Lev Vygotsky: Biography, isithombe lokusungula

Usosayensi Ezivelele Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, imisebenzi emikhulu lapho zifakwe Isikhwama segolide zomhlaba kwengqondo, kwadingeka eziningi empilweni yakhe eyathatha isikhathi esifushane. Wabeka phansi eziningi Amathrendi yabenza pedagogy kanye psychology, abanye imibono yakhe asalindele ukuthuthukiswa. Udokotela wengqondo Lev Vygotsky ingeyamakhosi Umthala lososayensi oluvelele Russian, elihlanganisa erudition, amakhono brilliant mphendvulo kanye ulwazi olujulile ngokwesayensi.

Umkhaya kanye Childhood

Lev Vygotsky, ogama biography iqalwa umndeni elichumayo yamaJuda edolobheni Orsha, wazalwa ngo-November 17, 1896. Igama lakhe ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwaba Vygotsky, yena usushintshile kokuqala ngo-1923. Igama likaYise, Simcha, kodwa ngendlela Russian ngokuthi imbewu. Abazali Leo zazifunde nabantu abacebile. Umama wayezikhandla njengoba uthisha, uyise wayengumuntu yomthengisi. Umndeni Leo kwaba yesibili kwezine eziyisishiyagalombili.

Ngo-1897, Ukuthutha losizo Gomel, lapho uyise waba iphini umphathi webhange. Wengonyama enganginaso kusukela ebuntwaneni kuphephile, umama sonke isikhathi esisisebenzisela izingane. Indlu futhi izingane zazikhula ubhuti Vygodsky-kumfowabo esithile uDavide, eyaba nethonya elinamandla Lev. Indlu ngokunenzuzo yayiyisikhungo kwamasiko lapho nezazi bendawo babuthana, kuxoxwa isiko izindaba kanye nemicimbi emhlabeni. Owami ubaba wayeyisidakwa, umsunguli umtapo lokuqala zomphakathi emzini, izingane kusukela ebuntwaneni ojwayele ukufunda izincwadi ezinhle. Ngemva kwalokho, umndeni kwaphuma khona Philologists ezimbalwa ezivelele, futhi ukuze lihlukaniswe umzala walo, ummeleli iwukugcina isiRashiya, Leo nokushintsha incwadi egameni.

yokufunda

Ezinganeni, umndeni wamenyelwa inzuzo uthisha wangasese uSolomoni Markovich Ashpiz, eyaziwa yokufundisa indlela yakhe engavamile esekelwe "inkhulumomphendvulwano" USocrates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphikelela ukubukwa zezombusazwe enenqubekela phambili futhi wayeyilungu Social Democratic Party.

Leo kwamiswa ngaphansi kwethonya uthisha, kanye umfowabo kaDavide. Kusukela ebuntwaneni yayinesithakazelo izincwadi nefilosofi. sefilosofi yathe ayeyithanda Benedict Spinoza waqala, futhi lokhu usosayensi wokuzilibazisa kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa ukuphila kwakhe. Lev Vygotsky wafunda ekhaya, kodwa kamuva ngempumelelo kudlule luhlolo sangaphandle ekilasini lesihlanu sokuzivocavoca futhi ngafunda esikoleni sawo ebangeni 6th abafana angamaJuda ', lapho imfundo yesibili. Leo wafunda kahle, kodwa ngithola izifundo ngasese ngesiLatini, isiGreki, isiHebheru nesiNgisi ekhaya.

Ngo-1913, lapho ngempumelelo ukumelana izivivinyo yokungena eMoscow University Faculty of Medicine. Kodwa ngokushesha kakhulu zihunyushelwe umthetho. Ngo-1916, ebhala eningi Izibuyekezo izincwadi abalobi wesimanje, izihloko ku isiko kanye nomlando, zibona on udaba "Jewish". Ngo-1917 unquma ukuhamba emthethweni futhi ukuhumusheka khono zomlando-philological wase-University kubo. Shanyavsky, owathweswa iziqu ngemva konyaka.

pedagogy

Ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi, Lev Vygotsky wayebhekene inkinga umsebenzi. Wayengumuntu nonina nomfowabo omncane uqale waya Samara indawo, bese uya Kiev, kodwa ngo-1918 wabuyela Gomel. Lapho uxhuma ukwakhiwa esikoleni esisha, lapho waqala ukufundisa umfowabo omdala uDavide. Kusukela ngo-1919 kuya ku-1923 wasebenza ezikoleni eziningana e Gomel, futhi ungusihlalo walo weBhodi Yemfundo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho mfundiso isizathu ngocwaningo lwakhe ekuseni izindlela kwethonya esizukulwaneni esisha.

