Kufuduka Biogenic zama-athomu. Ukusakazwa izinto kanye kwemvelo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

kufuduka Biogenic kwama-atom - uhlobo olukhethekile kwegazi ubunjalo chemical ezenzeka ngezithukuthuku izinqubo ezibalulekile eziphilayo. Ngaphansi nezimpilo waqonda yabo ukuphefumula, umsoco, imifanekiso, ekuqongeleleni kanye noqhekeko izakhi organic.

Iyini i-Biosphere

Edumile emhlabeni Academician VI Vernadsky okokuqala wethulwa nomqondo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Yena ziqala ke njengendlela igobolondo eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Le ndawo ukuba khona kokuphila kwakuyindaba umphumela nokuxhumana abaphilayo-non-eziphilayo izinto. Kulokhu, zonke izinto eziphilayo kukhona Umsebenzi oyinhloko uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye ahlobene kuzo zonke izindlela kunokwenzeka.

Izinto eziphilayo iqoqo zonke ndaba ophilayo emhlabeni eyaziwa njengamanje. Ngamunye wabo isisindo yayo, amandla kanye zokucathula amakhemikhali ukwakheka.

Ngokusho Vernadsky wathi ukuthi yonke into ephilayo ihlobene imvelo imisinga ama-athomu, ukufuduka biogenic okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa ithonya amandla elanga.

Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-Jikelele Lwamakheli kuyizinto imifanekiso, ukukhula futhi umzimba yezinto eziphilayo.

Kubaluleka kufuduka biogenic

kufuduka Biogenic zama-athomu kuboniswa ngesimo kunyatheliswa izinto ngokwemvelo. Okuthiwa yizakhi biogenic ukuthi abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinto njengomoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, carbon, i-phosphorus, i-iron, manganese, zinc, calcium, potassium, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziningi wezinto ezingaphili.

Eqinisweni, ngokwemvelo kukhona omningi isotopes izakhi zamakhemikhali, kodwa hhayi bonke ingxenye yezinto eziphilayo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zinezici isici esiyingqayizivele buthelela izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye compounds zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ingxenye ephilayo kungabonwa izakhi okwandile hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ezingavamile kakhulu. Yini ithakazelisa kakhulu, ingqondo endabeni eziphilayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinye endaweni ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo aqukethe carbon izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili angaphezu kuka-ke yakhiwa uqweqwe, nezikhathi amathathu njengoba nitrogen eningi.

Kulokhu, ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi eziphilayo linenani ezahlukene izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-bacterium yensimbi buthelela ngokwabo omningi yensimbi, kuyilapho rhizomes buthelela calcium ne izimila zasolwandle - iodine.

Biogenic ama-athomu kufuduka kuholela yokuthi ngaphansi kwethonya eziphilayo ingahluka Valence samakhemikhali. Kanye izinhlobo ezintsha amakhemikhali akhiwa. Cishe amane namaminerali edume kunazo ngenkuthalo abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo, njengoba ukuthuthelwa biogenic zama-athomu. Futhi indoda ukuthi isiqinisekiso ngqo.

Umthetho kufuduka biogenic zama-athomu

Lo mthetho owethulwa Vernadsky futhi anehlathululo kubaluleke kakhulu theory kanye nama-practical. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali zenzeke eplanethini yethu, ihlobene eduze umsebenzi samanje nesikhatsi lesengcile microorganism futhi awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ikhumbula izakhi kanye izici biotic. Futhi lapha akunakubangelwa kwethonya izinqubo kwemvelo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abantu babe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu phezu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; Zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi abantu lokuphumula lakwakhe, ngakho bayakwazi ukuba senze izinguquko ezinkulu ukuze inqubo enjalo, njengoba ukuthuthelwa biogenic zama-athomu e-Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Ngokusho kwalo mthetho, wonke ophilayo kuyinto phakathi Sun ne-Earth. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, unikezwa ezikhiqizwa njalo amandla libalele futhi kuqhathaniswa njalo le planethi, singaphetha ngokuthi inani eziphilayo ndaba kumele kube njalo. iphethini ezinjalo ziye zachaza Vernadsky ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Mayelana imijikelezo biogeochemical

Imijikelezo Biogeochemical - lena kwegazi olukhethekile amakhemikhali uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lapha indima juqu eyadlalwa eziphilayo. Ngoba impilo sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zidinga umsoco othile ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani ukuphila. Kunamaqembu amabili izakhi: makrotrofy futhi mikrotrofy.

