Nucleotide Imininingwane

Molecule ye-DNA kanye izakhi zofuzo buthule

Lonke izwe abahlala yakhiwa amaseli. Izilwane, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izitshalo, isikhunta, nezilwanyana ezincanyana, zonke abantu ngokwabo akhiwa amangqamuzana. Ngaphandle iseli akukho ukuphila. Amaseli sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo, amakhemikhali ukwakheka, umzimba, wonke amaseli nande sokuhlukanisa. Lena isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, bacishe bayifunda yonke eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho oku-1 yesibili zingamashumi ezinkulungwane kwezimpendulo. Ngeshwa, asikwazi ukulawula ubumfihlo amangqamuzana amehlo ethu okuthiwa ngabanye. Lapha bajabulela amasosha omzimba, okuyinto sesiqala nje zinqotshwe. Le ndoda empilweni yakho uholwe isizathu, futhi amaseli kusuka okuyinto yini ukuphila ngemithetho yabo, okuyinto musa njalo uqondane izifiso zethu. Kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze siyokwazi ukuthola lulwimi ezivamile nabo futhi uyavuma ngokuthile okubalulekile kithi futhi ngabo.

Maphakathi amaseli core ngokufanele ngaphakathi okuyinto okokusonteka ku-double helix Watson-Crick eyingqayizivele isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi molecule ye-DNA. Konke molecule ye-DNA ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezincane ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo. Lokhu lisisakhiwo zezici heritable ukuthi ukunquma yethu ukubukeka, ubulili, amandla engqondo, ubude bempilo kanye, phezu kwalokho, ukusinika anhlobonhlobo kwezinso kunqunywa zofuzo, kuhlanganise Oncology uhlamvu.

molecule e-DNA uvalwe awafaka amaprotheni imvilophu ifomu conglomerates ama-chromosome. Ngo amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo ka umuntu, okungukuthi, e emangqamuzaneni omzimba wakhe, kuyinto diploid, noma isethi double lezakhi zofuzo. Ziyakwazi izingcezu 46, noma 23 ngazimbili. pair ngasinye siqukethe iqoqo ngokuphelele ezifanayo kolwazi. Lapho ingqamuzana ihlukana ngazimbili wama-chromosomes ukwehlukanisa, futhi ingqamuzana ngalinye ithola isethi ephelele yolwazi. Ngemva kwalokho inombolo diploid wama-chromosomes kubuyiselwa. Isimiso somuntu germ cells aqukethe Ama-chromosomes e-23, kodwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, lapho isidoda neqanda fuse, iqoqo double wama-chromosomes kubuyiselwa. Ngakho kukhona nenye idatha iduna nensikazi, okubangela i-fetus uthola izimpawu kanye nomama nobaba.

Isiqalo nesigcino zonke zezakhi zofuzo ezikuyi-isethi wama-chromosomes lwegciwane cell, elibizwa ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo zesintu. Ephelele amangqamuzana ezakhi zofuzo zomuntu iqukethe angaba yizinkulungwane 80 zofuzo. Molecule ye-DNA yakhiwe, mhlawumbe hhayi njengoba kunzima njengoba kuyinto yokuqala. It imelelwa izindikimba ezimbili ezinde. Kwayo akhiwe nucleotide. Nucleotide - ekhuthaza kwamakhemikhali ehlanganisa izinto ezintathu: base-nitrogen, deoxyribose carbohydrate wali band acid. Ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane, singasho ukuthi i-DNA yezakhi emhlabeni organic wonke kwakhiwa izinhlobo ezine kuphela ama-nucleotide. Kuyinto izinhlamvu ezine, izinhlamvu ezine zamagama zokuphila: i-adenine (A), ne-thymine (T), i-guanine ne (G) ne-cytosine (C). Basuke axhumene esikuziphathimandla polymer zamakhulu ezinkulungwane nanometer, ezingaphezu kuka-3 budze. Lokhu obuphelele ntambo isingathe. Nucleotide angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 ukulandelana ukuthi, futhi yonke imininingwane zofuzo okubhalwe. Lezi imicu emibili kuthiwa oxhumene by hydrogen izibopho futhi spirally laqina komunye nomunye ukwakha isakhiwo obukhulu lapho izimfihlo eziningi kangaka agcinwe. Ososayensi wabhekana inkinga ukumambula lezi zimfihlo ukuqopha okusha ngezakhi zofuzo zomuntu, okungukuthi, ukuhlonza zonke izakhi zofuzo kanye ukunquma ukubaluleka kwabo. Lowo msebenzi wawubonakala ongenakuvinjelwa futhi esiphuthumayo, futhi ukuqaliswa kwe-project "Human Genome" zaqala ngo-1990.

