Ithempeli (ithuluzi lomculo): izinhlobo, isithombe

I-musical instrument instrument trump trump - ummeli wamadivaysi ekwakheni umsindo werejista ye-alto-soprano. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezifanayo, lona unomsindo ophakeme kakhulu. Ipayipi isetshenziswe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, bese isetshenziswe njengesignali. E-orchestra wangena ngekhulu lama-17. Ngemuva kokuthi kusetshenziswe uhlelo lwe-valve, ipayipi idlala indima yensimbi egcwele yokwenza umculo we-classical. I-timbre ivutha futhi ikhanya. Insimbi ingasetshenziswa njengomculi we-solo ku-wind and symphony orchestra, ku-jazz nangezinhlobo ezifanayo.

Umlando

Leli thuluzi lingenye yamandulo kakhulu. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwalezi zimo eziguquguqukayo kwavela cishe eminyakeni engama-3600 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu. Imiphakathi eminingi isebenzisa amapayipi - neGibhithe lasendulo, ne-Ancient China, ne-Ancient Greece, namanye amasiko asebenzisa ukufana kwamapayipi njengamathuluzi okubonisa. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka lokhu kwakuyingxenye eyinhloko yalesi simiso.

Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, amasosha ayenamacilongo, abakwazi ukuhambisa umyalezo ozwakalayo kwezinye izingxenye ezikude kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ngalezo zinsuku, icilongo (insimbi yomculo), nakuba yayingakwenzi ngokugcwele imisebenzi yayo, nokho umdlalo kuwo kwakuyi-art elite. Uqeqeshwe leli khono ngabantu kuphela abakhethiwe ngokukhethekile. Ngezikhathi ezizolile, ezingezona ezempi, izingoma zamacilongo zaziyizibopho ezibandakanyekayo emaholide, emidlalweni ye-knight. Emadolobheni amakhulu kwakukhona amacilongo akhethekile okubhinca ukufika kwabantu abathintekayo, ukushintsha isikhathi sosuku, ukufika kwamabutho ezitha noma ezinye izenzakalo ezibalulekile.

Ngaphambi nje kokufika kwe-Renaissance, ubuchwepheshe obusha benza ukuba kube khona ukukhiqiza insimbi yomculo ephelele kakhulu. Iphayiphu yaqala ukuhlanganyela emibonweni ye-orchestra. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacilongo abe yi-virtuosic kakhulu, efunda ubuciko be-clarino. Leli gama libhekisela ekudlulisweni kwemisindo ye-diaton ngokushaya. Inkathi ye-baroque ingacatshangelwa ngokuphepha "igolide lepayipi yemvelo". Kusukela isikhathi sifike esiyingqayizivele futhi sothando, esekelwe kunoma iyiphi into ehambisanayo, ipayipi yemvelo iye yavela ngemuva ngoba ayikwazi ukukhiqiza imigqa yezingoma. Futhi kuphela ukukhishwa kwezigaba eziyinhloko zesilinganiso ku-orchestra kwasetshenziswa ipayipi.

Ipayipi yanamuhla

Insimbi yomculo, eyathola indlela yamasango phakathi nekhulu le-19, ekuqaleni yayingekho udumo olufanelwe kahle. Isizathu ukuthi iningi lemisindo ayengakabi yinkimbiso ehlanzekile futhi ayinayo i-timbre efanayo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukudluliselwa kwezwi eliphezulu kwaqala ukubeka i-cornet, ngoba isiteji saso sasifanele kakhulu, futhi izici zobuchwepheshe ziphelele kakhulu. Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, lapho ipayipi ithuthukisiwe, ama-cornetes kwakudingeka ashiye i-orchestra. Ekugcineni ipayipi ingabonisa yonke imisindo edingekayo kumculo we-orchestra ovela ezinsimbi zomculo. Njengamanje, iqembu, elidalwe ngaphambili ngamaketethi, lenziwa ipayipi. Insimbi yomculo, isithombe esithintekayo kulesi sihloko, sakwazi ngokuphelele ukukhiqiza isikali, ngenxa yendlela yokwenza ngcono ngokugcwele.

Namuhla insimbi isetshenziselwa ama-orchestra lapho yenza umculo kuma-ska genres, i- jazz, i-funk, futhi futhi njengomculi we-solo.

Isakhiwo sepayipi

I-Copper neyethusi yizinto okuvela kuyo lapho ipayipi isetshenziswa khona. Insimbi yomculo esenziwe ngesiliva noma ezinye izinsimbi ingatholakala kaningi kakhulu. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, kwakhiwe indlela yokukhiqiza kusuka kweshidi elilodwa lensimbi.