Ngu makrotrofnym izinto zihlanganisa izingxenye ezifana ukuthi ukudala chemical ngesisekelo zonke izicubu eziphilayo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-oksijini, carbon, i-hydrogen, i-sulphur, magnesium kanye nezinye izakhi.

Kodwa ukuze mikrotrofnym izinto zihlanganisa izakhi mkhondo futhi compounds zabo, kunesidingo sokuba khona izinto eziphilayo ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu. Ukuze ukulandelela izakhi zihlanganisa zinc, ithusi, manganese, chlorine, nensimbi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke biogenic noma izakhi kungenziwa isetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ngemva namaminerali biogenic izinqolobane akuzona njalo. Ezinye inombolo yabo uxhumekile futhi ingxenye biomass ophilayo. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, kwehlisa isibalo tincenye letisele ku-ecosystem.

Uma izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso akazange ahileleke inqubo ukunwetshwa, izimpahla zonke izakhi izwe lalingeke eside kusukela neligwadulekile, kanjalo nokuphila kule mbulunga enguMhlaba kwakuyodingeka eside kusukela wanqamuka.

Cabanga indlela imijikelezo biogeochemical ezinye izakhi.

carbon umjikelezo

Omunye umthombo obaluleke kakhulu carbon kuyinto carbon dioxide eziqukethwe umkhathi, futhi wavala emanzini. Le nto esetshenziswa nezitshalo synthesis organic compounds.

Phakathi nenqubo ye-photosynthesis, carbon dioxide uyakwazi ukuguqula izitshalo izinto izakhi organic ukuthi bakhonze njengamaphayona izilwane ukudla main.

izinqubo ezifana fuel amandla omlilo, ukuvutshelwa nokuphefumula kwezimila, bayakwazi ukubuya ketshezi ku imvelo. Ngokusho ososayensi, umkhathi iqukethe mayelana ayisikhombisa namashumi bhiliyoni amathani ketshezi, ngenkathi hydrosphere - angaba ngu ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu bhiliyoni. Minyaka yonke, ngenxa inqubo ye-photosynthesis ukukhula isitshalo ndaba emanzini futhi liqhube imisebenzi yezolimo kuba amathani eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisihlanu bhiliyoni, ngokulandelana.

nitrogen umjikelezo

Imijikelezo Biogeochemical nitrogen kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya amathonya ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nitrogen nitrate zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela amaprotheni ke ukuthuthela urea ku-ammonia ne iguqulwe emuva zingene ifomu nitrate.

phosphorus umjikelezo

Indlela elula imijikelezo biogeochemical e imvelo phosphorus umjikelezo. izinqolobane yakhe eyinhloko eziqukethwe kwamadwala bavezwa ukuguguleka inikezwe phosphate zabo simiso semvelo ehlukile.

izitshalo ezinjalo zisetshenziswa phosphate, futhi uzisebenzise synthesize izinto eziphilayo. Izitshalo zidla ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngakho, lapho befa futhi ishabalale, phosphate babuyela enhlabathini bese umquba zisetshenziswa futhi ukuze izitshalo.

Izimiso Biogenic ka Vernadsky

Ngaphansi kufuduka biogenic zama-athomu ezihambayo becabanga izinto, namandla uxhumano yabo izifunda ecosystem. Ngokusho Vernadsky ukuthuthelwa biogenic kungaphansi ezimisweni ezintathu ezibalulekile kakhulu. Cabangela lokho ososayensi bathi:

1. kufuduka Biogenic njalo ukulwela ukukhulisa ukubonakaliswa yayo.
2. Zonke ndaba eziphilayo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli in a njalo futhi okuqhubekayo chemical exchange nge yonke. Kanye ziyadalwa futhi osekelwa Amandla elanga.
3. Evolution of zinhlobo, sandla ukuvela amafomu amasha okusimeme eziphilayo, kuphumela ukusheshisa ukuthuthelwa biogenic zama-athomu e-Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lokho kwenza lokhu okusheshayo chemical ukuguqulwa izakhi.

