art Classical ngoba ngakho ngokuthi, ukuthi ukubaluleka komkhiqizo ngamunye kufakwe isisekelo sakhe, ihlolwe ngesikhathi. Shakespeare, da Vinci imidwebo, umculo, Schnittke, Rodin - uhlu kungaba eside, ngoba uhlu impumelelo lesintu, wadala engakabi nokwakheka kwalo, mude ngempela igcwaliswe. Futhi abameleli isiko Russian bangaziqhayisa Countryman zabo ezinkulu, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, ingenye kwasekuqaleni udumo phakathi abalobi neyaziwayo jikelele kanye nezincwadi zakudala Russian.
UMdali inoveli Russian
Yebo, ncamashi. Yiqiniso, ukuze Turgenev ezincwadini Russian kwaba eningi bezincwadi eziqanjiwe abanamakhono. "I-Encyclopedia of ukuphila Russian" evesini, eyabhalwa Pushkin, isithombe ngokwengqondo of sonke isizukulwane, adalwe Lermontov e yakhe "Hero ...", nezinye imisebenzi eminingi yamandla ukunikeza ukudla ukuba ingqondo nenhliziyo yabantu Russian, efundile, ithuthukiswe, wachaza, wasiza ukuma ngokomoya abantu abavuthiwe alwa yezwe labo. Kodwa kwakungegazi Turgenev wenza inoveli Russian emhlabeni enkulukazi izincwadi, owethulwa abafundi angaphandle kanye okwakhe yesiko lethu, ukuphila, umlando. Ukushaya emhloleni, imiva we ulimi, isimo esishubile ngesakhiwo, ukubonisa ukuthi izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini nakwezombusazwe umphakathi, umzabalazo yamaSoviet, nobuntu ngokoqobo isiRashiya, ukuqonda ngokwengqondo ezijulile nangekhono emangalisayo we umdwebi weqiniso ngaphezu kokuvamile - lawa izici oluhlukanisa Turgenev le umlobi nesazi nangezinto azidalile engcono. Ngenxa Ivan Sergeyevich izethameli angaphandle kanye baxgeki ezwa ngalokhu mkhuba emangalisayo - ". Inoveli Russian" "Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi Russian", Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi bethandwa ingane yabo okuvela kumbhali babe "Obaba and Sons." Okwakushiwo imisebenzi kubonakala hhayi umndeni kuphela polysyllabic, uma kuziwa kwezokuhlalisana nabantu, civil kanye jikelele, kodwa futhi umbono we Turgenev ngalezi zindaba.
Kungani Obaba and Sons
isikhundla kombhali enovelini ayicacisiwe ngqo. Kodwa kuyinto kahle kulula ukunquma uma uthatha kubukisisa indlela yokwakheka umkhiqizo, ahlaziye izinhlamvu ulimi, uhlelo kwezithombe, ukukhomba indima izakhi ngabanye, ezifana landscape, enovelini. Lokhu ngenhlanhla ithakazelisa kakhulu, "Obaba and Sons." Meaning of umsebenzi wabeka kakade isihloko, kanye main amasu kwezobuciko kokuphikiswa noma upholavuthondaba, usukela kulo lonke inoveli.
Ngakho kungani obaba futhi kungani izingane? Ngenxa yokuthi umkhaya - kuyinto nocezu elincane wonke umphakathi, futhi kuwo, njengoba esibukweni, babonakalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, izingxabano ngezinye izikhathi ezivusa amadlingozi kuthiwa shaking futhi okunomkhuhlane ukwazi komphakathi. Ngesikhathi akhulelwe azale ukulotshwa izimpilo inoveli, ngokuvumelana nomcwaningi Belinsky, "abahlakazeke ukudepha nokunaba" ku ezihlukahlukene enkulu izakhi zalo. Lokhu ezihlukahlukene amafomu kanye sikwazi ukubona nokuqonda "Obaba and Sons." Okushiwo umsebenzi kwembulwa ukungqubuzana phakathi izizukulwane, emibonweni yabo kwezepolitiki, inkolo, isayensi, ubuciko, ukuze izwe nomphakathi kanye oda wonke. Ayikho ingxabano kancane acacile futhi ikilasi, ukugebenga esebenzisa isihluku ngokumelene isizinda ngxabano aqinile ezenhlalo nezinselelo. Umfundi unake, ayesuka isahluko esahlukweni, bawuqonde ngokucace kakhudlwana isihloko ehilela ka "Obaba and Sons." Meaning of umsebenzi akuyona kuphela ukukhombisa ukuqhubeka izizukulwane futhi disengagement (isici jikelele womuntu), kodwa futhi ukuze ubonise ngxabano yokubukwa osungulwe futhi imicabango yabantu futhi entsha eza esikhundleni ubudala.
