Northern isitayela modernist e izakhiwo Petersburg

Ukuqala zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili Petersburg imakwe obhekwe isitayela esisha lathumela, esinye sezici nobuntu owawungumnyaka ukusetshenziswa ekuklanyweni izithombe Ingaphandle yezinyoni, izilwane, izitshalo kanye imihlobiso lathathwa temdzabu enyakatho. Bazenzelé yokutakula okuphawulekayo olungaphambili lwesonto omkhulu futhi olukhuni we Petersburg endlini. Isitayela bokwakha, eqhubeka isiko romantic amasiko isiSwidi Finnish, ngokuthi "Northern Art Nouveau". ukubukeka kwakhe kuye kwaba neqhaza umphumela ube ukuqina abalulekile ubudlelwane yaseRussia Sweden kanye Finland. Ngo ubuciko kulawa mazwe, oyinhloko kwagxilwa romantic, ngenkuthalo lisebenzisa izigcawu kusukela epics futhi inganekwane.

Lesi sihloko liqala ukusitshela ngo-ezikhumbuzo eliqhakazile Northern Art Nouveau Petersburg izakhiwo.

izimpawu isitayela

The main izimpawu sangaphandle enyakatho izakhiwo yesimanje akhethiwe nge okukhulu amakhono inhlanganisela yemvelo kanye yokufakelwa yokuqedela izinto. Lapha, ngamunye izinzuzo ingxenye kusukela ukusondela kwabanye.

Isokhethi emdulini livame ukusetshenziswa egwadle Finnish. Ngo isitayela modernist enyakatho inikeza ukucutshungulwa yayo anolaka, khona imvuthuluka ngokushelela abaziwe nohlu tincenye ebaziwe. Le ndiza izindonga phansi engenhla embozwe ungqimba yokuqedela ngezitini noma ukhonkolo ngomala.

Phakathi kwezakhi yomhlobiso zezakhiwo ivelele imiklamo liphefumulelwe izithombe temdzabu enyakatho - flora zayo ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Kuyaphawuleka ukusetshenziswa njalo wombala majolica tile.

Ukuma zezakhiwo, isitayela enyakatho yesimanje, ngempela okukhulu, bokwakha azikho izinto ezincane zokuhlobisa.

Eqhathanisa inhlanganisela ukwakheka kanye bobunjwa, ezihlukahlukene emafasiteleni, inhlanganisela yabo nge izinsika nezindonga ithoni jikelele izindlu olungaphambili lwesonto, eyaqedwa ngo-enyakatho Art Nouveau Petersburg ngomqondo ogcwele wegama yaphenduka isakhiwo abandayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha efaniswe esifanayo emikhulu izakhiwo Ephakathi kanye enyakatho namathafa enamadwala .

Northern izakhiwo modernist Petersburg akatholakalanga izinto eziningi ezinkulu, kodwa namanje ixhumaniswa ezinye Amakhasi brilliant kakhulu emlandweni ukwakhiwa ezweni Petersburg we ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Izici eziyinhloko isiqondiso, okwakubekelwa baziswa izakhamuzi kulesi sifunda, kwaba ukusetshenziswa ngezinto zemvelo - ukhuni netshe, Motifs eliqoshiwe Folk sesakhiwo esikhulu enyakatho futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, nobuhlobo organic ne izakhiwo landscape imvelo yangaphandle.

Northern Art Nouveau Petersburg: Umlando

Kutfutfukiswa isitayela Petersburg waba ngaphansi kwethonya enkulu Finnish, ubungcweti isiSwidi neo-romantic.

Umculi, kuvuleke indlela kusuka emazweni asenyakatho ukuba Petersburg, kwaba Sergei Diaghilev, owahlela embukisweni abaculi zaseScandinavia ngo-1897 eSikoleni of Technical Drawing of Baron Stieglitz. Kamuva Motifs zaseScandinavia abangu wacosha nge abakhi wakhela Petersburg ekhaya engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili isitayela sikhathi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umbhidisi isitayela imibono evela kulowo mthombo wokuqala yayingacacile Friedrich (Fedor) Lidval, omunye abameleli bomphakathi Swedish enhloko-dolobha enyakatho.

