Okuzisholo-GDP, GDP yangempela: uyini umehluko?

The main izinkomba macroeconomic kukhona GDP futhi GNP (ngokulinganisa kanye real), net ingeniso kazwelonke, kazwelonke ingcebo, siqu imali zalutho. Bonke ukubonisa ezingeni isimo somnotho wezwe lonke, yemiphakathi nezakhamuzi.

Njengoba kukalwa isilinganiso "GDP okuzisholo - GNP real" futhi yini lo mqondo? Uyini deflator? Okuningi mayelana nalesi Kuzoxoxwa.

Umcabango

Ngaphambi kokuthi usitshele mayelana okuzisholo, ngempela kwe-GDP izibalo, siphendukela umbuzo umqondo okwedlulele umkhiqizo wezwe. Lena ngenye yama- izinkomba main komnotho omkhulu. It esibaliwe aggregate emakethe value zonke izimpahla lokugcina nezinkonzo yizakhamuzi, kokubili ngaphakathi ezweni nasemazweni aphesheya.

Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ethile Russian ukwenziwa imikhiqizo confectionery has yokukhiqiza izindawo kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Isethi lokugcina lwenani emakethe kusukela ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kuwo wonke amabhizinisi lenkampani, ngeke zifakwe GNP Imininingwane. Futhi izimpahla ezikhiqizwa embonini eRussia, zizofakwa kuphela GDP (umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene).

Ngakho, umkhiqizo wamazwe e ilingana GDP plus iqoqo izimpahla ezivezwa izakhamuzi ngaphandle kwezwe. Umqondo "GNP okuzisholo", "I-GDP yangempela" ukuhlaziya ngezansi. Manje chaza ukuthi izindleko sokugcina izimpahla.

Umqondo izindleko yokugcina izimpahla

Yonke imininingwane, kusukela ingxenye esikhululekile imoto, ingilazi, nokunye. D. Kungenziwa ithengiswe emakethe njengengxenye ngomumo eyenziwe, futhi kusuka ngomhla ka umkhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana imoto.

Ukuze neentjengisi ezikulu zomnotho babenjengomuntu umgomo ngangokunokwenzeka, acabangele kuphela inani izindleko sokugcina izimpahla. Enye indlela yokunquma emakethe yasekhaya - le value added tax.

Ngokwesibonelo

Ngokwesibonelo, imboni ugandaganda othenga izinjini oluvela kwezinye izinkampani. Kulokhu, mikhiqizo ngeke kunakwe kuze kube sezingeni izinkomba komnotho omkhulu. Bayoba faka kuphela lemali kusuka ukudayiswa ugandaganda. Kodwa uma omunye injini isitshalo ngithengise iyunithi emakethe yesibili ngokusebenzisa esitolo spare wezolimo izingxenye, intengo yayo ngeke yehle kokubili GDP futhi GNP.

GNP Okuzisholo futhi yangempela

Ngezinye izikhathi, emnothweni ezweni, izinqubo uhlelo ezifana izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali yanda, ukwehla, ihlelo kanye nokunye. Ngokuvamile, izinkomba macroeconomic kubalwa kuzinhlobo zemali zendawo, nakuba umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene, yebo, lingalinganiswa amayunithi ezivamile. Nge izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali depreciate imali, okusho ukuthi izinkomba komnotho omkhulu, okuyinto kumele sibonise ukuthi sinjani ngempela isimo izindaba, kubalulekile ukuba senze nokulungisa okudingekile.

Nasi isibonelo womholo okungukuthi indices okuzisholo futhi ngempela. Ake sithi, eminyakeni emithathu edlule, isakhamuzi ngihola ka $ 30 eziyinkulungwane. Ruble ngesilinganiso ruble 30 dollar ngalinye. Okungukuthi, eqinisweni umholo wakhe kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 1. Dollars. Namuhla, inkokhelo yakhe ingu-30 nje izinkulungwane. Ruble. Yileyo isakhamuzi ngegama uthola esilinganayo njengakuqala. Namuhla Nokho, ngokushesha baqalaza angathengwa kakade okungenani $ 500. Uma ucabanga ukuthi inani elikhulu imikhiqizo ezweni lakithi kusukela phesheya, nakanjani ukwandisa amanani ezitolo sikhiqize inani eliphindwe kabili. Ngenxa yalokho, inkokhelo yangempela wayeseba yisakhamuzi isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka emithathu edlule, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izibalo (ngokulinganisa) nokuka phezu imali yamaphepha angiguquki.

Inqwaba GDP okuzisholo - GDP yangempela kunencazelo efanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinombolo namuhla izinkomba macroeconomic, kubalulekile - kungakhathaliseki isimo sesishintshile emnothweni zibe ngcono.

Okuzisholo futhi ngempela kwe-GDP: GDP deflator

Deflator sinquma kuyanda noma ukuwa komnotho ngenxa ezingeni nesilinganiso izinkomba komnotho omkhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulinganiselwa by ifomula: isamba ukubaluleka amanani emakethe izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo for nyaka, zihlukaniswe isamba ukubaluleka intengo emakethe ngonyaka. Umphumela kufuneka iphindaphindwe amaphesenti ayikhulu.

Wonke la manani ngezansi 100 kuzosho ukwehla kwe-GDP, ngenhla 100 - ukukhula.

