Ophihliza iqhwa "uMholi": izici nesithombe

Isiqondiso lomcoka ukuthuthukiswa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho wukuqinisekisa ukuthekelisa of izinto zokusetshenziswa amaminerali, futhi lo msebenzi yezwe lidinga umholi omusha ophihliza iqhwa. Ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi utshalomali emkhakheni izidubedube (nanye babo elihlobene ne uwoyela negesi, futhi ezine ngaphezulu - ne amalahle ezimayini ore, kuhlanganise ekhona futhi abazoba - Norilsk, Dudinka, New Port Dickson, "Yamal LNG" kanye nabanye) kudinga ukuba sendleleni okuqhubekayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi esikhathini eside, ngokushesha kakhulu, - okwandisa traffic NSR, njengamanje usebenza icebreakers yomugqa, zazo ezine atomic ezine ingenakukwazi kagesi. Ababona ngokwanele, ngoba kuyoba khona yesimanje futhi kufanele ophihliza iqhwa umholi ngokushesha.

Isimo kanye nemisebenzi

Ngo amanzi uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho kukhona, njengoba kushiwo, imikhumbi eziyisishiyagalombili: zenuzi "Vaigach", "Taimyr", "Yamal" futhi "Iminyaka 50 Ukunqoba", kanye diesel "kusho uCaptain Dranitsin", "Kapitan Khlebnikov", "Krasin" futhi "u-Admiral Makarov". ingqalasizinda Port sokugcwaliseka kwaso ligxile ngokuphelele on ukuthuthukisa uwoyela negesi amasimu, ukuvela imikhumbi entsha zanamuhla, imuphi umholi ophihliza iqhwa esizayo, futhi akufaneleki ngokuphelele kulo lonke ngenxa yezimayini. Umkhumbi onjalo nge deadweight engaphezu kuka eziyikhulu amathani namamitha ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ububanzi, oyokwenziwa unyaka wonke ezokuthutha mahele zonke endleleni ulwandle. Speed, okuyinto uthembisa ukuba umholi ophihliza iqhwa, kuhlelwe engabizi - cishe nanhlanu ifindo eqhweni thickest.

umklamo olwandulelayo kwenziwa "Krylovskiy SSC" futhi CDB "Iceberg". Kusukela ekuqaleni, wahlakulela entsha yenuzi-powered umholi ophihliza iqhwa (LK-110YA project). Uyakwazi ukunikeza unyaka wonke navigation futhi ukuhamba yonke bomkhankaso-Arctic. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele abe omkhulu - amamitha engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eside amane ububanzi. Amandla ke ezihlahleni, ngokuvumelana negama lephrojekthi, ehlelelwe mayelana 110 MW (ngokulotshiweyo isihloko: LK - ice-full, 110 - amandla, mina - isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi). Ngokwezwi nezwi igama elithi lonke uGu NSR kwakudingeka icebreakers, uyakwazi sokunqoba ukujiya ice nge ngamamitha amathathu nesigamu. Kodwa kwakunesinye project - LK-120 MW, themba lika-Arctic izimoto zethu, futhi ukhuluma ngani kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

izinhlelo

Esikhathini ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-iqhwa lase-Arctic akuyona zilingana - amamitha bebathathu, ngakho anganikeza icebreakers navigation ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ngisho noma nomthamo kuze kube ayisithupha megawatts. EMpumalanga, yonke indlela, isimo ice abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele. Ngakho ukusekela unyaka wonke navigation kanye oluseNyakatho Umzila, ukuphila isandiso lwemikhumbi ekhona yenuzi-powered ehleliwe (ngaphambilini ihlelelwe amahora ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, futhi manje - namashumi amahlanu). Futhi ngalesi sikhathi ukwakha futhi wasungula isizukulwane esisha yenuzi imishini kabili okusalungiswa jikelele, plus umholi ophihliza iqhwa (LK-110YA project). izinhlelo ezinjalo yayikhona kuze 2008, lapho icebreakers entsha kwadingeka ukuba wasungula.

Ngenxa yalokho, zenuzi-powered "eSiberia" ibuyekeziwe, futhi edume "Arctic" wazalwa ngo-1972, okuyinto ngokugcwele siphelelwé izinto zalo, u ngo-June 2016 indawo "Arctic" omusha, ikhono esikhundleni icebreakers ezimbili - kanye ocean-uya imitha emithathu ice, futhi ukusebenza ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni. Nokho, ukwethulwa akusho kwaqedwa wonke umsebenzi. Ekugcineni, ophihliza iqhwa uzobe wasungula ngoDisemba 2017, uma konke kuhambe ngokohlelo. Lena umkhumbi omuhle kakhulu, futhi kudingekile kakhulu, kodwa akuyona umholi efanayo. Isici wukuthi umholi ophihliza iqhwa ice passability kungandisa kuze kube ngamamitha amathathu nesigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lenyuka izinga ebusika, kodwa ngenxa nepilotage zizonikezwa ngaphandle nokuphula imigomo ukulethwa kwezimpahla. Ngiphakathi isikhathi izimo ngonyaka noma sezulu ngeke bakhathazeke ophihliza iqhwa LK-110YA ( "umholi" - iphrojekthi ikhodi kuleli cala). Ukuthuthukiswa babematasa CDB "Iceberg" negama OKBM Afrikantov (Ukufaka Nuclear).