Ngo lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha Petersburg esikhathini 1901-1907 GG. Bakhandwa izakhiwo, okuyinto babé yinto ehlukile ukuze ukusabalala e-Austria futhi German ongakhetha yesimanjemanje.

Ochwepheshe phawula elikhulu kumiswa isitayela bokubeka umklami lezo zibalo ezinkulu kule isiSwidi neo-romanticism njengoba Boberg futhi Klasson.

Ifaka isandla esibalulekile ukwakheka Northern Art Nouveau e usaqala laqanjwa ukubonakala izakhiwo, elaklanywa R. Meltzer, ku Stone Island. Kamuva ithonya isitayela bokwakha izisusa Finnish yaba enye yezindawo eziyinhloko. Oyingqopha-mlando elakhiwa ngo-1907, ezifana indlu Putilova eGrand Avenue. Petrograd Side (umsebenzi wezakhiwo I. Pretro), kanye nokwakhiwa Insurance Inkampani "Russia" emgwaqeni. Bol. Sea (umsebenzi umakhi G. Gimpel), kukhona izimpawu ukulandisa okuqondile imisebenzi ozakwabo Finnish - L. Sonck no E. Saarinen. Lokhu Nokho, ochwepheshe bathi, akusho ukululaza ubuntu izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu bokubeka misebenzi.

Engxenyeni eyishumi yokuqala amabili Northern Art Nouveau Petersburg yesibili isibe inkambo main lathumela eladonsa isithakazelo abaklami abasha. Nge lesi sikhathi, ukuxhuma impumelelo eyinhloko N. Vasiliev, umlandeli wangaphambili Romanticism, ezingase zibangelwe ngemisebenzi umbono ngazinye isitayela. Ngenhla Motifs Oriental wabusa enyakatho indaba ephathwayo phambi endlini A. Bubyr (Str. Stremyannaya), kanye uhlaka lokugcina mosque, nezinye izakhiwo eziningana.

Kamuva Northern modernist waba ngokuqinile egxekwa, ezigugile ngokuvamile chauvinistic. Njengoba elinye ithuba okuthiwa modernist chuhonskomu wenza neoclassicism, okuyinto ibekwe njengoba kazwelonke ngempela (bombusi) isitayela. Nokho kwakukhona zonke izakhiwo ezintsha futhi esisha esenyakatho isitayela modernist. Okuhlobisa ubudala wakhala rationalism.

Ornamental amancane umhlobiso sculptural, ukwakha isithombe romantic itsetfwe inhlanganisela esithile sokunakekelwa plastic lemiqulu emikhulu - balcony, amafasitela bay, ophahleni Silhouettes. Ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo, ngokusho kongoti, emafulethini e Northern isitayela modernist, elakhiwa ngo-1910-1915 GG. (UMklami A. Bubyr).

abamele

Northern Art Nouveau Petersburg ethulwa umsebenzi abaklami ehola:

• Vladimir Apyshkova;
• Alekseya Bubyrya;
• UNikolai Vasilyev;
• Alexander Zelenko;
• Fedora Lidvalya;
• George Makaeva;
• Hippolyte Pretro.

Izindlu ezisezindaweni isitayela modernist enyakatho, Petersburg: Top 5 izakhiwo edume kakhulu

Kufanele idlule mzila virtual wabeka nayizimfundamakhwela izakhiwo zikanokusho. It kuholela izakhiwo edume kakhulu eyakhelwe Petersburg enyakatho Art Nouveau, futhi abazi umlando wabo. Lezi zakhiwo ikhasi bhá ku ezikhangayo ikhathalogi.