Ngokuhamba emsebenzini oyisisekelo iye ziqala genomes of abangaphezu kuka-800 ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo, kuhlanganise causative ejenti-bacterium amaningi alimazayo: isifo sofuba, typhus, izilonda esiswini, kanye nabanye. Kubalulekile kakhulu kwemithi. lonke iqembu kwemithi emisha ukuze silwe lezinceku izifo ezihlobene imithi yokugoma iye zenzelwe ngokumelene causative ejenti lezi zifo zidalwe. Le mithi kukhona kuphumelela ngaphezu ngaphambili khona, ngoba babe selectivity isinyathelo futhi ngamakhasimende for isakhi sofuzo and amaprotheni okuhloswe. Inamandla umfutho omuhle yazuza emkhakheni wezokwelapha yamangqamuzana zofuzo isifo ukuxilongwa kanye therapy, ne-genetic engineering siye ngawabo ezehlukile, esiphawuleka kunazo zonke okuyinto mhlawumbe cloning. I-Cloning lizovikela nande okwatholwa okhazimulayo imvelo, futhi esikhathini esizayo yomuntu.

amathemba Incredible kwavulela abalimi. Wadala ku ngesisekelo zofuzo , izitshalo transgenic avunyelwe kakhulu ukwandisa umkhiqizo izitshalo, ngokuphelele ukuqeda ukulahleka kusuka ukhula kanye izinambuzane, nezilwane transgenic ushaye umcabango bethu umkhiqizo walo, ukumelana nezifo, wenzalo.

Criminologists futhi ibe okungenani kulahlwa ubuchwepheshe yabo enikeza kuthembeke ezindabeni ukuhlonza izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu nendaba: .. Iconsi ngamathe, izinhlayiya of izinwele, dandruff, njll Izinkulungwane zabantu abangenacala ezweni bezilokhu elungisisiwe kodwa izigebengu zangempela safike jezisa ngesisekelo isakhi sofuzo ukuhlaziywa. Kwakukhona indlela enokwethenjelwa ukunquma ubuyise, kwabakhulelwe ubuhlobo ukuze balwe ifa impahla, ezivela umkhuba wokusebenzisa umthetho.

Uthole i nemiphumela engalindelekile, futhi eyingqayizivele ezidinga incazelo sina. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphumela Ngokuqhathanisa ufuzo kubantu nge ufuzo ka esihlotsheni sethu esiseduze, yenkawu yabonisa ungubani sekuyaphela ezinkulungwane nemingcele. Cishe zingabantu nje kancane mkhulu kunomehluko phakathi kwabantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene. Le ndoda, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi useduze nakakhulu nezilwane kuka bewukwati ukucabanga. ngezinga eliphezulu ubuhlobo uthola abacwaningi stumped futhi kudinga ukuba izindlela ezintsha kanye nezixazululo. Kungase kube izinguquko ezenziwe ku-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo of eziphilayo ndaba.