Kangakanani umsebenzi

Ngo-2015, izwe wabona lokho yenuzi-powered umholi ophihliza iqhwa, nakuba kuphela wayekulungele kuphrojekthi. Ngo-December walowo nyaka wathi owawuse Omkhulu Wesihlanu International Forum elalinikezelwe nesizayo ye-Arctic, futhi Krylov Research Center ku nothi lwawo yabonisa ezithembisa imodeli ikusasa umkhumbi. Kwakuwusuku ophihliza iqhwa, umholi yephrojekthi 10510. umthamo Its kuhlelwe megawatts eziyikhulu namashumi amabili, futhi yakhiwe kuzoba iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili noma nesishiyagalolunye. Shesha nale kungenzeki, kudingeka ingqalasizinda efanele kanye imoto imikhumbi. Ngo-2015 yaqedwa design wokulungiselela, futhi ngo-2016 yakhelwe Nobuchwepheshe. Manje silungiselela imibhalo design. Ngalesi umsebenzi, umholi omusha ophihliza iqhwa kuzophindwa ezihlukahlukene amazinga ngombala.

Khona-ke Kubinka khona iforamu ngamazwe "Army 2016", lapho imodeli yethulwa futhi, kodwa ehlukene kakhulu kulokho eqale iyikho. Design iphrojekthi washintsha ukuma kakhulu. ophihliza iqhwa Nuclear iphrojekthi "uMholi" isakhiwa yizinkampani ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, CDB "Iceberg" - unjiniyela eziholayo Krylovskiy SSC ngempela ngivumelane nabo ngamunye umklamo lomqondo. Kulokhu, ingaphandle ishintshile kakhulu. Ngo-2017, ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa waqala.

kancane ukusebenza

Umklamo, okuzodingeka yenuzi ophihliza iqhwa Umholi (Project 10510) uhlukile, ikwazi ukunikeza wiring ngokusebenzisa iqhwa, ngisho abathwali ezinkulu ngobuningi futhi emathangini avuzayo, labo abasebunzimeni manje usebenzisa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho abakwazi. A igama elisha emlandweni shipbuilding umkhakha uzongena yini isitsha ngeke ube okufanayo cross-izimbambo e nengaphakathi (Uhlaka), okuyinto kumelwe inikeze permeability ezehlukile eqhweni, okuyinto abakwazi ukuthi lenze yiloba yikuphi lokhu ophihliza iqhwa ekilasini. Abaklami balinganisela futhi wathola izixazululo ezintsha lobuchwepheshe ukuthi umholi ophihliza iqhwa, isithombe sayo isakhiwo ibekwe ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni ukubuyekeza kwethu, kalula unqobe ngisho emithathu nengxenye namamitha emine ice ukujiya ngisho kuwo wonke ayisihlanu, kuvuleke i imikhumbi kusiteshi ububanzi amamitha ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu.

Futhi ngokusho "nomzimba omncane" iqhwa (amamitha amabili!), Uzobanjelwa ngaphandle ukunciphisa ijubane nane ifindo. Futhi amandla, kuhlelwe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kubonakala sengathi kakade ukuba enganele. Abayikhulu namashumi amabili megawatts kufanele okungenani umholi ikhanda ophihliza iqhwa, 110 MW Abaklami kakade kubhekwe amandla ngempela abavamile ukuba sondo ezinjalo. Ngemva uchungechunge ophihliza iqhwa ezivamile LK-60 imitha amabili-ice ihamba ngesivinini ISIZINDA ezimbili kuphela, futhi liyakwazi ukubhodloza ithrekhi kungekho ebanzi kuka amamitha amathathu nesithupha. Ophephela ebhodini entsha zizokwenziwa we indaba Graphene, abasenakuphumula analogue emhlabeni. Lo mkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele invulnerable ice, lapho ukushintsha ukuma for elikhulu kuye isivinini ophihliza iqhwa, okusho ukuthi ijubane isikebhe elahlekile, kodwa ngeke zithole nakalula. Ekwindla ka-2017 ucwaningo - zezinombolo, zokuhlola kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi - sesiphethiwe, novivinyo ziyadlula. ukuzimela bomkhumbi kuhlelwe izinyanga ezingu-(ubude yalolu hambo ngaphandle kokubiza semikhumbi), kanye nesikhatsi wokusebenza - nokuthula iminyaka engamashumi amane. Shona ophihliza iqhwa Umholi (Project 10510) ehleliwe ukungenela inkonzo e 2024.

