"Isiqhingi Abafileyo" - isithombe Arnolda Boklina. Incazelo nesithombe

Ngo 1827 emzini Swiss we Basel umdwebi ozalwa omsebenzi wakhe baba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ezobuciko namasiko jikelele. Igama Arnolda Beklina kwaba undabuzekwayo e nemibuthano Symbolist abadwebi nokudweba odumile Böcklin "Isiqhingi Se-Dead" kwaba ugqozi eziningi izibalo abanethonya zomhlaba art.

Arnold Böcklin

umsunguli Ikusasa surrealism wazalelwa indodana abacebile kasilika yomthengisi Kristjan Fridriha Beklina. Arnold Böcklin aqeqeshwa kwezobuciko e Dusseldorf, futhi naphezu isitayela layo eliyingqayizivele izindlela ezihlukahlukene, libizwa kuya Dusseldorf esikoleni umdwebo.

Othisha baziswa Böcklin njengoba umfundi ethembisa kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi usengumfundi, Arnold ngokuvamile aya kwamanye amazwe, okungukuthi e Brussels futhi Antwerp, lapho umculi osemusha usukope lemikhulu okuyinhloko-Dutch futhi lase. Omunye uhambo professional njengoba umfundi kwaholela Beklin esijana eParis, lapho umculi wachitha unyaka at the Louvre.

Ngo-1850 umculi baya eRoma, lapho izakhiwo zakudala, ngesimo sezulu esihle futhi isiko ocebile amyisa uhlale iminyaka eyisikhombisa. E-Italy Böcklin washada nentombi wendawo. Babefanele umkhaya omkhulu - izingane 14 zazo eziyisithupha kuphela ufinyelelwe umuntu omdala. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, umculi kanye nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela njalo, isikhathi esithile ayihlala Weimar, lapho efundisa Umdwebo esikoleni. E Basel, Böcklin wafunda Umdwebo omkhulukazi oda, kule minyaka embalwa edlule umculi wachitha e-Italy, ngo-villa wakhe eduze Florence.

Kufanekisa kanye "Isle of the Dead"

At ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yakhe Bocklin ngesineke namathafa izakhiwo ezisemadolobheni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe usezuze orientation basezinganekwaneni, kodwa imisebenzi edume kunazo umdwebi Swiss wabayishumi uhlobo kufanekisa. Nokho, liphinde ezizoqhubela namathafa Motifs basezinganekwaneni-classic. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi edume kunazo Arnolda Beklina "Isiqhingi Se-Dead" - isithombe kokubili landscape ne izifundo basezinganekwaneni, futhi umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi nge eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufanekisa esindayo futhi inani elikhulu izimfihlo.

Esithombeni ngemuva kwesibhakabhaka esinamafu libonisa esiqhingini esincane, lapped by the sesibuko kwamanzi. Esiqhingini ikhule amnyama nomsayipuresi izihlahla, amadwala kukhona izimbobo unxande ebonakalayo, kepha efaniswe emathuneni. Uma uyikha phezulu le amanzi kulesi siqhingi wathumela isikebhe ebanzi, lapho kukhona khona ababili. Omunye izibalo zihambisana ngendwangu emhlophe, kunjengokungathi indwangu, ammise phambi ibhokisi mhlophe elingunxande, efana ebhokisini lokungcwaba.

Phakathi ukutolika abaningi version ethandwa kakhulu uhlobo wokudlala zamaGreki. Ngokusho kwakhe, imiphefumulo namaqhawe wamuka, okhethiweyo kaJehova onkulunkulu nobuntu ovelele uthole indawo esiqhingini esekusithekeni phakathi komfula Styx. Isibalo okumhlophe uvame ukubizwa zikhiphe kwelinye izwe Charon.

Isihloko ukufa kwaba omunye njalo kakhulu imisebenzi Böcklin. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambi "Isle of the Dead" Arnold Beklin akazange alilahle amagama imidwebo yakhe, kodwa ukuxhumana nekhasimende, izinguqulo lokuqala Umdwebo yena ngokwakhe ngokuthi umsebenzi wakhe Die Toteninsel. Ngo nje eminyakeni embalwa, umculi zaveza izinguqulo eziyisithupha imidwebo, zazo ezinhlanu zalotshelwa Beklin siqu, + eyesithupha Wabhala nendodana yakhe Carlo ngonyaka bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe.

Inketho yokuqala

I-oda "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" Böcklin etholakele abavikela yakhe, UMuphi Aleksa Gyuntera. I inguqulo yokuqala ifilimu ayebhalwe studio le-Florentine lomdwebi. Böcklin Umdwebo eseqedile ngo-1880, kodwa, njengoba ne Leonardo "Dzhokkondoy" akazange ukuba ahlukane naso. Eyokuqala "Dead Island" wahlala ifa umsunguli wayo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Isizathu salokhu okunamathiselwe ukuze isithombe siphelele, abagxeki abaningi ngokuthi ukufa Beklin indodakazi. Ingane wafa ngo-1877 futhi wangcwatshwa emathuneni IsiZulu emzini Italy Florence. Lokhu emathuneni itshalwe nge ubude nomsayipuresi izihlahla, e izazi lokho Swiss symbolist bamba ukufana ne Umdwebo.