Ufuzo, kuhlanganise ikhanda yephrojekthi "Human Genome> F. Collins, liphefumulelwe impumelelo, zavela eziningana izibikezelo ezinkulu ngekusasa eliseduze. Kusukela 2020 emakethe kufanele ubone ikhambi isifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, umdlavuza nesifo sengqondo ethuthukiswe ngokusebenzisa-genetic engineering, okuvumela ngokunembile ukusebenza ku amaseli lilimele. Gene ukwelashwa ku lwegciwane yomugqa amaseli ukugwema izifo sitholwa njengefa. Ngu 2040, sizokwazi ku egciniwe amangqamuzana ezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye, futhi bachitha ahlola izakhi zofuzo abahilelekile ukuguga. Lokhu kuzokhulisa isilinganiso sokuphila umuntu kuze kube iminyaka engu-120, futhi esikhathini esizayo amnike ukungafi oyifunayo kakhulu. Ekugcineni, abantu bazokwazi ukulawula ukuziphendukela kwaso ngokwemvelo. zonke lezi emisebenzi kubonakale kumnandi, kodwa kuyothatha iminyaka, mhlawumbe ephansi kakhulu, kunalabo lapho abacwaningi bathi, zonke kuba ngokoqobo, futhi siyoba abanye.

Nokho, ngisho namuhla molecule ye-DNA yombango izimfihlo eziningi futhi izimfihlakalo. Ikhompyutha ukuhlaziya ufuzo isilwane wasivumela ukuba sithole Ingxenye izingxenye molecule e-DNA ukuthi wenze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Lapha, izazi zezakhi zofuzo bathole amaqiniso ngendlela eyisimanga. Kwatholakala ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi, ingxenye encane nje kuphela wokulandelana ingqikithi ufuzo buqonda amaprotheni. Njengoba umuntu mayelana 2% kuphela ufuzo encode iprotheni 48% zofuzo zinengxenye kuphela esigabeni sokuqala esephepheni futhi kamuva synthesis amaprotheni okwesikhashana futhi ezingaphezu kuka-50% zofuzo yakhiwa non-esephepheni, okuphindayo DNA ehlanganisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, elikhulu inani izinsalela amagciwane esifuze. Lapho siqhathanisa lokhu ngedatha genomes kwezilwane emi emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela isitebhisi kwemvelo, abacwaningi ibhekene kokunye futhi okuyindida. Kwavela ukuthi izilwane esikhathini engezansi ukuvela isabelo-DNA-non-esephepheni lincane kakhulu. Ngo iphesenti imigomo, kanje. Ngakho ama-bacterium, cishe yonke i-DNA isebenza, kuba-90% futhi% 10 kuphela kunjengokungathi engenamsebenzi. Ngo imvubelo, 68% DNA esephepheni, 32% alabo bantu ababengewona ama-esephepheni. Nematodes babe lokhu isilinganiso kuyinto 24% no-76% ngokulandelana. Umzimba uba eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ingxenye yawo wonke ezifundeni esephepheni of DNA incipha, khashana juphe kolwazi esiyindida kithi kwandisa. Lapha, njengoba kubonakala efika kuqala, kulindelwe umphumela okuphambene. F.Krik, njengokuthi "extra" ukwakhiwa DNA "udoti", izindleko kwemvelo kanye nokukhokhwa asele ingxenye ukuphelela. igunya okungahloliwe ka usosayensi iminyaka eminingi wayencisha isithunzi hola ingxenye enkulu molecule esiyingqayizivele. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, nososayensi asilazi igunya, sanquma ukuba ngingcwabe umqondo "okungenamsoco DNA" abaseduze isixazululo okungenzeka imfihlo-non-esephepheni DNA iye yabangela ingxoxo ethakazelisayo emaphephandabeni nakuthelevishini zofuzo. emakhulwini izihloko ezikhuluma ngale ndaba, uphakamise zalotshelwa ngentuthuko eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Kwavezwa abavikeli non-esephepheni DNA, ukwakha mass esibucayi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezithile intracellular, ukwakheka imigqa cut futhi glue e splicing okunye. A DI Mattick, isibonelo, ukholelwa ukuthi-esephepheni non-DNA zonke - namanje buqonda okubizwa ngokuthi asizayo ribonucleic acid, i-RNA.

