Mackintosh embukisweni in the Kremlin: "Lo Manifesto of isitayela esisha"

Mackintosh ngokoqobo kubonisa lonke Ubunikazi British wesimanje Art Nouveau izakhiwo. Scot ngokuzalwa, wanikela konke ukuphila kwakhe ekwenzeni art yezwe labo abadumile. Ngokuvamile embukisweni ku Moscow ezibiyele ukubeka kuphela yobuciko eziphawuleka kakhulu. Isebenza ngabaculi ziyaphawuleka, Okugweda futhi abaklami elaziwa emhlabeni jikelele.

Umbukiso engavamile, isithombe

Amakamelo One-Insika Chamber of the wezinzalamizi Palace uvele izihlalo zokhuni zika eziphakeme futhi izitayela ezahlukene. On the izindonga hang imidwebo nezikhonzi engavamile.

Eceleni kwabo namathafa e isitayela namaqiniso.

Umahluko phakathi kwezinceku yesimanjemanje Abstraction ngesikhathi kungabonakala ngamunye master Scottish.

Ngenxa abenzi yokuqala indlela lo mbukiso, embukisweni wagcinwa kwenye lokhu lesikhumbuzo lathumela, lapho nemibukiso best Kremlin. Omunye-Insika Chamber, walondoloza kusukela ekhulwini XVII, ngokukhethekile letikhetselwe ihholo lombukiso. Isibhakabhaka isikhungo embukisweni sigcwalisa umsebenzi Mackintosh.

Art British eRussia

Charles Rennie Mackintosh, ogama embukisweni wavula e Moscow - ovelele ngisho ejwayele zonke izinto engavamile British. Gallery of Modern Art Tate Modern ambalwa imidwebo okungavamile, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kanye izakhi okuhlobisa. Futhi izakhamuzi Russia ngokuvamile bencoma art classical, isitayela namaqiniso futhi endulo. Ayikho into engavamile e yokuthi Macintosh embukisweni in the Kremlin baba umuzwa kubalandeli yobuciko kanye izakhiwo.

Charles wazalwa ezikude 1868, futhi wafa ngo-1928. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wakwazi ukubona futhi izingxabano kazwelonke, impi futhi ngezinga lomhlaba wonke. Ezinye izici zokuphila kwakhe kubonakala ngemisebenzi umlobi.

Ummeleli we-Ubuciko School, okuyinto okwamanje yedolobha lezimboni eGlasgow, eScotland uMcIntosh adunyiswe iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Nouveau ngokoqobo BAFOWETHU ngaphansi umdwebo wakhe okulima. Waba evuselelwe futhi ngaqala ukudlala incazelo entsha.

Waphila ekuqa- zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili futhi basebenza ngokukhulu ukuzikhandla okuhlangana izinhlobo eziningana yobuciko.

Modern kabusha

Mackintosh wanikeza wesibili emoyeni yesimanjemanje, okuyinto ekuqa- zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili aqala isikhathi eside kunabo uqobo. Umculi by ubizo, yena kuhlanganiswe ngempumelelo yafaka izakhiwo.

Ukudala imiklamo ifenisha noma ehola shayela ku-canvas, uMcIntosh, ogama show uyathandwa, ayikaze wesabe amafomu amasha, ngokuhlanganisa imibala. Futhi izinto wakhetha ngenxa yendalo entsha, okwenza ngamunye umsebenzi wakhe wenziwe ngokuphelele eyingqayizivele. Yaba incwadi ugqozi main ngamajamo weJiyomethri.

Ngaphambi Mackintosh yobuciko wesimanje ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola ohluke kakhulu. Iyaduma ngesikhathi, umklami isitayela iyathandwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Symbiosis esikoleni yesimanje futhi classical, zokucwaninga kanye nesiko ayikwazanga kangcono emelwe kanye embukisweni in the Kremlin.

Ubani lo Mac?

EScotland, uyise yesimanjemanje ngokuthi Charles Rennie Mackintosh. ithalente yobuciko waphawula ngisho esikoleni esiphakeme, yena ngokuhlanganiswa izifundo kusihlwa eSikoleni of Art Glasgow. Ukuze amakhono akhe avelele, Charles uthole i-scholarship ezengeziwe, okwamenza wakwazi ukuhamba e-Italy naseFrance. Kula mazwe, it is kuhlongozwe obukhulu bokwakha, izikhumbuzo kanye imidwebo. Lapho ebuyela Scotland lwakubo, Mackintosh unqume lokho akufunayo ekuphileni, futhi waqala ukufeza iphupho.