izibalo

Ngaphezu inhloko icebreaking isitsha, ziyaqhubeka zisungulwa nalabo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla kulesi sihloko - kuyinto ophihliza iqhwa yenuzi-powered, umholi 110 MW. Displacement of 600 amathani 55, ubude - esiphezulu 206, ububanzi - 40 metres, ukujula - 20 metres, kodaka - 13, kanye yokusebenza ubuncane - 11 amamitha. Bayobe ifakwe ophephela ezintathu. Ngu ngamanzi acwebileyo ngizoya ngesivinini 24 ifindo baphule ukushuba izingqimba zeqhwa 3.5 amamitha. ophihliza iqhwa okunjalo bazodinga iqembu labantu 127.

Futhi ukuqhathanisa, inhloko yabangamashumi izici umholi ophihliza iqhwa (kuphrojekthi 105110). Lokufuduka okuningi ephakeme - amathani 71380, ubude 209 m, ububanzi 47,7. Inzika kusukela kule isitsha kuyafana - 13 amamitha. Kodwa lesi simiso ophendulayo unamandla khulu. Raktora kuyakuba khona ababili - RITM-400, kokubili ukushisa okukhipha 350 MW. A amandla isitsha, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, 120 MW. Ngokusho ophihliza iqhwa Cruising banga akulona elinganiselwe, ukuzimela amalungiselelo - izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. izinombolo abathandwayo ngokuqhathanisa isitsha patency izinga neqhwa: ugqinsi 4.3 m - 2 node, njengoba ngesikhathi ukushuba 2 m - 15 ifindo. Ububanzi isiteshi, okuyinto kuvulela ophihliza iqhwa - 51 amamitha.

Uchonywe

Ukusungulwa icebreakers enjalo vele amukela isinqumo nguhulumeni isiRashiya, lapho izimali wajuba ukuxazulula eziningi nezinhlangano - Ministry of Industry Russia, Russian Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Finance kanye State Corporation "Rosatom". ukwakhiwa serial izoqala emva 2020. Umklamo zokukwazi namuhla usulungile, kanye nokwakhiwa icebreakers waqala 110 MW. Inhloko-umholi ophihliza iqhwa kabili enamandla njengoba manje kuyakhiwa - shestidesyatimegavattnyh, njengoba kushiwo kakade ngoMeyi 2015, Dmitry Rogozin. ukuthuthukiswa isigaba abayonqotshwa ngokulandelana ahleliwe, kukhona isiphakamiso lobuchwepheshe ke umklamo kwangaphambilini, lapho umsebenzi ngokomthetho futhi ekugcineni ukusebenza.

Futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ekupheleni June 2017, eSt wavula i-International Maritime Defense Bonisa, lapho u-Aleksey Rahmanov, uMongameli shipbuilding Corporation, wakhuluma okuningi mayelana amathemba oyoletha ukwakhiwa yephrojekthi ophihliza iqhwa 10510 "uMholi". Waphawula nokuthi Ministry of Industry kuthiwa ngezimali iphrojekthi kuphela umsebenzi kokuqala, ngoba izici zobuchwepheshe kodwa wasebenza ngokwanele. Yingakho ukwakheka kohlelo lwezimali lokusiza ukwakhiwa yayo ongakabi usuqalile. zokukhokha ophihliza iqhwa operation ziye ngaphambili wathuthela omunye unyaka. Kwakuthinta ekuqaleni kufanele senze njalo 2023, futhi manje esibizwa ngokuthi 2025 th.

kwenzeka kanjani

Uhlobo ethembisa kakhulu icebreakers esikhathini esizayo bonke ochwepheshe ubona Russian ophihliza iqhwa enuzi project 10510 "uMholi", kuhlanganise LC-110YA futhi LC-120YA). Umsebenzi oyinhloko umkhumbi ezinjalo - ukuhlinzeka unyaka wonke navigation kanye ubude yonke we uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho futhi ukuqhuba uhambo e-Arctic. abezindaba abaningi Izitolo ziye zaphawula ukuthi Rosatomflot wathembisa ukwakha umkhumbi ezifana by 2023 e Severodvinsk noma St Petersburg, futhi izindlela ukwenza kanjalo kuzosenza uhlelo sotsekonomrazvitiya Russian Arctic, nge futhi esikhathini kuze kube 2020 uzobe ngokwezimali, futhi esikhathini eside.

