Lamazwe aseBalkan futhi indlela yabo ukuzimela

Isifunda Balkan evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "powder Keg" yeYurophu. Futhi akukho ngozi. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili khona manje bese kuvela empini nasezingxabanweni zabo bonke osayizi. Futhi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala waqala lapha, emva Sarajevo wadutshulwa ngemvula yezinhlamvu wabulawa yindlalifa yobukhosi base-Austria-Hungary. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo lamazwe aseBalkan baye babhekana omunye ukushaqeka sina - ngokuqondile nokuwohloka eYugoslavia. Lo mcimbi kakhulu ushintshe ibalazwe zombusazwe Region Europe.

esifundeni Balkan nokuma kwezwe yayo

On endaweni elincani ayizinkulungwane 505 amakhilomitha square zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwe aseBalkan. I geography, inhlonhlo ye-wehlukile kakhulu. ugu Its kakhulu dissected wageza ngu ezilwandle eziyisithupha. Insimu aseBalkan, ikakhulukazi sezintaba kakhulu dissected ngu zigodi ezijulile. Nokho, iphuzu esiphezulu kule nhlonhlo - Mount Musala - nedotyagivaet futhi kuze kufinyelele 3000 metres ubude.

nezinye izici ezimbili zemvelo ayisibonelo kule ndawo: kuba inqwaba eziqhingini ezincane off ugu (ikakhulukazi Croatia), kanye okwandile izinqubo Karst (okuyinto eSlovenia iyona Karst abadumile, eyasebenza njengodonga amagama donor ngoba iqembu ethile landforms).

Peninsula, igama livela egameni Turkish Balkan, okusho "bulala esikhulu ezinamahlathi." Umngcele esenyakatho Balkans ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngokusebenzisa imifula iDanube futhi Sava.

lamazwe aseBalkan: uhlu

Namuhla ensimini ka aseBalkan, zikhona izinhlangano eziyishumi zomphakathi (phakathi kwawo - 9 uthi ozijameleko eyodwa - ingxenye eyaziwayo). Ngezansi uhlu kubo, kuhlanganise lamazwe aseBalkan inhlokodolobha:

1. Slovenia (inhlokodolobha - Ljubljana).
2. Greece (Athens).
3. Bulgaria (Sofia).
4. Romania (Bucharest).
5. Macedonia (Skopje).
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo).
7. Serbia (Belgrade).
8. Montenegro (Podgorica).
9. Croatia (Zagreb).
10. I-Republic of Kosovo (ingxenye neyaziwayo isimo nekomkhulu lalo ePriština).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye ngeengaba lesifunda emazweni Balkan baphinde futhi Moldova.

lamazwe aseBalkan endleleni yentuthuko ezimele

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX wesibili, zonke izizwe Balkan babe ngaphansi kwejoka Turkey kanye Austro-Hungarian Empire, okungase neqhaza ekuthuthukeni kwabo yobuzwe namasiko. Esikhathini 60-70s kwekhulu elidlule emazweni aseBalkan kwaqina nezifiso wenkululeko kazwelonke. lamazwe aseBalkan, omunye ngemva komunye, uzama ukuwuthola endleleni yentuthuko ezimele.

Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba Bulgaria. Ngo-1876, ukuvukelwa lapha, okuyinto Nokho, wabulawa ngesihluku ukuyiveza ngu abaseTurkey. Bethukutheliswe izenzo ezinjalo olunegazi, zabulala Orthodox baseBulgaria angaba yizinkulungwane 30, eRussia iqale impi ngo-abaseTurkey. Ekugcineni, Turkey waphoqeleka ukuba aqaphele kutimela Bulgaria.

Ngo-1912, kulandela isibonelo baseBulgaria yathola uzimele geqe futhi Albania. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBulgaria, iSerbia Greece ukudala okuthiwa "Balkan Union" ukuze ekugcineni ukugqashula ejokeni Turkish. Ngokushesha ngemva abaseTurkey baxoshwa nhlonhlo. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwawo kwaba kuphela sendaweni encane kuwo umuzi omkhulu waseConstantinople.

Nokho, ngemva ukunqoba bo ejwayelekile mabonwabulawe lamazwe aseBalkan sebeqala bexabana bodwa. Ngakho, Bulgaria, ngokusekelwa-Austria-Hungary ehlaselwa Serbia bese kuba iGrisi. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, uye walungiselela ukwesekwa wezempi Romania.

Okokugcina, ezinkulu "powder Keg" I Balkans baba June 28, 1914, lapho abangamaSerbia Sarajevo Isimiso wabulawa yindlalifa yobukhosi base-Austria-Hungary, i-Prince uFerdinand. Njengoba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okuyinto ngasondelana cishe wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu, futhi kwamanye amazwe e-Asia, e-Afrika ngisho Central America.

I nokwahlukana eYugoslavia

Yugoslavia yadalwa ngo-1918, ngokushesha ngemva ukuvalwa of the Empire, Austro-Hungarian. Inqubo lokubola yayo, olwaqala ngo-1991, kakhulu ayeshintshe ekhona ngaleso sikhathi kumephu nezombangazwe zaseYurophu.

Okokuqala esasiya, ngenxa okubizwa ngokuthi sezinsuku ezingu-10 empini, ngafika Slovenia. Kwalandela Croatia, kodwa empini phakathi eCroatia namaSerbia eyathatha iminyaka 4.5 futhi zadlula nokuphila okungenani 20,000. Ngesikhathi esifanayo baqhubeka iMpi Bosnian, okwaphumela ukuqashelwa isimo esisha Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Omunye izigaba lokugcina nokwahlukana eYugoslavia iye abe inhlolovo wokuzimela Montenegro sika, okwenzeka ngo-2006. Ngokusho imiphumela, 55,5% we eMontenegro zavotela secede iSerbia.

ukuzimela Shaky kweKosovo

17 Februwari 2008 Kosovo Republic unilaterally imemezele ukuzimela kwayo. ukuphendula omhlaba ngokunanzelela kulo mcimbi yayingacacile kahle kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, Kosovo njengoba geqe, beqaphela ukuthi kuphela 108 ezweni th (aphume amalungu 193 UN). Phakathi kwabo - United States nase-Canada, Japan, Australia, iningi zamazwe e-EU, kanye kwamanye amazwe e-Afrika naseLatin America.

Nokho, ukuzimela weRiphabhulikhi ayikahlanganiswa obonwa Russia nase China (okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu -UN Security Council), okuyinto ayikuvumeli Kosovo ukuba abe ilungu egcwele izinhlangano main ngamazwe emhlabeni.

Ekuphetheni ...

amazwe Modern Balkan aseqalile nohambo lwabo ukuze ukuzimela ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Nokho, kumiswa imingcele emazweni aseBalkan azikaluphothuli.

Kuze kube manje, amazwe ayishumi sibeke ngaphakathi esifundeni Balkan. Lena Slovenia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Serbia, eMontenegro, eCroatia futhi isimo Kosovo kancane ayibonwa.