Izimo eziphuthumayo uhlamvu zemvelo. Incazelo, ngezigaba

Isifushaniso esithi eziphuthumayo (eziphuthumayo) ukuqonda isimo esithile negative wadala ngenxa ngokunzulu komthelela kwezendalo izici ezihlukahlukene. Insimu ukusatshalaliswa yabo ziyahlukahluka kusuka endaweni encane emizini yonke, amazwe noma, uma kukhulunywa nje, ngisho emhlabeni wonke. Kuye umsuka Esimweni esinjalo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana. Iqembu ngalinye, esikhundleni salokho, ingaqukatha izincazelo eziphuthumayo eziningana ezifanayo.

Izimbangela isimo kakhulu kungaba izingozi ezahlukene ezimbonini namabhizinisi (ikakhulukazi ekubhekaneni chemical, ezempi, noma ezinye yingozi zezimboni). Futhi lapha kubalulekile kubala nezinhlekelele zemvelo, izici ezingezinhle noma ebonisa ukuthi awuphilile engqondweni zemvelo, kanye nezinye izingozi komuntu futhi imvelaphi yabantu. Njengomthetho, okuvela kuyo eziphuthumayo imayelana nani imiphumela engemihle amaningi: e ngandlela-thile kubangelwa ukulimala imvelo, impilo yabantu noma impahla yabo.

Izinhlobo inhlekelele yemvelo

izimo eziphuthumayo uhlamvu zemvelo has efanayo nenqubo jikelele njengoba ezinye izinhlobo izimo eziphuthumayo. Ikakhulukazi, kungase wendawo noma basakaza endaweni kahle esikhulu. Esinye sezici isici ukubukeka yawo engokwemvelo. Lokhu kumele kufake yingozi imihlola Geological (subsidence, mlilo), Peat futhi ushisa amahlathi, okukhulu imihlola Meteorological (ezifana iziphepho, isichotho esikhulu, iziphepho zeqhwa, whirlwinds noma izimvula yezimvula). Kukhona uhlamvu yemvelo eziphuthumayo zihlanganisa inhlekelele kwamanzi (izikhukhula), okukhulu inkathazo nokuqubuka, ubhubhane ezithathelwanayo phakathi kwezilwane nabantu, izinguquko ukubunjwa emoyeni noma imvelo yasemanzini.

Iningi ngeengaba ngamazwe eziphuthumayo kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukungcola, elingalodwa iqembu ehlukile. Izizathu ngesinqumo esifana ibangelwa umsuka okuxubile izinhlekelele zemvelo: idlala nethonya ebalulekile womuntu indima oqondile, ngenkathi isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa noma isiphepho esibi zenzeka, kungakhathaliseki umthelela izici yabantu. Kodwa emazweni CIS, zonke bafakwe isigaba esisodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinhlekelele kufanele futhi kwenziwe isibaluli ubunjalo izinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngakho, kukhona amaqembu ayinhloko amabili kuphela: eziphuthumayo yemvelo kanye eyenziwe.

Ukwahlukanisa izimo eziphuthumayo uhlamvu zemvelo eRussia

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa eliphezulu isayensi nobuchwepheshe, umuntu eqhubeka abe sengozini emvelo kanye ezinsukwini zakuqala yendlela ebukeka ngayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele, lapho amalungu uqalisa ajwayelekile, indlela yethu ezimisiwe zokuphila futhi ushintshe ngokuphelele ke. Ukuhlaziywa ngezimo ezisheshayo ezenzeka emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kunikeza umhlahlo esidumazayo. Ngokusho kososayensi nenombolo izisulu eziphuthumayo kwandisa njalo ngonyaka (ngesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-8.5 we). Sami izinhlekelele zemvelo ziye zaba elimazayo ezingaphezu kuka amaphesenti 4.3. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuba uhlelo evuthiwe wokubikezela nokuvinjelwa izenzakalo ezinjalo emhlabeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini sethu, kusobala ukuthi umthelela yabantu enza nomthelela izindlela okuvela esiphuthumayo. I nezikulu ezibonakala engahleliwe izinhlekelele zemvelo kungase kubangelwe noma izenzo zethu siqu ngaphandle kokucabanga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaholela ekwandeni e ukuvama izikhukhula eRussia futhi kwelulwe kakhulu endaweni ukusatshalaliswa zalesi simo esiyingozi.

Sekukonke, izwe lethu imihlola-30 ezingokwemvelo ezibeka kuthikameze abantu. Amandla nokucekela phansi kunazo zonke kubo babe iziphepho, izivunguvungu kanye neziphepho. Livni, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze ezibaluleke ngokukhethekile ezindaweni sezintaba. Umlilo ihlathi kuyadingeka ukuze balondoloze umzabalazo yonyaka kuleli afanayo ehlathini. Ngenxa namanje ampofu yokuxwayisa , eziningi izenzakalo ezichazwe ngenhla abe yingozi nakakhulu.

Ngokwezibalo, avame sihlangane eziphuthumayo Lokudabuka komoya (28%), endaweni yesibili kukhona ukuzamazama komhlaba (24%) kanye indawo yesithathu elalihlala izikhukhula sesizini (19%). Nokho, cishe amane amaphesenti yonke indawo Russian ezibhekwa esishintshashintshayo agcwele ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba - esinye esikhulu kakhulu zemvelo inhlekelele yemvelo, ukubikezela ukuthi kunzima kakhulu. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu akunakwenzeka. Isimo nzima yokuthi lezi zindawo zitholakala ezinye ngemisebe ezinkulu enobungozi amakhemikhali izinto.