Bubyr endlini emgwaqeni. Groom, 11

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, i-St Petersburg wezakhiwo Alekseem Bubyrem yathengwa emgwaqeni. Groom izwe izakhiwo. Bekanye umakhi UNikolai Vasilyev master iqala ukwakha indlu yokuhlala, ehlela sizakhele nomkhaya wakhe, futhi lonke efulethini futhi amakamelo ukuqasha. Lesi sakhiwo ngokushesha yatha- waba omunye ezikhangayo ezintsha. Abedlula ngendlela Ngamangala futhi sithokozise izibalo eziyinqaba, ngokucebile kuhlobisa olungaphambili lwesonto yayo. Yikuphi izidalwa kuphela ingabonakali phezu kwezingange zawo: Igwababa inhlanzi, izitshalo kumnandi, izidalwa babezizwe inganekwane nama-legends. A indawo ekhethekile umhlobiso yendlu wanikwa umfanekiso ilanga, sengathi okuhloswe ukukhanyisa ohlangothini eyinhloko endlini zibheke enyakatho: lapha ungatholi imisebe efudumele kwelanga.

Ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka emibili. Ngo-1907 lapho baqala ukuhlala abaqashi entsha. On the zokugcina, phansi lesithupha, umakhi ixazululwe nomkhaya wakhe.

Izici isitayela e isakhiwo nganoma Stremyannaya

Leli bhuloho elihle, ezinde phezu Stremyannaya emgwaqweni, isibonelo esiphawuleka enyakatho ye abaklami modernist Vasiliev, inkontileka eyinhloko umsebenzi zokuhlobisa olungaphambili lwesonto main, ngokuhlanganisa izici eziningi, empini ezikhangayo Russian kanye izikhumbuzo iMedithera.

Ukugcwaliswa bay kusetshenziswa ngetetsamelilwati liletha izinhlangano ne domes ka amasonto ababhishobhi Novgorod, nemishayo itshe, eyakhelwe izinhlangothi zomnyango nelayelo. Umuzi okusikhumbuza drawbridges okuholela izinqaba ephakathi izimpawu solar kanyekanye zivalelise kokubili izakhiwo European futhi isiRashiya, kungabonwa labofenisi yensimbi kanye usimende.

Isiphetho indlu

Bubyr kwaba umninindlu kuze 1919, emva kwempi, kwakufanele bonyana enze sesiya e-Ukraine, lapho ngokushesha ukuphila kwakhe kwadluliselwa kabuhlungu.

Manje indlu lahlala emi endaweni yakhe, futhi njengabanye abantu izikhumbuzo eziningi, uye wabona izinhlekelele eziningi ngaphambili. Lesi sakhiwo lasinda obukhulu ayenawo, impi nokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo. Sathola ithuba ukumbona lezakhamuzi zazo futhi izakhamuzi edume: efulethini yangaphambili umakhi lahlukaniswa laba izindlu zomphakathi, lapha ahlala edumile Eduard Khil. Kamuva endlini wavulwa cafe "Elf", okuyinto bathandile ukuze abuthele atholwe abameleli omkhulukazi ukuthandwa Leningrad komhlaba: Viktor Tsoi futhi Boris Grebenshchikov. Kuyaziwa ukuthi egcekeni lendlu benziwa ngokudubula ifilimu "UMfoweth '.

"Indlu UTolstoy sika" (indlu ka Ukubala inzuzo UTolstoy M. P.) emgwaqeni. Rubinstein, 15-17

Lokhu omkhulu 6 storey indlu ngaphandle isizathu ebizwa ngokuthi "idolobha ngaphakathi edolobheni." Ikakhulukazi isakhiwo yayo ayatholakala emagcekeni ezintathu zixhunywe amavesi akha endaweni yezakhamuzi yangempela, futhi kubonakala sengathi abantu bakuyo le ndawo, ehluke ngokuphelele yonke enye ingxenye yomuzi: kulezi amayadi angu amangalisayo eningi isikhala, kodwa futhi kuhluke ezinye emkhathini yabo ekhethekile . Ukuhlela ukwakheka - Fedor Lidval, ukwakhiwa ikhasimende kwesakhiwo grand - (. 1877-1878 GG) uMajor General Bala Mikhail UTolstoy, ilungu Russian-Turkish impi.

