Kuyini ulimi agglutinative?

Bambalwa abathanda ukufunda izilimi ngokuya ithiyori yabo. Ngokuvamile wonke umuntu onesithakazelo nje uxoxe nabantu bakwamanye amazwe ngolimi lwabo kunokuba ukuqonda ukuthi kungani tento netichasiso liziphathe ngandlela-thile. Noma kunjalo yezilimi Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi kusiza ukuphendula imibuzo efana: "? Ngolimi lwesiNgisi - inflectional noma agglutinative" ukusetshenziswa Eziwusizo ongelutho kule kancane Nokho, ukuqonda ngemcondvo, kungaqondakala wathi "basebenza" ngezilimi, futhi qhubeka nokuhlola yalo cishe intuitively.

Umlando wesayensi yezilimi

Abantu abavamile nje ukuxhumana ngaphandle ngokuhlaziya ukuthi bakwenza kanjani lokho, futhi kungani inkulumo ethile Kumiswa ezinjalo empeleni, kunjalo. Noma kunjalo, kukhona labo uyazibuza ukuthi yini imithetho yazo ehlukene zakhiwa. Futhi labo bantu ababenesithakazelo ke esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwesintu, ngokoqobo owasungula le isayensi namuhla esikwazi ngokuthi i yezilimi. Manje kunzima ukusho, ngubani owabeka itshe izimpande zawo, ngoba namuhla lesi siyalo sehlukaniswe isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa amagatsha. Kodwa kuze kufike yezilimi zanamuhla, umsunguli wayo kungenziwa ngokuthi nososayensi waseMelika Leonarda Blumfilda. yobushoshovu bakhe beza ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, futhi ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ugqozi abalandeli bakhe ukuba bangagcini ngokushumayela ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, kodwa futhi isicelo sabo esisebenzayo.

Ngesikhathi ukwenza typology okuyinto libhekene ulimi njengoba lakhiwa ucishe ngesisekelo izimpawu ezivamile kakhulu, sinqatshelwe. Le nkinga engakaze basingatha kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo XX leminyaka, lapho bamukela ngezigaba entsha esekelwe imibono Fridriha Shlegelya futhi Wilhelm von Humboldt. izinhlobo morphological izilimi - amorphous, agglutinative, inflected - egqanyisiwe nje edlule. Kuyinto nabanye anezele futhi uyaqhubeka ingasetshenziswa namuhla.

Izinhlobo Izilimi Modern

yezilimi Modern isebenzisa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

1. izici lwetakhi telulwimi :

• kohlaziyo;
• zokwenziwa.

2. Izici morphological:

• ukwahlukanisa;
• ulimi agglutinative;
• inflectional noma fusional;
• incorporative.

Ukudida le mikhakha yomibili akufanele kube, kodwa eqinisweni cishe zonke izilimi nangokuvikela kuhambisane zezibalo. Noma kunjalo, nakhu kubhekwa izinto ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Futhi morphology kulokhu ethakazelisa kakhulu.

agglutinative

Leligama lisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela e yezilimi, kodwa futhi, isibonelo, i-biology. Ukuphendukela Latin, okuyinto, uma singakubeka kanjalo, "umama" seningi imigomo, nezwi izwakale ngokuthi "Ubuhlobo obuseduze". Agglutinative uhlobo ulimi kusikisela ukuthi ukwakheka Emayunithi lamasha lucebe kwenzeka axube base noma impande izingxenye ezengeziwe (affixes): .. tijobelelo, ticalo, njll Kubalulekile ukuthi ngamunye formant oluhambisana nenani elilodwa kuphela, kuleso simo zikhona cishe akujiki kwimithetho isiZulu kanye conjugation. Kukholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo omdala futhi kancane athuthukile kuqhathaniswa ne inflected. Nokho, kunobufakazi obubonisa kanye iphuzu okuphambene buka, inqobo nje uma kungekho nesizathu sokucabanga izilimi bakudala ngaphezulu agglutinative.

Izibonelo zahlukahlukene: i Finno-Ugric futhi Turkic, isiMongolia futhi isi-Korean, isi-Japanese, isiGeorgia, Indian kanye kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika, kanye iningi tandziso yokufakelwa (Esperanto, Ido) basonta kuleli qembu.

Lo mkhuba agglutination angabhekwa isibonelo ulimi Kyrgyz, okuyinto has a iyunithi isichazamazwi, okuyinto angadluliselwa Russian ngokuthi "dostoruma". "Dos" - isisekelo, okusho "umngane". Ingxenye "Torus" libhekisela ubuningi. "Ingqondo" lubekezelela uphawu okuqondene umuntu wokuqala, okungukuthi "lami". Ekugcineni, "a" isho umenziwa ongaqondene ngqo nomlandi. Umphumela "abangane bami".

inflectional

Kulesi formant iqembu ehilelekile bheke singase sithwale izici eziningana phakathi kwezakhi zolimi kuhlobene. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, yenzeka isiRashiya.