Nokho, ngo-Ephreli 2017 Ministry of Economic Development uye liphazamisa isiphakamiso yokulungiswa olunzulu uhlelo, ngaphandle zoxhaso ruble ayisishiyagalombili billion, kuhlelwe ukutshala wokwakha umkhumbi. Mhlawumbe lesi sinqumo kuyaqondakala: ukubamba iqhaza iphrojekthi enjalo omkhulu isimo akufanele kuphela. Izwe has a lot of dolobha yangasese, okuyinto ezuzisa kakhulu ukudalwa ice-full, kuvulwa navigation round kanye uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho.

Maritime Defense Bonisa

Ngenxa i-International Maritime Defense Bonisa, futhi naphezu unswinyo anti-Russian, amathimba abaningi bezinye izizwe eduze kakhulu bajwayelane iphrojekthi ye ophihliza iqhwa entsha. Kwakukhona izinduna zempi asolwandle yamazwe ahlukene, uNobhala Navy futhi inani elikhulu abakhiqizi angaphandle, ikakhulukazi European. Babefuna kakhulu ezinhlelweni abayamaniswa lasolwandle zethu, futhi, ngomqondo obanzi, ukuthi kukhona ezithakazelisayo abazange bafe naphakade.

Arctic indaba ephathwayo - konke ekhethekile. Zonke amaphrojekthi icebreakers Russian ziye balitadishisise izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa kuya ophihliza iqhwa "uMholi" ngesigamu isithakazelo babonisa emangele. Elikhulu icebreakers ngokwanele yenuzi 'eSiberia "," Ural "," Arctic "uzobe wasungula kusukela 2019 kuya 2021-th, futhi konke isigamu amandla - 60 MW. Futhi lokhu - umholi, yena megawatts yakhe namashumi amabili uzokwazi uqhaqhe iqhwa kunjalo akukho imingcele - amamitha okungenani ezinhlanu obukhulu.

imicabango yabantu uchwepheshe

izitsha icebreaking ngoba kuyanda, kodwa ngenxa imikhumbi ukuphathwa - futhi enuzi kanye non-zenuzi - kwavela isidingo sokuhlanganisa, - ukuthi ochwepheshe Russian nafika kule umbono. Ezweni lethu, yebo, kukhona ezinye izinsiza ukwakha esiqine ophihliza iqhwa imikhumbi, futhi-ke ngokuqinisekile kuyobalelwa ngokugcwele bakhunjulwe Arctic, njengoba yizimpahla lukhula khona njalo. Nokho, ukwakhiwa imithambo Arctic kumelwe abhekane asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo izindleko isimo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa kule ndawo futhi ukuheha kweBraam- kokwakhiwa icebreakers entsha.

Umthamo izimpahla ngebhayisikili NSR (Sea Northern Umzila) I-2016 kwaba mayelana eziyisikhombisa kanye amathani eziyisigidi nesigamu, futhi kusungulwa ophihliza iqhwa, ukuhlinzeka unyaka wonke navigation uyokhula ezingu ayisishiyagalombili. Kakade ngawo-2024 zokuthutha zithembiso ukuze idlule amathani amane million. Izimpahla main - uwoyela, kuncibilike igesi yemvelo, izinsimbi, amalahle. Corporations wahlanganyela emsebenzini wezimayini ukucutshungulwa amaminerali, ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo ukuvela kwalesi ophihliza iqhwa ekilasini. It abathembise inzuzo omkhulu, ngakho ake futhi etshaliwe.

izinsiza Arctic

I yokwakha ehlelelwa kwezinsiza Arctic unyaka nonyaka kwandisa ukugeleza izimpahla ngebhayisikili NSR. Inkathi ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo ixhunyaniswe ngaphezu kwakho konke ekutadisheni izindawo ezintsha kanye nezindawo ocebile imithombo, okokuqala - uwoyela negesi. Lo msebenzi sekuqhubeke isikhathi eside, futhi umphumela waba le Norilsk zezimboni, Kola Imayini, Nenets futhi Yamalo-Nenets uwoyela negesi umkhakha, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezinkulu endleleni kusukela Kola ukuze yonke iNhlonhlo Chukotka.

Ngisho nanamuhla, Arctic - singamaphesenti angu ayisishiyagalombili ukukhiqizwa gas, amaphesenti nanye ka umkhiqizo kawoyela, amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu ka isizinda nickel futhi amaphesenti ayikhulu - apatite. Zonke namaminerali ukusinika kulezi zindawo, futhi ngisho nezindaba ezinzima kubala. Cargo sezimoto kuleli Arctic ngokuphelele ehlangene ukuthekelisa wale mikhiqizo, nokuthi abaningi amashumi ezigidi amathani. Idinga hhayi ice-amadlambi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuba imikhumbi yezimpahla eziningi ezanele, nesigaba eliphakeme, isibonelo - Arc-7. Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye-ice amadlambi kumele kabili okungenani, ngoba manje yonke into iyasebenza kakade uphelelwa isevisi yesiqinisekiso okokugcina.