Yena ngokwemvelo ingena lesichubekako ukuthi isiqondiso isikhathi pedological, okuletha ndawonye Psychology pedagogy. Vygotsky lidale laboratory zokuhlola Gomel ekolishi, okuyinto kwakhiwa Psychology wakhe kwezemfundo. Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich isikhulumi esebenzayo izingqungquthela libonakala kuwo ososayensi ensimini entsha. Ngemva kokufa usosayensi lusebenza ku izinkinga kumiswa amakhono nokuqeqesha izingane, zizokwenziwa zibe zenziwe incwadi esihloko sithi "Psychology Sikhungo". Kuyoba iqoqo izihloko mayelana ukunakekelwa, imfundo tebuciko, izinhlobo ukutadisha nengane kwengqondo futhi uthisha ubuntu.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Isayensi

Ngesikhathi ngisafunda eNyuvesi, Lev Vygotsky unesithakazelo kwemibhalo, ukushicilela imisebenzi eziningana Poetics. Umsebenzi wakhe phezu ukuhlaziya "Hamlet" ka-William Shakespeare kwaba igama elisha ukuhlaziywa kwezincwadi. Nokho, umsebenzi ehlelekile yesayensi Vygotsky iqala zokwenza omunye sphere - ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo imfundo kanye psychology. umsebenzi wayo waholela laboratory zokuhlola, eyaba igama elisha pedology. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, Vygotsky wathatha izinqubo engqondo kanye nezindaba kwengqondo ithonya imisebenzi sathishela. Imisebenzi yakhe ethulwa ngesikhathi izingqungquthela eziningana yesayensi, kwaba egqamile futhi eyingqayizivele, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba abe Vygotsky sokusebenza kwengqondo.

Indlela e-Psychology

Imisebenzi yokuqala Vygotsky ezihlobene izinkinga nemfundo yezingane normal, lezi zifundo ungazange kuphela yabeka isisekelo ukusungulwa Defectology, kodwa futhi abe umnikelo sina ekutadisheni ephakeme nemisebenzi yethu engokwengqondo amaphethini engqondo. Ngo-1923, ngesikhathi Congress psychoneurology kwenzeka emhlanganweni kwesibhamu nge sokusebenza kwengqondo oluvelele AR Luria. Wayelethwa ngokoqobo ngilinqobile umbiko Vygotsky futhi waqala ethutha Lev Semenovich eMoscow. Ngo-1924 Vygotsky wabizwa ukuba azosebenza ngesikhathi eMoscow Isikhungo Psychology. Khona-ke kwaqala bhá, kodwa esifushane zokuphila kwakhe.

izithakazelo yesayensi zazingafani kakhulu. Wasebenzelana izinkinga efanele ngesikhathi Reflexology, wenze umnikelo obalulekile cwaningo imisebenzi yengqondo ephakeme, futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana uthando lwakhe ekuseni - mayelana pedagogy. Ngisho ngemva kokufa usosayensi kuyoba incwadi ehlanganisa iminyaka yakhe eminingi yocwaningo, - ". Psychology lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu" Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich kwaba indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo, futhi leli bhuku liqukethe zibona yakhe izindlela eyisisekelo Psychology nokuhlola. Ikakhulukazi ezibalulekile iyona sigaba obumbi ezingokwengqondo, inzalo 6 izinkulumo zososayensi ziye okungavamile, lapho uhlala ngezindaba eyinhloko Psychology jikelele. Vygotsky akazange ukuphatha ukumambula ngokujulile imibono yabo, kodwa waba umsunguli we eziningana izitayela isayensi.

ithiyori Cultural-zomlando

A indawo ekhethekile umqondo ngokwengqondo Vygotsky kuthatha theory kwamasiko-komlando psyche. Yena ngo-1928 owenza isitatimende ngokugqamile ngesikhathi ukuthi isimo senhlalo ungumthombo oyinhloko nentuthuko yomuntu siqu. Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, elisebenza pedology ezahlukene indlela ekhethekile, kufanele wayekholelwa ukuthi ingane sidlula izigaba kumiswa psyche, hhayi kuphela ngenxa izinhlelo ezingamagciwane, kodwa futhi inqubo yentuthuko "amathuluzi ngokwengqondo": isiko, bakhuluma luphi ulimi, ama-akhawunti ohlelweni. Consciousness eba ngokubambisana nokuxhumana, ukuze indima isiko ekubumbeni ungubani ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Le ndoda, ngokusho izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, emphakathini ngokuphelele komphakathi, nangaphandle, imisebenzi eminingi engqondweni akunakwelashwa kwakhiwa.

