Iyini inhlangano - incazelo. Federation - isimo. "Federation" - incazelo yegama

Ezweni lanamuhla kunezinhlobo ezimbili zombuso. Amadivaysi: alula (isimo esisodwa) nesinkimbinkimbi (ukubambisana, inhlangano). Incazelo yegama (lesibili) kanje: igama elithi "federation" livela ku-Latin foederāti что, okusho ukuthi "inyunyana, inyunyana". Igama elithi "unitary" lihunyushwa futhi kusukela ngesiFulentshi ngokuthi "ongashadile, obumbene." Kuvela ukuthi le mibono emibili ifana ngokufanayo. Ngakho-ke umehluko phakathi kwesistimu yezwe ehlanganisiwe neyodwa? Ithimba lokuqala lihluke kanjani kwesibili?

Kuyini umbuso wabumbene futhi yini i-federation? Incazelo

Isimo sokubambisana siyisimo esiyingqayizivele, okuthi, uma sakhiwa yizingxenye eziningana ezingamayunithi okuphatha-indawo, kuyinto engabonakali. Ngokuphambene nalokho, incazelo yegama elithi "federation" kwisayensi yesimanje inikezwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: leli fomu lenqubo kahulumeni lihambelana nalawo mazwe ahlanganiswa nezinhlangano zomhlaba ezizimele ngokuzibusa ngokomthetho. Lezi zingxenye ezweni ngalinye libizwa ngokuthi lihlukile, noma kunjalo emthethweni wezomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zini amagama, zivame ukukhethwa yizihloko ze-federation. Njengoba kuyaziwa, i-USA inamanye amazwe, iRussia Federation - evela emazweni, emazweni, ezindaweni ezizimele, eJalimane - evela emazweni asesifundazweni, eCanada - ezivela ezifundazweni, njll. Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zakhi zibhekwa ngokomthetho yizinhlangano. Amazwe amakhulu kunawo wonke anesakhiwo sombuso wesifundazwe iRussia, i-United States, i-Germany, i-India, iBrazil nabanye. Ukubamba iqhaza, ake sizame ukuveza lokho okushiwo yi- federation. Incazelo yale nkulumo ingatholakala kunoma yisiphi isichazamazwi, kuhlanganise ne-electronic. Okubalulekile kwalokhu mqondo yilokhu okulandelayo: isihloko se-federation siyinhlangano kahulumeni eyingxenye yombuso wesifundazwe futhi ongenalo ubukhosi.

Izinhlelo zeziphathimandla eziphakeme

E-Federal State kunezinhlelo ezimbili zezindikimba ezibusayo eziphezulu kanye neziphathimandla: ezizithobayo nezombusazwe. Naphezu kokuthi umthethosisekelo walesi simo ufanelwe kuzo zonke izihloko ze-federation, ngayinye yezinyunyana zombuso inelungelo lokwamukela imithetho yalo yemithetho kanye nemithetho, inomnotho wayo, isibonakaliso nezinye izimpawu, isikhungo sokuba yisakhamuzi, njll, kodwa ayikho ubukhosi bombuso. Iziphathimandla ezizimele azikho ilungelo lokuseka ubudlelwane bomgomo wangaphandle namanye amazwe, lokhu kwenziwa ezingeni likahulumeni.

Izimpawu zohlelo

Manje uyazi ukuthi i-federation iyini, incazelo isivele inikezwe ngenhla, kodwa sizobheka izizathu ezingasungulwa ukuthi isimo esinikeziwe sinesimo esifanele sezwe. Idivayisi.

1. Uma isimo sinamabhizinisi ahlukene (ama-republics, athi, amagama, njll), enensimu yawo futhi enesimo sobukhosi, khona-ke kuyisivumelwano.

2. Ngaphansi kwalesi sakhiwo sombuso, iziphathimandla eziphezulu, iziphathimandla zezomthetho nezomthetho zisezintweni zombuso zombuso.

3. Izihloko ze-federation zinikezwa ilungelo lokuthola imithetho yazo, zibe nomthethosisekelo wazo ongahambisani nomthethosisekelo wase-federal, futhi unamandla aphakeme angaphezu kwamathathu.

4. Emazweni ase-federal, isakhiwo sephalamende esiyi-bicameral sinesibopho. Elinye lamakamelo liyisigungu samandla esimemezelo sombuso jikelele, kanti eyesibili - yendaba ethize ye-federation.