Ifomu elithakazelisayo yile nsimbi yomculo. Iphayiphu, njengoba ibizwa ngenxa yendlela yayo, ama-bend of which eqinisweni kuphela adalwe ukuhlanganiswa, iyishubhu elide nje. Umkhulumeli unomngcele omncane, isikhwama sinesandiso. Ubude obuningi bepayipi buyi-cylindrical. Yile fomu efakazela ekukhanyeni kwesiqu. Inqubo yokukhiqiza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubala ngokunembile hhayi ubude kuphela, kodwa futhi nesandiso esifanele sesokhethi - lokhu kunquma ukwakha ithuluzi. Kodwa-ke, lo mthombo uhlala okufanayo: le nsimbi yomculo iyimbhobho ende futhi kuphela.

Umdlalo

Isimiso somdlalo ukuthola izinkontileka ze-harmonic ngokushintsha isimo sezindebe nobude bekholomu yomoya, ezuzwa yi-mechanism ye-valve. Sebenzisa ama-valve amathathu, unike amandla kungenzeka ithoni, ithoni eyodwa nesigamu noma isigamu ukunciphisa umsindo. Ukucindezela ama-valve ambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kukuvumela ukuba unciphise ithuluzi lokufaka amathoni amathathu. Yile ndlela izinga le-chromatic elifezwa ngayo.

Kunezinhlobo lapho kukhona khona i-valve yesine, okwenza kube lula ukunciphisa uhlelo nge-semitones emihlanu.

I-Game Technique

Ukuba nokuhamba okusezingeni kwezobuchwepheshe, ipayipi yenza kahle amavesi e-diaton, arpeggios njalonjalo. Ukuphefumula kusetshenziselwa kancane kancane, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwenza imishwana yebude obude kanye nesibindi esicacile.

I-Valve trills isebenza kahle kumathuluzi wamanje.

Izinhlobo

Uhlobo oluthandwa kakhulu yicilongo ku-B-flat, okuzwakala ithoni ephansi kunamanothi alotshiwe kukho. Njengamanje, amanothi abhalwe kusukela octave encane kuya octave yesithathu, kodwa kusengenzeka ukukhipha imisindo ephezulu kusuka kuleso sitsha. Umklamo wamanje wephayiphu wenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba enze konke okudingekayo, okungajwayelekile ukuthi abuyele kumbhobho ozithandayo waseMelika ohlwini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinsuku kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamapayipi, ajwayelekile kakhulu ngaphambili.

Icilongo lika-Alto iyisitsha somculo esenzelwe ukuzwakala cishe ingxenye engaphansi kwamanothi abhaliwe. Leli thuluzi liyadingeka ekudluliseni imisindo yokubhalisa phansi (isibonelo - Rachmaninov's Third Symphony). Kodwa-ke, manje le pipu isetshenziswa ngokungavamile, ngokuvamile kuvinjelwa yi-flugelgorn.

Ibhubhu ye-Bass - ithuluzi lomculo, isithombe esitholakala kalula kunoma yisiphi isikole somculo, sizwakala ngezansi ipayipi evamile nge-octave. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nona enkulu nakakhulu ngaphansi kwamanothi ahlongozwayo. Kwasetshenziswa kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Manje ishintshwe ngempumelelo nge-trombone - efana nesakhiwo, irejistri kanye nesiqu.

Ipayipi ye-Piccolo. Yakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa namuhla ihlangabezana nokuvama okusha kokuthandwa ngenxa yentshisekelo kumculo omdala. Faka isicelo ngesitayela se-B, ngenkathi kusetshenziselwa ukukhwabanisa okubukhali kungakhiwa futhi esakhiweni la. I-valve ezine, hhayi ezintathu, njengepayipi enkulu. Insimbi yomculo isetshenziselwa ngomlomo omncane, kodwa lokhu kuthinta ukuhamba kwekhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nesiteji.

Repertoire

Nakuba amapayipi anamuhla angenza ngaphandle kwemingcele yemigqa yemisindo, asanda kuvela, abhale inombolo enkulu yemisebenzi yedwa eyenzelwe lezi zinsimbi. Namuhla zenziwa ngecilongo elincane (piccolo). Abakhiqizi abaningi abaziwayo babhala ngecilongo : Haydn, Weinberg, Blacher, Shchedrin, Bach, Molter, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov nabanye abaningi abaqambi abalinganayo .