Lidval walithanda emisebenzini yakhe Sebentisa timphawu tekuchaza lapho liphefumulelwe Renaissance. Ekuklanyweni endlini UTolstoy sika ungathola balcony ububanzi on the upper iphansi, driveways, Renaissance nemengamo. Umhlobiso ezahlukene ukuzibamba ngenhloso: a vase enhle ezandleni Cupid emi niches, kuhlobisa zokungena.

Indlu wayezelwe njengendawo yokukhosela ukhathalela abantu bazo zonke izigaba zokuphila: babekhona lapho bebukele Ilungiselelwe njengengxenye ezindlini zikanokusho, elishaqisayo izindleko yaso ephezulu ongakhetha isabelomali nesizotha. Uhlelo banephupho zommbila, ilondolo namanzi.

Lokhu indlu angabhekwa umbhalo isibalo sabantu abahlala kuwo ngezikhathi ezahlukene osaziwayo, phakathi kwabo mlando ushayele umbhali Aleksandra Kuprina, Mikhail Shemyakin, ballerina Irina Kolpakova, umbhali nentatheli Arkady Averchenko, imbongi wamavukelambuso Vasily Knyazev nabanye abaningi. Ezinye amayadi angu endlini UTolstoy sika ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku kungabonwa eza vakashela noma ebuyela ekhaya, u-Anna Akhmatova, I. Brodsky, Dovlatov S., A. Rosenbaum, Valery Gergiev, Raikin, A. Freundlich, O. Basilashvili, M. Boyarsky futhi L. Luppian. Yards futhi ingaphandle isakhiwo ngokuvamile ukukhonza njengephayona okwenza for ukuthwetshulwa movie: lapha ukuqopha "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes noDoctor Watson", "Winter Cherry", "Ukuzalwa Revolution" futhi "Gangster Petersburg".

"Sugarloaf" (inxuluma EG Follenveydera) on the Big avenue, 13

Kamennoostrovsky avenue abadumile ngengcebo yayo esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo eNorthern Art Nouveau. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi exteriors inxuluma, umnikazi wazo ukuthi uyisakhamuzi Swiss, umthungi nabaphakeli weNkantolo Imperial E. Follenveyder, Le ndlu yakhiwe ngo-1905 ngokuvumelana iphrojekthi wezakhiwo Meltzer. Inxuluma kuyinto wesibonelo Northern Art Nouveau, kodwa kuhluke nezinye izakhi Gothic Revival. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi lesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda i eyodwa zokuhlola, yabeka isisekelo ubonakele nje izakhiwo ezisemadolobheni, isiqondiso Northern Art Nouveau.

Isitayela indlu

isinqumo kwesitayela yokwakhiwa sihlehlela emuva emasikweni romanticism zaseScandinavia futhi Finnish. It libhekene malula monumentality amavolumu, imibhoshongo omkhulu, ehlotshiswe etendeni arched. Okumele kuqashelwe esimhlophe usimende izindonga okungafani nge red-tile ophahla futhi grey egwadle plinth. ukubukeka kwakhe kwangaphandle isakhiwo ufana castle noma lasendulo bendabuko zaseScandinavia Art Nouveau isakhiwo, isakazeke ekhulwini XX.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho Isakhiwo sakhiwa, abantu bayo ngokushesha ngokuthi "Sugar Loaf" - okungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa stucco okhanyayo kanye Dome side. Kuyaziwa ukuthi emva kwempi, ngesikhathi inxuluma kwaba esibhedlela. Namuhla, inxuluma ophethe isikhundla Danish.

Mayelana efulethini endlini I. M. Lidvalya ku Kamennoostrovsky pr., 1/3

Kuyaziwa ukuthi 1898, umhlaba Kamennoostrovsky Avenue yathengwa unina umakhi F. Lidval. Lesi sakhiwo umsebenzi wokuqala ezimele umakhi. amasu okusha nombhali, hhayi ngaphambili owaziwayo izakhiwo Petersburg, laliyilungiselelo egcekeni elikhulu, uvulwe maqondana ngaphandle. Le piece, atypical ngokuba Petersburg emafulethini, ngokufaka efulethini enikeziwe semali ukukhanya.