"Isithombe ngenxa yamaphupho"

Nakuba abasebenza inguqulo yokuqala Umdwebo Florentine studio Beklin wavakashela Maria Bern, umfelokazi acebile wezimali uGeorge von Bern. Mhlawumbe liphefumulelwe ngendwangu sidle, owesifazane beyalwa ukuba umculi, "Umdwebo ukuphupha." Ukuze wakhe Bocklin wabhala version of the "isiqhingi", okuyinto kwaba amancane ngosayizi elotshwe panel sokhuni senziwa, imibala ehlukene ukhombise impilo more wesibili.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi element ongaqondakali kunayo Umdwebo "I-Isle of the Dead", okungukuthi isikebhe lesi sibalo Charon, kwanezelwa Ukwakheka ngesicelo Marii Berna, ngalila umyeni wakhe. Kamuva Böcklin isikebhe dorisoval hhayi kuphela version of kulesi sithombe sesibili, kodwa futhi phansi.

Ngemva kokufa inkosikazi nguqulo "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" Umdwebo yesibili wanikwa igalari emzini Lucerne, lapho wathenga Gotfrida Kellera Foundation. Namuhla, le Umdwebo abadumile embukisweni New York Museum "Metropolitan".

Mural Fritz Gurlita

Okwesithathu, inguqulo ethandwayo kakhulu Umdwebo eyalwa ngalendoda Fritz Gurlitom. Ufana nje ezimbili zokuqala, u ababethi Florence yaphela ngo-1883. Kuyinto ukukhanya version ekhona yesithombe. Ngaphandle ngesilinganiso lula, inguqulo wesithathu "Islands" libhekene dynamism - eziqongweni usinamathelise nomsayipuresi izihlahla ejikeni le ngumoya, kwamanzi akuyona njengoba esibukweni.

Le nguqulo ethandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kwaba naye senziwa Maksom Klingerom izinga etching, ngawo noFrits Gurlit ephrintiwe yakhiwe. Ekupheleni XIX - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka XX, le mikhiqizo yakhiwe yayithandwa kakhulu e-Jalimane, lapho imfashini ngabo weza kwamanye amazwe. Namuhla Old-National Gallery Berlin ubukisa imidwebo sokuqala eqoqweni unomphela.

izinkinga zezimali, futhi inguqulo wesine isithombe

Ngemva konyaka kwaqedwa samuntu yesithathu "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" Beklin umndeni eziningi luhlangabezane izinkinga zezimali, esibatshela umculi ukuba ababhalele enye inguqulo ye imidwebo yayo ethandwa kakhulu, okuyinto wathengisa kuya ngalendoda abadumile Baron Hans Thyssen-Bornemisza de Cason.

Njengoba izinto version wesine Bocklin esetshenziswa yethusi uwoyela upende. Uxolo, lesi sithombe wahluleka basinde seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili yabhujiswa, cishe Berlin noma Rotterdam. Kwakungenxa nje izithombe omnyama nomhlophe.

Canvas for Fine Arts Imusiyemu ekhatsi Leipzig

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Böcklin wabuyela "siQhingi Abafileyo." Umdwebo eyalwa Museum of Fine Arts, idolobha laseJalimane Leipzig. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sikhathi umculi wakhetha uwoyela tempera upende.

Kulesitfombe yesihlanu ngokucacile rower ebonakalayo, aqondise isikebhe baya esiqhingini, ngaphandle isikebhe ngokwawo kusondzela kakhulu target, njengoba kuqhathaniswa nezinye ezine ongakhetha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi ukwakheka eziyisisekelo "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" ayiguquki enguqulweni ngayinye has a izingxenye ezincane ezahlukene. Umbala we imidwebo eziyisithupha, futhi, lihlukile.

Ukudweba "Isle of the Dead" ngesikhathi Hermitage

Le nguqulo wesithupha Umdwebo Arnolda Beklina, ubani iqoqo wangasese, kodwa lo mbukiso Petersburg Hermitage, iyona usithe kakhulu. Mhlawumbe ngoba ubhala phakathi embodiments lesihlanu nelesithupha ka "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" bekulokhu kweminyaka ecishe ibe mihlanu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le nguqulo Bocklin wabhala ngokubambisana indodana yakhe Carlo ngonyaka bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe.

mkhuba Cultural kukaPythagoras

By ukuqondana ongaziwa, lena isithombe Böcklin waba ifilimu ihlelo ngesikhathi sako. Kufana 'Isiqhingi Abafileyo "- imidwebo, owanikhipha umlobi wayo a lifetime odumo. Emibuthanweni ezithile kwamasiko Beklin cishe nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali ngokubiza "enkathini entsha Michelangelo."

Ngokusho ababephila ngesikhathi, "Isle of the Dead" - isithombe, ngaphambili kuyingxenye ebalulekile wezangaphakathi njengoba intsha oluseqophelweni nezazi kwamasiko, kanye yesifundazwe asemaqaqasini ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX.

Imifanekiso samuntu wesithathu imidwebo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Admirer of Bocklin, okungukuthi, "Isiqhingi Abafileyo" owayemkhulu kunabo bonke zamasiko nezomlando izibalo. Apollinaire, Clemenceau, Freud, uDali, Kandinsky futhi Rachmaninoff ahlaselwa emkhathini imilingo isithombe kanye nomthelela wakhona izethameli. Inketho lwesithathu itholwe yi-Adolf Hitler elenga oMbusi Chancellery.

"Isiqhingi Abafileyo" - isithombe esiye abe umthombo ugqozi for neminye imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko in umdwebo, futhi umculo, ifilimu, izinkondlo kanye ebaziwe.