wacabanga umndeni
Ake sihlaziye lokuqala "wacabanga umndeni" enovelini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isihloko umndeni kuyisici sobuntu Turgenev. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe omdala umlobi wayephila "onqenqemeni isidleke yomunye" futhi ababe naye ngempela ubuhlobo kuyinkimbinkimbi nonina. Ngoba, mhlawumbe, baziswa Ivan Sergeyevich ukufudumala ekhaya, nokuvumelana ubudlelwano phakathi izizukulwane abadala. Umkhiqizo "Obaba and Sons" kugomela lezo zindinganiso okuphakade, ngaphandle okuyilokho, eqinisweni, awukwazi ukuhambisa phambili intuthuko. Kwafakazela isibonelo esibonisa lokhu Kirsanovs umndeni. Arkady, omele asemasha kanye best, nakuba, futhi kuthonywa Bazarov, namanje kuhlobene nabathandekayo babo. Ngisho ngemva kokufika e onqenqemeni otchie esho ukuthi lapha futhi umoya imnandi futhi ezibiza kakhulu futhi eduze kuka-dolobha. Ukwenza uhambo esidlule heroes yakhe, Turgenev wathi Kirsanov uyise wayelokhu ezama zokusondelana indodana yakhe, ukwabelana izithakazelo zakhe, ukuze siphile ngokuvumelana nalokho uhlala Arkady bajwayelane buddies zakhe, ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi isizukulwane esisha ozayo esikhundleni ukuba nontanga yakhe. Umkhiqizo "Obaba and Sons", njengoba sekushiwo, noveli-bokungafani. Kodwa ngenkathi Bazarov, futhi Umphikisi umsekeli oqinile zonke esidlule, "obaba" kuhlanganise, nakuba ngaphandle nibonakala luhlaza nge uyise nonina futhi obala adelele futhi ehleka "Kirsanovs ubudala" umuzwa nokuzwelana akuyona alien kuye. Ngakho, amasiko akini nezibopho engcwele Turgenev. Ukwamukela kwenkathi entsha, umbhali ukholelwa ukuthi akukho nelilodwa ingafinyelela ngokugcwele engu- esidlule kwezinkathi, kuhlanganise ngokuqhubeka izizukulwane.
Amasha namadala
Okwakushiwo inoveli "Obaba and Sons" ibanzi futhi lishonile kunesikhumba kuboniswe ngenhla mbuzo. Yebo, ngempela, isizukulwane young, nge maximalism akhona nomphela ngokuvamile bazibheke ezihlakaniphile xaxa, lesichubekako ngaphezulu, abanamakhono kakhudlwana, ngaphezulu uyakwazi izenzo eziphawulekayo futhi ewusizo yezwe kunalawo kabani yobudala is iphela. Maye, kodwa ngokuvamile kuba. Futhi UNikolai Petrovich futhi Petr Petrovich Kirsanov, abantu abafundile futhi yesimanje abanomqondo ovulekile, kodwa kakhulu ngemuva flying ekhulwini phambili ezimathonsi. New imibono yesayensi, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, imibono yezombusazwe bakuthola kunzima ukuqonda futhi kunzima ukukwamukela ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Kodwa ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi esikhathini esidlule akufanele ezisalayo abhubhise, ukhohlwe ukuyeka, "ecacile", njengoba kwasho Bazarov? Khona-ke, ukwakha indawo entsha cleaner? Nihilist Eugene awukwazi ukudweba isithombe enemininingwane - ngokusobala, akazi, akunjalo uqobo. Futhi okushiwo kule noveli "Obaba and Sons" ngumlobi kubonakala kufanele hhayi kuphela ukugxeka kungamboza ububi engokoqobo isiRashiya, le ebolile esimisweni sezenhlalo, nobudlelwano ngokuvamile abantu, kodwa futhi ukuze afakazele ukuthi awukwazi ayishiye ngokuphelele esikhathini esidlule. IMIPHAKATHI Human balandela esinye kwesinye, futhi ngasinye kusekelwe impumelelo odlule.