Sisondela inkinga wengxenye buthule DNA nge Ngakolunye uhlangothi. Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi molecule ye-DNA kulotshwe futhi agcinwe, ulwazi zofuzo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuze ngokuthi ulwazi ezibucayi. Imininingwane ezibucayi lihlotshaniswa izenzakalo iwusongo lwangempela ukuba khona umzimba. ezifana ulwazi isizinda ubuchwepheshe has izici zayo siqu, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Ukuze isifundo abakhethelwa abavamile imvubelo elikulesi iqembu Saccharomyces. Imvubelo kuyinto emangalisayo imodeli into amaseli eukaryotic for ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo emkhakheni wokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo, ngokuzivikela komzimba ezifweni, izakhi zofuzo. Imvubelo Ufuzo msebenzi omkhulukazi, kokubili i-theory kanye kusetshenzisiwe ucwaningo lakhula ngokushesha kakhulu, kwenziwa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1996, kwaba ufuzo zilandelaniswe ngokuphelele imvubelo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, okuyinto Wawugujelwani intuthuko e systematics yamangqamuzana nembiliso. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuqhathanisa ngqo ukulandelana nucleotide e ufuzo yabo. Yingakho imvubelo kanye aye akhethwa njengetekisi into ucwaningo lwethu.

Lolu hlobo imvubelo eyethulwe eukaryotic ezivamile, isb kokuba core cell ububanzi 3 - 7 mm. Fungus ongakwazi ukumelana namazinga okubanda aphansi kakhulu ngisho at okokuqandisa akafi, kodwa kwi freezer kuphela, edonsa zonke izinqubo yakho umzimba. Awu abazizwa imvelo efudumele, kodwa ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla 47 degrees ukuphila kwabo izinqubo okwesikhashana, futhi ezingeni lokushisa 80 - 100 degrees befa.

Ngenxa yalokho, izimo ezibucayi for isikhunta lokushisa iseduze degrees 80. Ukuba nomthelela okushisa ezinjalo ku amaseli ukhunta Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ziye zatholakala ukushintsha nucleotide ukulandelanisa e loci buthule-molecule awo ahlangane DNA. Okuningi umthelela nolaka kuhilelani izinguquko esifundeni esephepheni of DNA ne zisongele ukusebenza umzimba ezincane.

Ngakho, ngo-buthule loci DNA isikhunta eqoshiwe ulwazi mayelana izimo ezingezinhle okusongela ukuphila kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi izimo lapho bamlethela zikhubazeke, kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ukuze usinde nge nakho okunjalo kuklomelisa ngokwabo. Kwake kwathi ngo-mibandela, ukhunta isivele uyazi mayelana nemiphumela eyinhlekelele futhi uthathe zonke izinyathelo ukuba sizigweme. Kwenzeka okufanayo nge amangqamuzana omuntu. Umzimba sihlanganisa amaseli ngezinga elithile bayakwazi inkululeko yokuzimela. Futhi balobe ukwaziswa ezibucayi futhi bazama ukuyisebenzisa njengoba ezisongela ukuphila yeselula izimo zabo. Imininingwane ezibucayi kumaseli liqoshwe njengombhali ebuchosheni, silotshwe emizweni. Njalo ukuzwa, kungaba ebukwayo ehlangana nabantu, izakhiwo, isimo sezwe, lapho lezi eyenzeke, cishe kwaholela enhlekeleleni, izenzakalo, ukuhogela ukunambitheka, emizweni yangaphakathi, ezifana ubuhlungu, umsindo futhi yebo kulotshiwe ku molecule e-DNA. Le ndoda ngasinda, ilwazi kulotshwe amaseli ukholwa ukuthi wayeyoba esimweni ezinjalo kuba lolu lwazi eyomsiza ukuba usinde futhi. molecule e-DNA ayizakhi sasivumela ozinzile futhi ungakwazi ukugcina ulwazi lwabo unomphela. Ngakho-ke, izenzakalo ezibucayi ezilotshwe oyiyo Ingadla, ezindala kakhulu.