Akazange angabaze ukusebenza nje draftsman ngendlela eqinile yezakhiwo wendawo, kamuva elaba umnikazi. Kakade 1893 Kwakukhona iphrojekthi lokuqala emangalisayo Charles Tower "Glasgow Herald". Charles washada nengane efunda nayo esikoleni kusukela Art School futhi wahlala naye ukuphila okujabulisayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Europe uthethe umsebenzi wakhe ngomdlandla, isibindi umakhi olandelanayo British awawazisanga.

Genius wayeyilungu leqembu abaculi ngokuthi "Quartet." kwamiswa Iqembu phakathi neminyaka umfundi, Charles. It siqanjwe ngo umngane wakhe Gerbert Makneyr, kwaboshwa nodade ababili, uFrances no-Margaret Macdonald. "Glasgow Style" Bebonke, bakusekela wasungula i design entsha ngokuphelele isitayela ngokuthi.

Manje lo mbukiso Charles Rennie Mackintosh - lena brand owaziwa emhlabeni wonke.

Makintoshizm

Charles Mackintosh wazama ukwenza konke yedwa. Yena ngokushesha okukhulu kwafika isitayela kwakunzima ukuba kuthiwe umuntu. Okokuqala, a baxgeki indlela ukusebenza wabiza "ngaphakathi ngaphandle" bese ngokuthi "Makintoshizmom".

Zonke izakhiwo zenzelwe Charles kufanele ukuba yaba khona ngokuvumelana umhlobiso ingaphakathi, ifenisha. Ngokwakho futhi izinto kuwo ekubeni angumzimba owodwa.

Umsebenzi wakhe ukusebenza kakhulu, kungekho-umbhedo, enhle ukuma nenhle. Lokho Charlz Makintosh, ubani lo mbukiso iyatholakala zomphakathi manje isiRashiya, eholwa entsha Art Nouveau ngendlela eyakhayo, kanye esiqinile imigqa izibalo okunembile isakhiwo engavamile.

umsebenzi wezakhiwo

Glasgow iphrojekthi Mackintosh eyakhelwe izakhiwo eziningana. Umsebenzi wakhe kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bona ngempumelelo ukwelekelela zilwane sendawo.

Izakhiwo edume kakhulu Macintosh:

• ukwakha womzalwane Hill House;
• Native Macintosh School of Art;
• esikoleni sendawo Glasgow;
• willow tea amakamelo;
• Church of Queens Cross.

Lezi zakhiwo kuthi akufane nokwenzeka sivala. Charles sigxile ngokukhethekile ngokunembile kule imodeli ukugcizelela izakhiwo okuqondene namasiko yeScotland.

Mackintosh wayengesabi uhlanganise ezakhiweni steel zabo, ingilazi, ukhonkolo.

Ifenisha kusuka umklami

umcabango olungenamkhawulo umakhi nomculi, ayivunyelwe ukumisa khona.

Yena waqala ezihlukahlukene art amafomu. Ngemva izixazululo yimpumelelo lathumela, izakhiwo ezisemadolobheni Mackintosh wasiphakamisa ifenisha. Mac embukisweni in the Kremlin esemnika izilaleli Russian amasampuli umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngamunye ifenisha, eyenziwe umklami, uhlukile. Eyesibili enjalo ayikho. Charles gqizisa ezihlalweni zabo namathebula esiliva, wayakha nabo metal, embozwe koqweqwe lwawo noma ifakwe kubo ingilazi anemibala.

Design of genius

Ngaphezu ifenisha kanye nomklamo izindlu, wadala izikeshi yasezindongeni, izindwangu, amafasitela, umnyango ingilazi amafasitela, fireplaces ngisho amahora. Ukuhlobisa izindonga emizini yabo, wakhuphuka ne-stencil, futhi kwaba lokuhweba wakhe. Ngokuyinhloko ngangiphatha ukuhlobisa zonke rose, okuyinto ebonisa umlobi.

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi Charles Mackintosh ngesineke ezikhangiso ongaphandle nemaphosta. Wayesebenza ngokusebenzisa design amathikithi, ukukhangisa nokunye.