Umlando wokuvela kwama-federations

Imibuso ngomqondo wanamuhla yavela eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Kunamazwe angaphambili anesakhiwo esifanayo sombuso. Bavuka ngenkathi ososayensi bengakaze bacabange ngombuzo walokho okushiwo i-federation. Incazelo yale nkulumo yanikezwa okuningi kamuva. Emazweni ahlukene, le nqubo yenzeke ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isibonelo, kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwamazwe ase-Afrika aseZanzibar naseTanganyika eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha ekhulwini lokugcina, iRiphabhliki yaseTanzania yaseTanzania yavela. I-United States yakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunithi eziningana zezombangazwe ezinezibonakaliso zangempela zendawo. Ngaphezu kwe-United States, eSwitzerland, e-United Arab Emirates, njll. Kwakhiwa ngendlela efanayo. Futhi kukhona amacala lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kukahulumeni. Lawa mazwe afaka iNdiya, iPakistan, nabanye.

Izinhlangano zokuqala

Iminyango yokuqala yesimanje yasungulwa ngesisekelo sobumbano phakathi kwamazwe. Esikhathini sobuSoviet, kwavela izinhlangano eziningi eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulesi simo, izihloko zombuso ugcine ubukhosi bawo kanye nelungelo lokuhlukaniswa kwemali (secession) ezivela enhlanganweni, zibe nomthethosisekelo, ubuzwe, nemingcele yabo ayikwazanga ukushintshwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Federation of uhlobo lwesibili

Lolu hlobo lubandakanya izinhlangano zomthethosisekelo, ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni. Iyini i-federation lapho incazelo yayo iwela ngaphansi kweqembu lesibili? Umehluko wabo kusukela kokuqala ulele ukuthi kuleli cala izihloko ze-federation ayinabo ubukhosi, imingcele yabo ingashintsha ngaphandle kokuthola imvume evela eceleni kwabo. Noma kunjalo, umbono wabo awunaki, kodwa awukwazi ukubhekwa njengesisekelo. Ngemva kokuwa ngokushesha kwekamu lezenhlalakahle, cishe zonke izifunda zombuso weqembu lokuqala zahlukaniswa zaba munye: i-Czech Republic yahlukaniswa neSlovakia, izifundazwe zaseYugoslavia zaseSerbia, eCroatia, eSlovenia, eMontenegro, eKosovo, nabanye abahlukene, namaRiphabhulikhi aseSoviet ahlukana.

Noma kunjalo, kwamanye amazwe asezindaweni ze-post-Soviet, isakhiwo sombuso wesifundazwe sisalondolozwa. Kuze kube manje, cishe zonke izinhlangano emhlabeni zizimele, okungukuthi, umthethosisekelo.

I-Federative device ye-Russian Federation

Cabanga ngalolu hlobo lwombuso. Amadivayisi esibonelo seRussia - izwe elikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngokuya endaweni. I-Russian Federation iyizwe elinesakhiwo senhlangano yentando yeningi esinezihloko ezingu-85 ezilinganayo: iziqhingi ezingu-46, ama-republics angu-21, isifunda esingu-1 esizimele, izindawo ezingu-9, imizi engu-3 (eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg naseSevastopol) okubaluleka kwesifundazwe nezifunda ezine ezizimele, Futhi futhi yaqasha kuze kube ngu-2050 idolobha kanye ne-Baikonur cosmodrome. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu yaseRussian Federation isesimweni esihlukaniswe izifunda ezingu-8, nakuba singekho iziqu ze-federation, kodwa zihlanganisa izifunda eziningana zokuphatha (izihloko) ze-Russian Federation.

Incazelo yomthetho : isihloko se- Russian Federation

Imfundo yezomthetho kahulumeni eRussia ibizwa ngokuthi yi-subject of the federation. UMthethosisekelo ubeka izinhlobo ezingu-6 zezifundo (i-republic, isifundazwe, isifunda, njll). Ngamunye wabo unesimo sakhe esiqondile nesimo sakhe somthethosisekelo nesemthethweni.

1. IRiphabhlikhi, ngokusho komthethosisekelo, yisimo. Kungaba nolwazi lwalo lombuso kanye nomthethosisekelo.

2. Indawo yokubaluleka kwezwe kanye nomhlaba. Unomthetho wayo, owasungulwa ngumzimba wezomthetho wegunya laleli qembu.

3. Isifunda esizimele. Kungabuye ibe nesimiso sayo, esungulwe ngumzimba wezomthetho walensimu.

4. Isizinda esizimele. Isimo saso sinqunywe nguMthethosisekelo weRussian Federation. Ungena kulo noma leso sifunda noma isifunda. Unomthetho wayo.