabusha uqale ukukhiqizwa isotopes ngesikhathi.

Izizathu ukukhiqizwa IKhompyuthaYami Melika

ukuthuthukisa uhlelo IKhompyuthaYami lwenzelwe States iminyaka engu-30, futhi phakathi naleso obekumele ukukhiqiza mayelana 158 kg yalolu ketshezi yingozi. Bobabili abezindaba Russian kanye angaphandle kwadingeka ukuba banake yokuthi lokhu okwenzekayo okokuqala ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ne-United States. Noma kunjalo, ukuqala ukukhiqizwa elihlobene ne kungenzeka izicelo ezempi States emkhathini. Akukona engeza enokuthula yokuthi kokuqala zokukhiqiza ngesikhathi we IKhompyuthaYami kuvumelana kwethulwa ukuthuthukiswa missile ukuzivikela.

emazweni ahlukahlukene, amanani ahlukene

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaphansi imigomo yenkontileka ne Russian inkampani "TENEX" intengo ye eyodwa kilogram we IKhompyuthaYami kuyinto $ 1 million. Nakuba Melika inike kayikhulu okwengeziwe plutonium-238. Ukukhiqizwa eRussia naso sonke lesi sikhathi wathatha indawo ngamanani elahliwe - isiphetho esidumazayo ezinjalo. Emphakathini Russian uzwakalise imibono ehlukene mayelana "nokubambisana" enjalo nge-United States. I-Federal Agency for Atomic Energy zazo zikholelwa ukuthi lezi ukuthengisa noma kunjalo futhi kuzuzise ezidingekile emnothweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia bangathengisa plutonium-238 emazweni 32 emhlabeni wonke. Kuchazwa kanjani-ke lesi sidingo futhi kungani lokhu IKhompyuthaYami?

Plutonium-238: isicelo

Empeleni, lokhu IKhompyuthaYami kuyinto eceleni ka plutonium-239. Futhi, yena, iyona ingxenye main lichaza ekwakheni izikhali zenuzi. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, okwakuyigama imbangela uhlanga isikhala, ne emibi abanye kwaba sisekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, plutonium-239 akhiqizwa South Carolina ukwakha amabhomu enuzi. Futhi lanikeza leyavela ukwenziwa iziphuphutheki kanye iphenya. Kanye nomkhiqizi e South Carolina ngokuthi "Savannah River" sivaliwe, US waqala ukuthenga IKhompyuthaYami eRussia.

Plutonium-238 - i-fuel ekahle isetshenziselwe ucwaningo isikhala. ngemisebe yaso enemisebe. Kodwa, ngesikhathi omunye ezibonakalayo, IKhompyuthaYami kuphephile. Ngokwesibonelo, plutonium-238 ngokuvamile ebiyelwe Iridium granules. Zikhanya obomvu, futhi eziyiyo eziningi ukushisa. Nakuba elimbudumbudu Iridium ukugcina ubuqotho IKhompyuthaYami kuphephile. I elimbudumbudu zafakwa generator ekhethekile ekhuthaza ukuguqulwa ukushisa ku ugesi. Ngalesi isikhala iziphuphutheki namanje ukuhlola izikhala evulekile, ngoba inqubo yokukhipha ama ugesi ngale ndlela amashumi lonke.

amasheya yanamuhla ka plutonium-238

Ngo imibiko eminingi, zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela emhlabeni yalolu ketshezi ngokushesha kuncipha. Okusanda ephephabhukwini US Nature yashicilela isihloko NASA manje sokhohlo siphansi lapho IKhompyuthaYami kg 35 kuphela. Futhi njengoba ingasetshenziswa kubaswa ngazo umlilo, kuphela ingxenye yalo enanini eliphelele. Lolu hambo kuhlelwe ukuba Mars kakade ukuthatha 5 kg Pu-238. Russia futhi njengamanje akasazidayisi lokhu IKhompyuthaYami. Mhlawumbe thina, futhi, ukuthi siyaphela.

izingozi ezadala umonakalo ngo usebenzisa IKhompyuthaYami

Esikhathini esingeside esidlule,-United States idubule phansi satellite isikhala. Sasikwenza ifuna ukuvimbela ukuwa yayo engalawuliwe. NePentagon wathi ukuthi satellite nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani 5 sikhuntile zibe yizicucu ayizinkulungwane ezintathu phezu iPacific. Ngamunye izingcezwana ngobukhulu kwaba cishe ufana ibhola. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu spyware satellite kwaba ngu-500 kg hydrazine - Propellant elinendawo ubuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi kwakukhona ethile lo IKhompyuthaYami plutonium-238 - izibalo ngqo akuzona nePentagon wathi.

Usongo kuso sonke isintu

Kodwa eqinisweni, enye yezingozi ezinkulu eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke iyona IKhompyuthaYami plutonium-238. Izici kangangokuthi 450 kuphela amagremu kwale nto kungabangela umdlavuza lonke lwesintu. Ingxenye-ukuphila ka plutonium-238 kuyinto engaba ngu-90. Ngakho yiziphi lezi "amabhola" kuyoba isikhathi eside ukuze bafake ubuthi iplanethi nabakhileyo kuwo.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona ngowokuqala emlandweni ukuhlasela ngezikhali zenuzi emkhathini. Zonke iziphuphutheki Isikhathi okufakwayo 49 ezaqaliswa ezikhungweni zenuzi. 36 lalezi zinhlelo lisebenza Russia ne-Soviet Union, 13 - States. Manje emzileni endaweni engamamitha phakathi 800 futhi 1,000 amakhilomitha 50 iziphuphutheki ngezingcezwana zezinkwa zenuzi. Ukushiya yayingenazizukulu lwesintu njengendlela "ifa" ukufa yenuzi Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov uhlongoza esikhundleni plutonium-238 ngaphansi esiyingozi nokwe-uranium-235.

Usongo, ngenhlanhla, lidlule Russian

Ekwindla ka-2016 kakade Kulindeleke kokuwa satellite American ngokuthi UARS, okuyinto, by nje kwaqondana ujabule, landizela esidlule. Kulindeleke ezinye into falling izinsuku - lokuqala kwaba ngomhlaka 17 September ke - 23. Ezindabeni, ngoba noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu-ke akashongo ukuthi akusiwona empeleni ngisho satellite, kodwa ibhomu lenuzi yangempela. Cishe, lokhu kwenziwe ukuze singathwesi itwetwe kuwo wonke umuntu phakathi kwabantu. Ngemva satellite ugcwele plutonium-238. Izithombe into isikhala kusikisela ukuthi UARS usayizi ifaniswe ubukhulu inqola.

Ngokusho NASA projection, kwakufanele bonyana enze iwe eRussia emaphakathi. Uma kwenzeka ngempela, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 300. Abantu eMoscow wawungase ngingofayo kusukela edema yamaphaphu. UARS kodwa ngasizathu simbe Ngahlala futhi wawela phansi ngo-September 24 kuphela kokushayeka Ngenxa yokuthi ulwandle luseduze Canada. Pu-238 e kwaba ngu-30 kg. Canada akuyona okokuqala ngokuvakashela ebulalayo isikhala satellite. Okokuqala uhulumeni kuletsa phansi into sizoshaya ngo indlela afika kuleli zwekazi, kanye laye waziwisela olwandle.