Igama elithi "green" iyona -th ophela, ngokuhlanganisa izimpawu ilungelo umenziwa ongaqondene ngqo nomlandi, buningi wesilisa. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi inflections formant.

Ngokwesiko, lolu hlobo izilimi zihlanganisa izilimi cishe zonke esitebeleni Indo-European: isiJalimane, isiRashiya, isi-Latin futhi zamaSemite futhi Sami amaqembu. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi isimo ukulahlekelwa inflections njengoba zokukhuluma. Ngokwesibonelo, i-English zokugcina futhi basonta kuleli qembu, futhi manje, eqinisweni, cishe kohlaziyo ekulondolozeni iminonjana ambalwa. Esinye isibonelo salokhu ukuguqulwa kungenziwa ngokuthi Armenia, wathonywa tandziso kakhulu Caucasian futhi waguquka waba isigaba ezifanele. Manje ulimi agglutinative.

ekuvikeleni

Ukuze lolu hlobo libhekene ukungabi pheze ephelele morphemes. Bheke ikakhulukazi kwenzeka ngamazwi umsebenzi ngemisho isakhiwo eqinile ngisho buviyoviyo.

Isibonelo esiphelele kulesi sigaba kuyinto sesiShayina classical lapho nhlobo into okuthiwa Nokwehla we titfo tenkhulumo kanye isenzo nalesitako. Ukuze akhombise ukuthi isenzo esikhathini esidlule, noma ngabe kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo, ukusetshenziswa isikhathi kanye nesimo amazwi ngezinye izikhathi sokusebenza. Ukuveza izesekeli esetshenziswa nemisipha, futhi ukuhlanganisa nezindaba - izinhlayiya ekhethekile. Kulokhu, ukuliqonda ngokunembile okushiwo imisho kufezwa ngokusebenzisa kanzima kwemagama emshweni. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane is nasemkhakheni Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao.

close kakhulu lolu hlobo nesiNgisi, cishe ngokuphelele elahlekile izibonakaliso Ukuphakama kwephimbo.

ifakwe

Lesi sigaba empeleni esasisesisha, Ayibalwa ku typology classical, it has Kuningi ukufana okukhona phakathi agglutinative. Eqinisweni, lezi zenzakalo ezimbili kukhona yemvelo efanayo futhi ngokuvamile zitholakala ndawonye. Noma kunjalo yezilimi ihlukanisa kubo, bekholelwa ukuthi uma agglutination kuthinta kuphela izwi, ukuqala kungabonakala nasemkhakheni lonke isiphakamiso, ie iyunithi kungaba ukuveza eziyinkimbinkimbi ngamazwi-okuzisholo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

okuxubile

Endaweni ehlukile, lolu hlobo akuyona isehlane, zikhetha ukubiza noma omunye amafomu zesikhashana isandiso, uma kokubili izimpawu Ukuphakama kwephimbo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuze izici ezithile labizwa ngokuthi i ulimi agglutinative. Lokhu isiRashiya, zaseCaucasia, abansundu isiJuda, uBantu, North American nabanye. Zivame ngaye ngokuthi zokwenziwa, ecacisa degree of Ukuphakama kwephimbo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kunzima ukwaba agglutinative, inflected, ukwahlukanisa nezilimi zokuhlanganisa e injalo elicwengekileyo. Ngandlela-thile, cishe njalo isibonelo uyothwala izici elincane lonke. Lokhu kungenxa kokubili ukuziphendukela, kanye nokuxhumana eduze izilimi emhlabeni namuhla inqwaba nemalimboleko futhi ukope.

ukuthuthukisa izilimi

Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, abacwaningi bacabanga mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ukucabangela zanamuhla futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, akukho neragelo phambili kulesi siqondiso kakukabi khona. Iqiniso liwukuthi e inqubo ekuthuthukiseni ulimi zingashintsha typology, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izikhathi eziningana. Lokhu kwaba ngesikhathi esithile isizathu ukuthi ngezigaba badela cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka.

Noma kunjalo, lesi sihloko ngokwawo bezijabulisa kakhulu, futhi yezilimi zanamuhla inikeza eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningana ezihlobene:

• kwemvelo Convergent. Kusolwa ukuthi ulimi ngamunye eba ngu imithetho yayo siqu, ekuzuzeni futhi ukulahlekelwa izici ezihlukahlukene ngalo akunakubangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene. Kulesi Isifaniso kanye nje kwaqondana nezinye nezandiso ngokuvamile ngephutha.
• kwemvelo Kuvunguza. Kukholakala ukuthi zonke izilimi agglutinative ekugcineni uphendukela Ukuphakama kwephimbo. Khona-ke kancane kancane balahlekelwa, ke uguqulwa abe uhlobo olubamba ukushisa. Ngemva kwalokho ulimi futhi emuva ngandlela-thile iphindela agglutination.