Izigaba kokuqala ukuthuthukisa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni

natural sciences zenzelwe ukusiza isintu siyazi njengoba sizithanda thina kanye umhlaba osizungezile futhi Yiqiniso, ukuthola indlela eplanethini yethu owasungula ukuphila zonke izinhlobo zawo futhi ukubonakaliswa. Ngaphandle kokuya le nemfundiso yenkolo kokudaliweyo ibutho eliphakeme ngokomoya - Nkulunkulu, sizofunda hypothesis ngemvelaphi ndaba ophilayo, nesebenzela biology. Izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kuyosisiza ukuba embule inkinga yomsuka nokubonakaliswa emhlabeni.

Ukumelwa ososayensi mayelana kwemvelo yasendle

Uma sibuthene zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kokubili zanamuhla futhi yokuqothulwa, uthola inombolo yezinkanyezi - kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zilwane. Akumangazi ukuthi ososayensi, ebebaphila ezahlukene, yayifuna ukuthola izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, okuholela ukuvela lezi izinhlobo eziphilayo, kanye ukwakheka izithombe yesimanje bemvelo. Umsunguli we taxonomy Karl Linney ekhulwini le-18 sisekelwe eenkambisweni kwale sayensi "Lutholakala kusukela e-eziphilayo," okuyinto enhle kakhulu ukuthi ukuphila ungenziwa kuphela uvuke nga pre-existing imfuyo ephilayo. Onomusa akazange avumele ngisho inhlansana yokuthambekela okubizwa ngokuthi isizukulwane nokuguqulwa eziphilayo. Isazi sezinto eziphila kuleli German Ernst Haeckel wayengowokuqala ukusikisela umqondo we monophyletic - umsuka zonke izinto eziphilayo zisuka kukhokho oyedwa. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck futhi ngikhulumele umqondo yefomu unicellular yokhokho, okuvela kuyo okwenzeka kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kufinyeta bonke ngenhla, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi isayensi ekhona umbono umsuka wokuphila zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili. Okokuqala - abiogenic, sifaka imibono mayelana ukwakheka eziphilayo ndaba imvelo ezingaphili (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Okunye - biogenic, Buhlanganisa nomqondo ukubukeka eziphilayo kuphela uhlobo yabo (Virchow, Onomusa, Darwin).

Kungakhathaliseki eziphilayo eyinhloko kwadingeka ukuthi kunohlobo oluvamile yokhokho

Izigaba lokuqala ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, futhi abiotic (chemical), khona-ke inkathi ukubukeka biopolymers (amaprotheni acid nucleic) ngokuthi prebiological futhi, ekugcineni, esigabeni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (kumiswa eyinhloko eziphilayo owumphumela). Bakhandwa ahlanganisiwe futhi okuthiwa biopoeza. Abanye abacwaningi (isib, D. Bernal, S. Miller) ezihlongozwayo umbono ka progenote - amadlozi, kusukela lapho archaea, eubacteria, amaseli nucleated. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi eukaryotes Akuvelanga kusukela progenote, futhi babe umphumela Symbiosis, noma kwakheka ngenxa yezinguquko yangaphandle ulwelwesi protobionts. Cabangela lo mbono kabanzi.

Umbono ka Oparin - Haldane

Phakathi izinguqulo eziningi zesayense, ezama ukuchaza lomkhuba, aziwa isayensi njengoba esigabeni pre-begazi ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni ukuphila, ethandwa kakhulu umbono coacervate lehla. It is owasungulwa Russian usosayensi A. I. Oparinym. imibono Okufanayo ayebizwe ngamabizo umcwaningi British D. Haldane. Ososayensi imibono eyathinta eside kwaziwa eziphilayo hypothesis yesizukulwane nokuguqulwa zokuphila.

Ingqikithi yalo mbono ka coacervates

Academician Oparin wasikisela ukuthi iqembu molecule organic compounds, esukela chemical esiteji izinqubo ungase udale isikhumba ngokwanele aminyene. Kanjeyana they bahlukaniswa isobho primordial - amanzi imvelo wolwandle lasendulo. Lezi amaqembu usosayensi molecule ngokuthi coacervates. Babekwazi khona ezimele, Ngokuqhubeka ukwabelana isixazululo eyinhloko. Ukuze kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokusho Oparin, property coacervates iphathwa ikhono zikhule kanye nokwehlukaniswa (reproduction). D. Haldane, bancika nakho Miller-UJüri, okwakubekelwa Ucwaningo etholwe izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi organic ingxube methane, ammonia, i-hydrogen, nesikhutha. Wawunamabhodi amino acid molecule ushukela. Lokhu kuye kwaholela kungenzeka izakhiwo ahlukene - probiontov.

Ngokusho Oparin futhi Haldane, izigaba yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, okuholela kwetinhlavu izakhiwo eziyinhloko - sikakhokho amaseli, wanikeza isisekelo sokubona kuchutjekwe neluhlelo lwekwenta ka kwemvelo eziphilayo ndaba. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-ucwaningo ososayensi baye eyenziwe ngempumelelo izimo kungenzeka ukuthi kungase kube emkhathini futhi ulwandle e-primary, okungukuthi lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezelwa, ionizing emisebeni nokuphuma esithweni sobulili kagesi.

Probionty kanye nezici zabo

Izigaba zokuqala ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni - i Hadean, Archean bese, imakwe aphuma coacervates self-ukuhlela (probiontov) kuya eyinhloko amaseli eziphilayo. Wenziwa okwabangelwa izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele probiontov: akwazi ukwakha inhlobo ulwelwesi isehlane, kungenzeka amafomu elula yokuzala, exchange eziyisisekelo kanye yangaphandle imvelo inqubo. molecule Self-ihlelwe nucleoprotein, okubangelwa esigabeni zamakhemikhali, enikezwa emihlanganweni probiontov okubonakalisa izakhiwo ezibalulekile kakhulu yokuphila daba - ikhono ukudlulisa ilwazi zofuzo.