umqondo ngemibono futhi ngenxa yobuhle kule noveli
Yini enye noveli "Obaba and Sons"? Umkhiqizo Turgenev ebhaliwe ngezigaba 3. Izinsuku zokuqala emuva eminyakeni 1860-1861, lapho edala umbhalo omkhulu, itulo kwamiswa futhi yakushintsha uhlelo. Eyesibili libhekisela ekwindla ka 1861 - ukuqala ebusika eminyakeni 1862. Ngalesi sikhathi umbhali ngenkuthalo recycles umbhalo, okwenza ngesakhiwo kanye nezichibiyelo esiyinhlanganisela, yelula ububanzi zikhanyiswa izinkinga ngokuhambisana nezinguquko zezombusazwe kuleli zwe. Futhi ekugcineni, esikhathini kusuka February kuya September 1862 futhi izinguquko sokugcina uhlelo lokuqala "Russian Journal" isebenza "Obaba and Sons." Izinkinga noveli - isithombe esicacile ukuhamba oqeda abavamile, le Democrats zokuguqula umbuso; okubonisa entsha, nje uthayiphe isishoshovu nascent kwezenhlalo, nihilist, is wangabaza zonke izisekelo isimo Russian. 238 amakhasi omcane wesandla Turgenev sika seziphelile indaba yokuphila ka-ihlongandlebe Bazarov, ukugxeka nihilism amoral, ukungqubuzana emthethweni, Liberals futhi progressives wamavukelambuso abanomqondo ovulekile, ukudalulwa zefilosofi, ezingokomoya, zesiguli zenkolo, ukuziphatha futhi ngenxa yobuhle, izingxabano zokuziphatha.
Lokho umbhali wafuna ongase uyisho nokuthi yini ngekusho loko lakusho?
Ukuze siqonde okushiwo kule noveli "Obaba and Sons" akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuveza isithombe umlingiswa oyinhloko - a nihilist Evgeniya Bazarova. Umbhali wathi wabona umfanekiso onamandla, ngonya, zasendle ngokweqile futhi zingalawuleki, ethembekile, ivela kubantu, kodwa uzochitheka, ngoba isikhathi asikafiki Bazarovs. Wavuma ukuthi uyazi, uthanda noma uyamzonda isithombe esifanayo azidalile. Phela, umlobi wafuna ukugxeka ngokuyinhloko izikhulu njengoba kwakuke ezinhle, kodwa manje esizokufa, ikilasi ngoludala, ezivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe yezwe. Kodwa Bazarov eyathinteka, futhi kuba ngale uhlamvu ithuthukiswe ukugxekwa yasekhaya kule mpikiswano. Abanye bacabanga main uhlamvu caricature ngonya, lampoon ku esizukulwaneni esisha. Abanye abelethwe Turgenev elithi "nihilist", waqala ukubiza kubo zonke izinhlobo ukweqisa, iziyaluyalu zezombangazwe ezivezwa abafundi. Futhi igama Bazarov sika usuphenduke into efanayo omunye amagama uSathane - Asmodeus. Okwesithathu, ngiphakamisa imibono wamavukelambuso, yamisa Yevgeny Vasilyevich isikhundla sokuba umholi sabo esingokomoya. Turgenev akazange ukwabelana imibono ephathelene nanoma yimuphi omunye, noma wesibili, noma yesithathu. Lesi kwakungesinye sezizathu ukuhlukana ngemibono phakathi umbhali namalungu "Contemporary".
ukuphila anqobe amafilosofi
Yebo, u-Ivan Sergeyevich, nazo zonke uzwela abaqotho ukuba izikhulu kanye nesihawu esanele ukuze Bazarov, futhi abanye nalahla, kanye nabanye. Esikhathini inoveli, wabonisa ukuthi ukuphila kuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene zonke nokuhlalisana kwabantu, izingxabano zezombangazwe, futhi ayikwazi ayifake yimuphi umbhede Procrustean. Imvelo, uthando okuqotho, Lentulo namandla ennobling yobuciko, ukushisekela ubuzwe ngeke sikunqobe iyiphi "ezimkhanukelayo, esinesono, inhliziyo edlubulundayo." Futhi kuze kube namuhla isiphetho namaqhawe usebenza kwenzalo sizinake, zisenza sibe izingxabano, bakhuthazwa ukuba bazame ukuqonda ngokujulile njengoba kungenzeka futhi ufundise wonke ukuba yindoda. Futhi lokhu isici esiyinhloko zabuna okukhulu.