Phakathi imininingwane ehambisana yesimanjemanje, umlobi wasebenzisa cartouche impumuzo, yena ehlotshisiwe emaphakathi portal, sanyathela usuku beqeda umsebenzi kule ngxenye endlini - "1902". Right kusukela ngosuku eboniswe amagatsha Pine nge Izigaxa, okuyinto kungabonwa eduze le nyoni ihlathi Peck norovyaschie ihlezi eceleni hare wakhe. Abalindi Hare waqikelela uphelelwa emahlozini ehlathi yomuntu wakubo omkhulu-eared. Ukuze kwesokunxele usuku, ungajabulela umfanekiso ikhanda lama-lynx ase nomlomo uvulekile, eduze ophezulu on a isikhova legatsha ne ukusabalala amaphiko.

Yangaphandle kuthinta ngokuchichima izibankwa isithombe, big-inhlanzi, amajikijolo asendle, toadstools, Tulips nokunye. Edonsela khona amehlo amawindi amaningi bay futhi balcony, emafasiteleni, ebekiwe umqhele izithombe ezithombe yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Lezi izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala kukhona isizathu ukuthi indlu ohlala kuso kuyakhulunywa ngaso izincwadi ku umlando izakhiwo. Ekuqaleni "izimpi Kuhle" Petersburg (1907), umsebenzi wezakhiwo iye yaklonyeliswa.

Phakathi abalimi big-okuyigama aliqanjwa umndeni Lidval, umculi K. Petrov-Vodkin, umlingisi Yuri Yuriev.

"Indlu izikhova" (efulethini endlini Putilovoy T. N.) ku Grand Avenue PS, 44

Ukuvela kwegama lakhe angakahleleki isakhiwo liyadingeka ukubaza amalulwane adorning olungaphambili lwesonto yayo. Le ndlu yakhiwe esikhathini kusuka 1906 kuya 1907. Umbhali wayo kwaba umakhi uHippolyte Pretro - omunye abameleli Petersburg Northern Moderne. Isakhiwo eyakhelwe yomthengisi Putilova, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-umnikazi we omunye manufactory ezitolo ku Vasilyevsky Island.

Indlu Kuyaphawuleka disorder kwezobuciko, amafasitela tabobunjwa: shirokime, ewumngcingo, dlala, eside. Ngokulandelayo, umbukeli uyakuqaphela khona isinyathelo isinyathelo amawindi bay, ngokuchichima nomhlobiso izithombe ezixubile ethathelwe flora enyakatho, nezilwane futhi temdzabu. Indlu izikhova kuyinto esidumile emzini. In the engekho izakhi zokuhlobisa of endlini ingathiwa ezivamile block Monolithic, ngaphakathi okuyinto kukhona igceke eliphakathi-kahle. Kodwa khona original casings, balcony nezithombe elimangalisayo kokufaneleka olungaphambili lwesonto ongenakulibaleka ngempela. Kufana 'Indlu izikhova "ubhekwa ikhadi lebhizinisi Northern isitayela modernist. Ngo-1912, umsebenzi umakhi phezu mncintiswano the best Pretro mbumbulu wakhomba nayo lendondo yesiliva. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakusho ukuqashelwa ubuhle umlobi.

Wekuvuselela luhlelo amasiko

Ukuze kujabule wonke gourmets nabalandeli ukudla okwehla esiphundu futhi unempilo akuyona kudala eSifundeni Petrograd wavula yokudlela "isitayela modernist Northern". Igama lesikhungo okusikhumbuza kwenkathi, kuphawulwa ukukhula ngezinga elingakaze libonwe Russian ubuzwe, kanye izimbali okungakaze kubonwe ubuciko, amasiko amasu amasha ibhizinisi.

Igama ibonisa ukuqonda abanikazi isidingo ukuvuseleleka ukuqinisa emasikweni kazwelonke. Le restaurant eseduze isakhiwo, okuyinto iwuMnyuziyamu "PetroCongress". izindawo lesidze yangaphandle futhi ingaphakathi zivumelana ubuqobelo semenyu yayo, okuyinto ubuswa izitsha of cuisine zangaphambi wamavukelambuso.