Labo abaye bahlola umlando bazi ukuthi AmaKhomanisi athatha izintambo ngo-1917, uma kuqhathaniswa zonke izinkomba yentuthuko "wabusisa" ngo-1913. Kulo nyaka, eqinisweni, uMbuso Russian waba umholi womhlaba jikelele kukho konke yizinkomba zezomnotho. Kodwa eqhathanisa kuphela izibalo zangempela: kangakanani kwaba eqoqwe, kuvuna, ukhonkolo, njll capitalism Khona ngimalile, futhi kwakuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi bangazithola zibiza malini izinkomba komnotho omkhulu ...

Namuhla konke ishintshile. Ezweni capitalism siqhathanisa nezibalo esikhathini amagama ngokujulile ukubaluleka kwaso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuningi kangakanani okusanhlamvu okuvuniwe ngonyaka odlule, kubalulekile - lokho lemali yayibizwa ithengiswe.

ngesisekelo unyaka ngamunye lapho ekuhloleni izinkomba komnotho omkhulu. Njengomthetho, omunye kwezomnotho impumelelo.

Ngokuvamile ithathwe njengesisekelo ngo-2007. Ukuze abale kuyanda noma kuwa omkhiqizo, kubalulekile ukuba afingqe ukubaluleka izimpahla namasevisi 2007 ulwahlukanise yi Izibalo 2008 (noma iyiphi enye, ukuze sifuna okuyinto ukuze uthole Chile). Isamba okuholela iyanda yi amaphesenti ayikhulu.

Ukubalwa Isibonelo GNP deflator

Ngokwesibonelo, isamba sazo zonke izimpahla namasevisi ithengiswe zaba $ 1 trillion. ruble ngo-2007 (izinombolo okunemibandela). Ngo-2008, mayelana nesigameko esibucayi, waqala ukwenza 0.8. Ngakho, deflator GNP izobalwa by ifomula: (0.8 / 1) x 100 = 80.

Akuve GNP ngo-2008 babengu-80% zangaphambi crisis 2007.

Kodwa sithola kuphela umthamo izinkomba bokuzisholo. Ukuze uthole izibalo zangempela, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali akhawunti kanye izinga lwemali olusemthethweni (uma neentjengisi ezikulu zomnotho bathunjelwa akhawunti lwemali kazwelonke).

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2014, i-dollar wanika ruble mayelana 35 ngo-2016 cishe 62 (ikakhulukazi ngeke icabange Yiqiniso ngqo, thina kuphela ababaluleke). The main izinkomba macroeconomic kubalwa in ruble (okungenani kithi kubikwa ezindabeni). GDP Izibalo 2014 cishe kuyafana 2015 (uma isikhulile, akukona).

Ngokwemibandela ucabange ukuthi ngo-2014, futhi ngo-2015 ivolumu GDP ubekade inani $ 1 trillion. ruble, kodwa a ukwehla okukhulu kwamandla nokwanda kokungabi $ 1 trillion. ruble, esizozithenga zamadola ngesilinganiso ruble 62 USD ngayinye esingaphansi cishe angu 45% kunalokho ngesilinganiso 35 k. i-USD

Ngakho, izinga okuzisholo ayizange ithuthuke -. Ruble 1 bhiliyoni, kanye indices yawela cishe 45%.

Yiqiniso, ukusebenza kweSamba komkhiqizo wonyaka wonke wezwe lonke zezomnotho ehola nabezombusazwe ulindele, njengoba umthetho, kumadola. Kulokhu, lo ukwehla kwamandla kazwelonke indima ekhethekile ukudlala ngeke ukucacisa yangempela futhi ivolumu okuzisholo, kodwa kwamandla emali, okuyinto okubonakale dollar, ngokusho ukulinganisela olunzima engafinyelela kwengu-1%.

Ngakho, ukuba zonke izibalo ezidingekayo, kungenzeka ukuqhathanisa okuzisholo / langempela GNP izibalo futhi ukucacisa eziyimbangela kweqiniso emnothweni.

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali uyohlale?

Kodwa kwezinye izimo, i-GDP yangempela GDP okuzisholo? Lokhu kuzokwenzeka uma imigomo ababili bayalingana zero:

• Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali.
• ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke maqondana ezingeni zomhlaba. Okungukuthi, lesi senzakalo kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Ungalokothi, ngokuvumelana izibikezelo zezomnotho, ezweni lanamuhla isicebi, ngokulinganisa kanye real-GDP ayilingani. ' Ngaphandle, yebo, thina ungababaleli amazinga okuzisholo ngonyaka, okuyinto lalimisa athathwe njengoba base. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngesisekelo athathwe ngo-2007, imigomo yangempela futhi okuzisholo kuzoba alinganayo. Kodwa-ke asikwazi ukuqonda Dynamics emnothweni.

isiphetho

Ngakho, saxoxa imiqondo ezifana GDP okuzisholo, GDP yangempela, futhi kuchazwa ifomula deflator, okuvumela ukunquma tekutfutfukisa talelive. Sithemba ukuthi esiphezulu idatha etholakalayo kudalulwe imiqondo. Phela, obumbi emhlabeni kwezomnotho kubalulekile uzulazule imiqondo kwezomnotho eziyisisekelo.