"Psychology of Art"

Enye ezibalulekile, ukuvula incwadi, egcwele abadumile Vygotskiy Lev, - "i-Psychology of Art". Ekukhanyeni Kwathi eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokufa lombhali, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi wenza bayilibale emhlabeni yesayensi. Igalelo eyaba nalo wazibonela abacwaningi ezivela emikhakheni ehlukene: Psychology, yezilimi, Ethnology, ubuciko umlando, yokuhlalisana kwabantu. Umqondo oyinhloko Vygotsky kwaba ukuthi art yisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi eminingi engqondweni, kanye nemvelaphi yawo kungenxa Yebo zemvelo kwemvelo. Ubuciko isici esibalulekile sokusinda labantu, ke wenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emphakathini nokuphila kwabantu ngabanye.

"Ngomcabango kanye Yokukhuluma '

Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, ogama izincwadi namanje ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kuye kwadingeka isikhathi ukushicilela umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. Incwadi "ngomcabango and Speech" Lo magazini uye waba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa langempela Psychology isikhathi sakhe. Kuyo usosayensi ngakwazi ukwenza ngandise imiqondo ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu abangu zavela futhi ithuthukiswe nesayensi yebuhlakani, psycholinguistics, Psychology nomphakathi. Vygotsky Ucwaningo wafakazela ukuthi kwakhiwa umqondo womuntu is futhi athuthukiswe nje emsebenzini yokukhuluma. Ngezinye ulimi olufanayo futhi singabantwana futhi iyindlela inkanuko umsebenzi ngokwengqondo. Wathola uhlamvu kumiswa stadial yokucabanga futhi wethula umqondo wegama elithi "crisis", manje esetshenziswa yonke indawo.

umnikelo Usosayensi ukuba isayensi

Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, ogama izincwadi manje ebezidinga ongazifunda zonke izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe esifushane kakhulu isayensi wakwazi ukuphonsa esivivaneni amaphuzu ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi eziningana. Umsebenzi wakhe uye abe, phakathi kwezinye izifundo, umfutho ukuze kwakhiwe psychoneurology, psycholinguistics, Psychology yobuchopho. Its umqondo zamasiko nezomlando of ingqondo kuyisisekelo isikole sonke yesayensi kwengqondo ukuthi iningi ngenkuthalo basungula ekhulwini lama-21.

Akunakwenzeka ukululaza okomnikelo Vygotsky, ukuthuthukiswa defectology ezifuywayo, Psychology zemfundo. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe namuhla kuphela uthole kokuhlaziywa yabo yangempela nokuthuthukiswa emlandweni Psychology Russian manje endaweni udumo uthatha igama njengoba Lev Vygotsky. Usosayensi Izincwadi namuhla njalo zibhaliwe, eshicilelwe okusalungiswa yayo futhi imidwebo, ukuhlaziywa elibonisa ukuthi anamandla kangakanani futhi original babe nemibono yakhe futhi izinhlelo.

abafundi Vygotsky sika kukhona ukuziqhenya Psychology kazwelonke, futhi kube nezithelo ekuthuthukiseni imiqondo yakhe. Ngo-2002 wakhipha umqulu ncwadi usosayensi "Psychology", okuyinto aye ahlanganiswa namanye ucwaningo zalo eziyisisekelo kuleli amagatsha eziyisisekelo zesayensi, njenge jikelele, ezenhlalo, emitholampilo, Psychology, kanye psychology zentuthuko. Namuhla, lesi sifundo kuyinto isisekelo wonke amanyuvesi wezwe.

ukuphila Siqu

Njenganoma yimuphi usosayensi, Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, Psychology okuyiwona isibe kuyindaba yokuphila, isikhathi sakhe esiningi wanika umsebenzi. Kodwa ngo Gomel wabonakala umakoti kuthambekela futhi kamuva umkakhe - Rose Noevna Smekhova. Laba bobabili waphila ukuphila ndzawonye - iminyaka engu-10 kuphela ubudala, kodwa kwaba umshado ojabulisayo. Lo mbhangqwana wayenamadodakazi amabili: Gita futhi Asya. Bobabili baba ososayensi, Gita Lvovna - wezengqondo futhi owelapha, Asya L. - Isazi sezinto eziphilayo. Okuqhubekayo ngokwengqondo lwamakhosi isazi nomzukulu - Elena Evgenevna Kravtsova, ngubani manje uphokophele Institute of Psychology yaqanjwa kumkhulu wakhe.

Ukuphela Kwendlela

Emuva e-1920 ekuseni Lev Vygotsky isifo sofuba. Waba imbangela yokufa kwakhe ngo-1934. Usosayensi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku futhi waqhubeka esebenza ngosuku lokugcina lokuphila kwakhe wathi: ". Ngilungele" Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila wezengqondo abangu nzima esihle igridi amafu azungeze umsebenzi wakhe. ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu okwakusondela yokushushiswa, ngakho ukufa wamvumela ukuba ugweme baboshelwa uzigcinile umndeni wakhe ekujezisweni.