Umqondo umjikelezo yemvelo

Ukuze ukuphila Emhlabeni kuqhubeke unomphela zonke izinto eziphuma ezintweni eziphilayo kumelwe uphendukisa endaweni ijika avaliwe.

umjikelezo eziphilayo - lena kuphela indlela yokuhlela ukuphila. Ngenxa wokugoqa kwazo zonke izinto, nezinye izinto eziphilayo uthole ukondliwa kwabo. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo yayo, isixhumanisi e supply chain. Breaking up, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ukunikeza izinto zabo nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Ungayithathi kalula indima nezilwanyana ezincane. Bashintsha izinsalela izilwane nezitshalo izinto eziyisisekelo eziphilayo esetshenziswa izitshalo eziluhlaza for synthesis ndaba entsha organic.

Umjikelezo begazi izinto olunikezwa Imiphumela lokubola. compounds Inxanxathela siqale ukubola, ukukhulula ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi amasheya amandla ukulahlekelwa ulwazi, futhi kwakheka inorganics entsha uqale lonke uchungechunge futhi. Ngenxa nezilwanyana ezincane uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; uyakwazi self zemvelo.

Isebenze lomjikelezo begazi eziphilayo okuqondene amaqembu ahlukene taxonomic ophilayo. Bayakwazi ukuxhumana nabanye ngokusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene ukuxhumana. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yonke into eziphilayo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli zinengxenye umjikelezo ngokusebenzisa eziwukudla.

Yini imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-ndaba zokuphila ezingezinhle uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Ngesisekelo kufuduka biogenic zama-athomu ezihambayo amanga izinto. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi ihlaziye zonke izakhiwo a kufuduka ezinjalo, bakwazi ukufinyelela eziphethweni ngalokho imisebenzi eyenziwa yibo bonke ndaba abahlala kuyo yonke iplanethi ewuMhlaba. Ake sicabangele kubo:

• Amandla. Izinto eziphilayo bayakwazi buthelela izakhi ethathwe ukudla ngokusebenzisa eziwukudla.
• Ezokuthutha. umzimba ngamunye uyakwazi ngokudlulisela i izinto eziphilayo.

• Lokuhlushwa - eziphilayo buthelela umsoco ukuphila kwabo futhi uwasebenzise Ukuklanywa komzimba.
• Imvelo ukwakha. Zonke izinto eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuguqula nemingcele zamakhemikhali nezingokwenyama imvelo.
• Onakalisayo. Angenele aligugu izidakamizwa wezinto ezingaphili.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo we nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni

Evolution kungenziwa ngokuthi engelapheki zomlando izinguquko ekuphileni. Lo mbono isekelwe ezimisweni ezine:

1. inzalo okweqile. Zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo nande ngokushesha okukhulu. Nokho, akubona bonke inzalo uyasinda, ukuze bonke abantu uzinzile.
2. I wokulwela ukuphila futhi kusiza ukulawula yenani labantu.
3. Ukuba khona nomehluko omncane. Njengoba bonke abantu abahlala ahlukile, izinhlobo ezithile abe makhulu amathuba okuba basinde, kuyilapho abanye mancane.
4. Ufuzo. Ulwazi lezinceku is badabula umzali enzalweni. Manje, ngenxa umehluko ngofuzo, abanye abantu bayakwazi ukusinda isikhathi eside kunezinye.

okutholakele

Ngaphansi kufuduka biogenic zama-athomu ezihambayo becabanga izinto. Le nqubo engapheli futhi cyclical, ngakho ukuphila Emhlabeni likhona futhi izikhathi zethu. Ngenxa ukuvivinya zonke izinqubo womuntu yokudala emhlabeni baqala sidilike.