Izici Zabantu eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo

Kwaphela isikhathi eside (eminyakeni engaba ngu-3.5 billion edlule) kwamiswa inhlabathi lapho komkhondo zokuphila organic atholakele. Kwakumelwe ngesimo cyanobacteria neziqhumane calcareous izinsalela mureinovyh webhaktheriya iseli izindonga. izimo Geochemical ku lithosphere inkathi Archean kushintsha njalo, ngakho eyinhloko yesimiso semvelo prokaryotes ukuzivumelanisa nazo ngu ekuqongeleleni ezahlukeneyo eziningi phenotypic. Photosynthesis Kwenziwa the oluluhlaza ulwelwe (cyanobacteria), uye walungiselela ushintsho olukhulu ngempela ukwakheka igesi umkhathi primordial Zomhlaba, okuvumela okwengeziwe okukhipha nezidalwa kwendawo zasemanzini ezweni. Umsebenzi eziphilayo kuqala prokaryotic, ayengamakhulu ikakhulukazi isibabule yensimbi bacterium, kuholele kumiswa hhayi kuphela inzika, kodwa njengoba uwoyela negesi yemvelo.

Kungani Lwenziwe ukuvela amaseli eukaryotic

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, umsebenzi kwamapulazi oluhlaza kanye onsomi sulphur bacterium namagciwane yensimbi nomthelela ekwakhekeni isihlangu ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi ukuvela amaseli aerobic eukaryotic. Ngamanye amazwi, lo 3 izigaba yokuqala yokuphila kwezwe zaholela ekwakhekeni biocenosis equkethe unicellular futhi amaningi eziphilayo eukaryotic. Ososayensi abaningi bavame ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi ukubukeka kwabo kwenzeka iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-600 edlule. Ekuqaleni eziphilayo zenuzi abangu imelelwa owumphumela flagellate amafomu. Ngenxa yalokho we kwehlukana lwazo kwamila izitshalo kuqala - ulwelwe lenyama athile kanye nesikhunta. Umbono ezithakazelisayo abanye abacwaningi ukuthi prokaryotes ungumhleli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo efile ekupheleni, ngoba zishintshile kakhulu kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Biology ubeka phambili izizathu ezimbili eziholela ukuntuleka ukuziphendukela kwemvelo eziphilayo-non-izikhali zenuzi.

Eyokuqala wabo siphathelene ukungakwazi amaseli prokaryotic ukuthuthukisa inhlangano kanye kwamangqamuzana. Isizathu sesibili - kanzima ngesandla esiqinile prokaryotes lezinceku impahla okufakiwe isiyingi kuphela DNA, esibizwa ngokuthi i-plasmid.

Symbiosis, okwaholela izinguquko Yokuvukela uhlobo

Ukubukeka lamaseli nucleated emibuthanweni yesayensi ukuchaza a symbiogenesis isikhundla - theory ehlongozwayo ngu A. Shimperom. Kusukela kwasungulwa lo kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, khona okuyinto isici esiyinhloko eukaryotes, kanye kumiswa mitochondria futhi chloroplast Lwenziwe by ukuguqulwa-bacterium athile aerobic. Abangena yeseli samabanga aphansi esinezingane into zofuzo ulwelwesi ehlukile, ama-bacterium ezivumelanisiwe umzimba walo ne cell aphethe. Ngenxa yalokho, baye balahlekelwa amandla ngoba khona ezimele ngaphandle cell futhi waqala organelles yayo saziso. Kuyaphawuleka umbono wokuthi ichaza ukubukeka chloroplast. Ungakwazi Ungakhohlwa ukuthi imvelaphi yalezi organelles waqinisekisa mkhuba umsoco Autotrophic kanye photosynthesis. Ukulandela A. Shimperom enjalo ososayensi abaziwayo Russian njengoba KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky nabanye yabhekisela iqembu amagciwane photosynthesis uyakwazi Symbiosis namaseli heterotrophic. Once in the cytoplasm, ngokusobala kufakwe nge umzimba amaselula kanye umsebenzi njengoba organelles steel, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi chloroplast. Ngokwabo amaseli heterotrophic ishintshe ibe owumphumela ulwelwe oluhlaza, eba eukaryotes lokuqala Autotrophic.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Ngakho-ke, kwavumela ukuba khona kwemiphakathi izinhlobo eziningana okungezona yenuzi eziphilayo - amagciwane - kungaholela ekwakhekeni uhlelo olusha ephilayo - iseli eukaryotic. Eqhubeka ukufunda kusaqalwa nje ukuba khona kokuphila emhlabeni, ake Vendian Proterozoic ubudala, owathatha Archean. In imvelo yasemanzini, - sombuso oyinhloko ukuphila emhlabeni, i-biogeocoenoses kuqala kwakhiwa. Abakhiqizi base amagciwane photosynthesis futhi unicellular futhi wamakoloni ulwelwe oluhlaza.

Bona lalihlukene oksijini, kuhlelwe izinto eziphilayo esetshenziswa eziphilayo heterotrophic: lenyama unicellular namafomu ezinamangqamuzana amaningi: coelenterates futhi trilobite. isikhathi Vendian eligcina eqala yentuthuko lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Eram futhi inkathi uyalilandela, kwadingeka ukuba lelisu eminye izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lokuphila ngemvelo, zonke esekelwe ukushintshashintsha zofuzo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.