Ngokucaca, sizama ukunika isibonelo. Kwasekusithi yasePheresiya ezikude. YasePheresiya yasungulwa BC VI leminyaka. e. Kwakuwusuku umbuso omkhulu kunayo yonke kusukela eGibithe kuze kube eMfuleni i-Indus. Ngo-332 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky wanqoba ibutho uDariyu inkosi yatshaya ecebile edolobheni Persipol. Ukuze ukumelana yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, wabanika leli dolobha izinsuku ezingu 3 amasosha akhe yokuphangwa. Izakhamuzi ephila ngokwesaba. Isigodlo esihle, ekamelweni lakhe, liphindelela ethandaza intombi ebuzwa uJehova ukuze ngithole insindiso. Duzane wema imifanekiso namakhandlela evutha. igalelo Inamandla iphula umnyango nazo zonke ukuqunjelwa kanye egumbini liqhumise ibe oyiqhawe, onamandla. Ingxabano esifushane owesifazane washayiseka, elele equlekile phansi. Yayo idlwengulwa, uzwe inkulumo yesiGreki, indlu inkunzi iya. Umonakalo odaleka owesifazane asinda, futhi phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenhlanhla noma ngeshwa, wakhulelwa. Zonke emizweni lolo suku esabekayo: imifanekiso, amakhandlela, inkulumo yesiGreki, ubuhlungu, ukubhonga ilotshwe molecule ayo DNA. Owesifazane zilethwe ngokuphepha ezandleni lonke ulwazi enganeni yakho. Okuhambayo ochungechungeni eziningana izizukulwane kweshumi lolu lwazi, Ekugcineni, kwahlaluka ukuthi insizwa ezakhini zofuzo esikhathini sethu, futhi, Isimanga siwukuthi, eRussia.

Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu kwaziswa kungadingeka. Ngokwemvelo, kuyoba ezifunwayo usesimweni esifana ukuthi okuyinto utholiwe. Ngesikhathi umzimba kude ephethwe ukuze sisinde, usesimweni esinjalo, kuyoba athutha ukukhiqiza kabusha zonke emizweni nezenzo elotshwe kuyi-DNA yayo. Uma kuyinto esontweni, lapho kukhona izithonjana kanye amakhandlela kuthiwa evutha, sizoqala ukuba unikezele emhlabeni phansi nezinsongo ukumemeza. Kulokhu sithi amademoni ngayohlala naye. Uma yahlatshwa wakhuluma ngesiGreki, sithi esikhathini esidlule wayehlala Greece. Eqinisweni, le nsizwa angizange sengihlale futhi eGreece, futhi ePheresiya, akudingeki amademoni. Uye kulotshiwe molecule e-DNA Imininingwane ezibucayi evimbela ukuba aphile ngokuthula nokuthi ngosizo psychoanalysis, Freud W kungenziwa sisuswe ngempumelelo.

Singathini ekuphetheni ngale ndaba? Imininingwane ezibucayi okusongela ngqo empilweni asemangqamuzaneni omzimba ngokwabo kulotshiwe loci buthule molecule ye-DNA. Kubantu, lolu lwazi kuthatha cishe lonke ivolumu molecule ye-DNA, ngenxa kwesikhathi enkulu khona salezi zimo kwaba omningi. Ngokuvamile izimo zazifana, ngakho esiyibonayo loci buthule in a inqwaba ezinikezwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, namarekhodi ubudala angase acinywe njengoba ulwazi ezilotshwe loci buthule kakhulu ezingaphansi kuka sofuzo esephepheni. Ngakho, waphinda kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngokwemvelo ayikho indawo ukuze kungenzeki nangengozi ukuba, futhi zonke esenzeka it has injongo yawo. Futhi thina, abantu, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi akuyena ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuziphatha kwethu nje isuke ibangelwa isizathu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akusiyo kufanelane nezimo njalo.

Ielikov SL