UMklami necebo isignesha yakhe wefonti. Incwadi ngayinye, ezifuywa kubo, ngakho-ke kubhekwa omuhle wobuciko.

imidwebo

UMcIntosh akazange umbu- Umdwebo evamile. Lapho esemusha, waba nesithakazelo ngaphezulu Umumo ngakuthathu ezingase ukwakha.

Lapho esegugile okokuqala esikhundleni ngepeni lokudweba ibhulashi. Eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo, Charles ngenkuthalo zaveza namathafa, namanje Lifes. Konke lokhu kwenziwa watercolors, siqu, isitayela sakhe kalula.

Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-imidwebo bayigugu kakhulu, ngoba zadalwa hhayi abaningi kangaka, nabakholelwa ngamunye imidwebo yakhe kubhekwa impahla yomphakathi eScotland UK iyonke.

Yini ukubona ngaleso show?

Museum e Glasgow ayikwazanga ukuhumusha yobuciko yezakhiwo Macintosh futhi kungagcini imisebenzi ezincane, kodwa akukho esingaphansi nabafuna izikhundla.

Kungaba kubhekwe njengento ziphephile eyinhloko embukisweni:

• Macintosh isithombe ngesineke emifanekiso namathafa yeScotland;
• ifenisha esiyingqayizivele, njengoba izihlalo namathebula;
• izibuko;
• Amasampula Interiors;
• stencil ngamagama odumile lombhali;
• izibani.

Okwavelela iqoqo kwalethwa izakhi wezangaphakathi, okuyinto uMcIntosh wenza oda abantu ngabanye waseGlasgow futhi emaphandleni aseduze. Kulesi igumbi kukhona itafula, isihlalo noma ngisho esibukweni akhiwa nomklamo walo. Zonke ndawonye kudala Ukwakheka njengoba kukhonjisiwe umdwebo wakho ngumlobi. Futhi eRussia kwalethwa futhi ezinye izinhlobo ifenisha kusukela salon itiye isitayela Chinese.

Ngaphandle esiqinile ukulandelana yakhelwe ifenisha isekelé ubuqotho kwezobuciko njengento art. Ngakho-ke, uma lo mbukiso sidalwe Macintosh ku ezibiyele, owafika waseScotland izivakashi kahle belulekwa ozakwabo Russian.

Ngeshwa, ezinye izinto ukuthi bekufanele kube on the show, uye wahlupheka ngesikhathi umlilo. Ngo-Glasgow, luvutha ukudalwa-Macintosh, i-School of Arts. SaKhe Alma Mater. abameleli School okwakulindeleke ukuba adlulisele abanye amakhophi imisebenzi Charlza Renni Mackintosh for embukisweni in the Kremlin Museum, kodwa engakwazi ngenxa yale nhlekelele.

Lapho bezwa lokhu, abamele embukisweni eMoscow uzwela yabo futhi sethemba ukuthi isikole bazokwazi ukuthola i-ngokushesha futhi siqhubeke sisebenze wabathengi yabo esikhathini esizayo.

Isigodlo nzalamizi, noma kunalokho Insika zawo Chamber, eye isingathwe ngokuvakashela mbukiso, eqiniseka empumelelweni yayo. Lo mbukiso isibe uhlelo lonke uchungechunge nemibukiso ukuthi aphethwe eminyuziyamu the Kremlin eMoscow. abagqugquzeli embukisweni siqhubeke sifeza icebo lakhe. Bazama ukwethula Muscovites nezivakashi emzini abameleli evelele kunazo futhi ezivelele emhlabeni yobuciko namuhla futhi nale minyaka eyikhulu edlule.

Omunye-Insika Chamber, ngemva kwemizamo eminingi, kwakuyinkinga ekugcineni abuyiselwe ngo-2005. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke okokuqala nginquma ukushintsha ehholo for Imibukiso. Kuphela embukisweni engcono eMoscow ungase uthole khona.

Chamber - isikhumbuzo kweqiniso bokwakha yombango, okuyinto beza kithi evela ekujuleni ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Phakathi ukugubha iminyaka engu-200th of khona ezibiyele iminyuziyamu kule sakhiwo kwaku Umbukiso grand yokudumisa Emperors Russian futhi le Armoury.

Abasebenzi of the Russian Museum bajabula kakhulu ngethuba ukubeka ku zako usebenza Mackintosh. Mackintosh embukisweni in the Kremlin iqala umsebenzi wayo.