Iyini "uhla lwe-ultrahigh" futhi yikuphi ukuchithwa kwe-microwave?

Ukumiswa kwe-microwave "ama-ultrahigh frequencies". Abaningi bazocabangela ukuthi lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kusuka esizindeni se-physics ne-mathematics, nokuthi lokhu akukhathazi. Nokho, isimo sihluke kakhulu. Amadivaysi ama-microwave asele isikhathi eside futhi angena kakhulu empilweni yethu, futhi angatholakala kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa kuyini?

Ibanga lemvamisa ephezulu

Ukumiswa kwe-microwave yizingxube ze-ultrahigh zemisebe ye-electromagnetic ezitholakala emkhatsini wevrivri kude-field frequency kanye nama-ultra-high. Ubude obude balobu bubanzi buvela kumamitha angamashumi amathathu kuya ku-millimeter eyodwa. Yingakho i-microwave ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ama-centimeter nama-decimeter. Ezincwadini zezobuchwepheshe zangaphandle ukuhlaziywa kwe-microwave kuyilanga le-microwave. Kusho ukuthi ubude besikhathi eside bukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namagagasi okusakazwa yomsakazo, okuyi-oda lamamitha angamakhulu amaningana.

Izakhiwo ze-microwave

Ngesikhathi eside, lolu hlobo lwamagagasi luphakathi kokuphuma kwezimpawu zokukhanya nomsakazo, ngakho-ke unayo impahla yezo zombili izinhlobo. Isibonelo, njengokukhanya, lamagagasi asakazwa ngendlela eqondayo futhi ehlanganisa cishe zonke izinto ezincane noma ezingaphansi. Ngokufanayo nemisebe yokukhanya , i-microwave ingagxila, ibonakaliswe, isakaze ngendlela yama-ray. Naphezu kokuthi ukuchitshiyelwa kwemvamisa ye-microwave kugxile kwi-"over" -high band, ama-antenna amaningi namadivayisi we-radar yi-version ekhulisiwe kancane yezibuko, amalensi nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.

Isizukulwane

Njengoba ama-radiation ama-ultrahigh frequencies afana namagagasi omsakazo, akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezifanayo. Ukuchazwa kwe-microwave kuhlinzeka ukusetshenziswa kwe-classical theory yamagagasi omsakazo, kepha ngenxa yokwanda okwandayo, kungenzeka ukwandise ukusebenza kahle kwayo. Isibonelo, ubhontshisi owodwa kuphela "ongathwala" kuze kube yizingxoxo eziyinkulungwane zocingo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukufana kwamagagasi e-microwave nokukhanya, okuvezwe ngokunyuka kwamanani olwazi oluphathekayo, kuye kwaba usizo kwezobuchwepheshe be-radar.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ultrahigh frequencies ku-radar

Ama-wave of amentimenti angu-centimeter kanye ne-decimeter ayenesithakazelo ngisho nangesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona isidingo sendlela ephumelelayo neyindlela yokuthola. Khona-ke, amagagasi e-microwave aphenywa ngenxa yesicelo sabo ku-radar. Okubalulekile ukuthi izimpondo ezinamandla nezifushane zifakwe emkhathini, kanti ezinye zalezi zindawo zirekhodwa ngemuva kokubuya ezintweni ezikude ezifunayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ultrahigh frequencies ensimini yokuxhumana

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, ukuchithwa kwama-microwave ama frequencies. Abanjiniyela nabachwepheshe banquma ukusebenzisa la magagasi omsakazo ekukhulumisaneni. Kuwo wonke amazwe, imigqa yokuxhumana yokuhweba esekelwe ekuhanjisweni kwamagagasi aphezulu asebenza ngokuqinile. Izimpawu zomsakazo ezinjalo azilandeli umthamo womhlaba, kodwa ngokuqondile, ngokusebenzisa iziteshi zokuxhumana ezithintwayo ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-50.

Ukuthutha akudingi ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwamandla, ngoba amagagasi e-microwave avumela ukwamukela nokudluliswa kwe-band-narrow, futhi eziteshini zikhuliswa yiziphakamisi ze-elektroniki ngaphambi kokubuyisela emuva. Uhlelo lwe-antenna, imibhoshongo, izithumeli kanye nabamukeli lubonakala lubiza, kodwa konke lokho kukhokha amandla okuthola ulwazi lweziteshi zokuxhumana.

Ukusebenzisa ama-ultrahigh frequencies ensimini yokuxhumana nge-satellite

Isistimu yombhoshongo womsakazo wokudlulisela izimpawu ze-microwave ngaphezu kwamade amade angaba khona kuphela ezweni. Ukuze uthole izingxoxiswano zangaphandle, sebenzisa ama-satellite okufakelwayo atholakala ku- orbit geostationary Earth futhi enze umsebenzi wabantu abaphindaphindiwe. I-satellite ngayinye ihlinzeka ngamashaneli ayizinkulungwane eziningana zokukhulumisana eziphezulu kumakhasimende ayo ngokudluliselwa kwamathelevishini kanye nomakhalekhukhwini ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukwelashwa okushisayo kwemikhiqizo

Ukuzama kokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-ultra-high for processing processing wathola okuhle, futhi ngisho nomdlandla, ukubuyekezwa. Ama-oven microwave asetshenziswa namuhla kokubili ekhaya nasembonini enkulu yokudla. Amandla akhiqizwa izibani eziphezulu eziphezulu zamandla agxila engxenyeni encane, okwenza kube lula ukuphatha ngemikhiqizo ngokuhlanzekile, ngokubumbene futhi ngokungenasici.

I-oven microwave eyakhelwe ngaphakathi iye yanda kakhulu endlini, futhi ingatholakala emakhishini amaningi. Futhi, amadivaysi anjalo asekhaya asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kudingeke khona ukushisa okusheshayo nokulungiselela izitsha. I-oven microwave ene-grill, isibonelo, isici esibaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indawo yokudlela ehloniphayo.

Imithombo emikhulu yemisebe

Intuthuko ekusetshenzisweni kwamagagasi e-microwave kuhlotshaniswa namadivayisi anjalo e-electrovacuum njenge-klystron ne-magnetron, ekwazi ukwenza umthamo omkhulu wamandla aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-magnetron kusekelwe esimisweni se-resonator yamathambo, izindonga zazo ziyi-inductance, futhi isikhala esiphakathi kwezindonga kungumzila wesifunda esivulekile. Ukulinganisa kwalesi sici kukhethwe ngokuvumelana nemvamisa ye-ultrasonic edingekayo, okuzohambisana nezilinganiso ezidingekayo phakathi kwekhono le-inductance.

Ngakho-ke, ukucaciswa kwe-microwave yizingxube ze-ultrahigh. Ubukhulu be-generator buhlasela ngokuqondile amandla okukhishwa okunjalo. Amagnetrons amancane amancane amazinga aphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi amandla awo akakwazi ukufinyelela amanani adingekayo. Inkinga nayo ihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwamagesi amakhulu. Ku-klystron kuxazululwe ngenye indlela, ngoba kule divayisi ye-electrovacuum ayikho insimu yangaphandle edingekayo.