Isibhamu se-Biathlon: izinhlobo kanye nezici

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezemidlalo zasebusika, ngokuvamile zihlukanisa lezi zinto ezimbili ezivelele kakhulu. Lena hockey ne-biathlon. I-USSR, naseRussia, bezilokhu ziqhosha ngokufaneleka kwazo kanye nempumelelo kulezi zemidlalo. Thatha okungenani i-Kharlamov efanayo ku-hockey noma i-Tikhonov (iqhawe le-Olympic lezinkathi ezine) ku-biathlon. Ngemishini yomdlali weHockey yonke into ecacile - i-skates, induku, isigqoko sokuzivikela. With konke biathlon kuyinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi ezikhangayo, ngoba empeleni kuba sport - skis kanye nokudubula. Ngokuphathelene nenqubo yokunyakaza, nayo yonke into iyacaca: into esemqoka ukuqagela amafutha esimo sezulu, kodwa isikhali se-biathlete, esiyisibhamu, akulula kakhulu. Umhlanganyeli uzoba nokukhetha okunzima kuyingxenye yohlu, njengoba umphumela wokudubula ngempumelelo uxhomeke kulokhu. Ngakho-ke, abagijimi abanolwazi bafinyelela kahle ekukhethweni kwezikhali. Futhi kubonakala sengathi ibhamu le-biathlon libukeka kanjani? Izithombe zakhe zizokwethulwa umfundi esihlokweni esilandelayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, sizokwenza ukucindezelwa okufutshane emlandweni futhi sithole lapho futhi ngaphansi kweziphi izimo lolu hlobo lwezikhali zezemidlalo lwavela.

Umlando omncane

Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ethandwa kakhulu yimincintiswano yezokujikeleza ezempi, empeleni kwakuyisibonelo se-biathlon yanamuhla. Imishini ngaleso sikhathi yayiyisibhamu samabutho ajwayelekile eMosin, lapho, kulelo kit, kwakukhona nomkhonto we-bayonet. Ngendlela, babesebenza neSoviet Army phakathi nempi neJalimane.

Ngemuva izingxabano eside zeKomidi Lomhlaba Wonke Wama-Olimpiki, ngo-1960 kwakukhona ukusebenza okwakulindeleke isikhathi eside sokulinda ama-biathlonists ku-Winter Olympic Games. Kwabadlali beSoviet, isitshalo sokwakha umshini we-Izhevsk senza isibhamu Biathlon-59 ekukhiqizeni ukuhlola. Ukubukeka kwesibhamu se-biathlon kwakungaleso sikhathi esivumelwaneni. Kwakhiwe futhi ngamabhande okuphathekayo nesembozo esikhethekile sokuzivikela. Isisindo semfuyo ye-biathlon ngaleso sikhathi asizange sigunyazwe ngokuphelele.

Inkambo yokuvuselelwa kwesikhashana nokuthuthukiswa

Ngemuva kwama-Olympic ebusika ngo-1960, umklami wezikhali uSherstyakov, ethatha isibhamu iMosin njengesisekelo, akhiqiza isikhali esisha se-biathlon. Isampula, esabangela umphumela, sakhishwa ngezihumusho ezimbili futhi sinegama elixhomeke kulolu caliber: Biathlon Bi-7.62 kanye Biathlon Bi-6.5 (cartridges kubo alinganiselwa 7.62 mm no 6.5 Mm ngokulandelanayo).

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhali kwaletha impumelelo yokuqala ye-Olimpiki kuma-biathlonists aseSoviet, ikakhulukazi u-Vladimir Melanyin wanqoba imbali yokuqala yegolide e-biathlon e-Winter Olympics e-Innsbruck ngo-1964.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, kwasungulwa isibhamu esisha seBiathlon Bi-4, okudubula lapho kwenziwa khona ukushisa. Lo modeli wawunesisindo esincane kakhulu. Intshumayelo elandelayo yakhululwa kuphela ngonyaka ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesidlule futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Biathlon Bi-5. Ukudubula kwaqhutshwa yi-cartridges yempi eyinhloko, eyayine-5.6 mm. Kwakungenxa yalokhu isibhamu ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwegolide okuphumelelayo kweqhawe le-Olympic le-Olympic u-Alexander Tikhonov laqala.

Izikhali zemincintiswano

Akukhona kuphela eSoviet Union okwaziyo ukwenza izikhali ze-biathlon. Kumele kuqashelwe futhi abakhiqizi bangaphandle. Okudume kakhulu yizinkampani ezifana ne-"Anschutz" ne "Walter" yaseJalimane, "Sako" yokukhiqizwa kwe-Finnish ne-Austrian "Stayer Manlicher".

Izibhamu eziyaziwa kakhulu nezingaphenduliwe ze-biathlon yi-Anschutz. Kwakuyi-management yale nkampani iqembu lebutho laseJalimane elifaka isicelo ku-biathlon ngesicelo sokuthuthukisa isibhamu se-biathlon, esizohambisana ngokugcwele nabagijimi baseJalimane ngezinqubo ezifana nokulula kanye namandla okuhle. Ngakho-ke, ukudala izikhali ezintsha, isibhamu esincane kunazo zonke , esasiyi-"Antshutts-54", esasetshenziswa, sithuthukisa, sithuthukisa i-cartridge encane-ukuqhuma okuphakathi kwenhliziyo .222.

Shintsha izinto ezibalulekile

I-1978 ibhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-biathlon. Ukushintshela kwezikhali ezincane zokubeka izikhali kwenza lo mdlalo ufinyeleleke futhi ukhululeke. Futhi umsunguli walo mcimbi ophawulekayo kwakuyi-German eqinile "i-Anschutz", eyathumela abantu bakubo futhi yakha izikhali ezinjalo. Amazwe abagijimi ababengcono kakhulu kulo mdlalo, okungukuthi i-USSR, Norway, Finland ne-United States, abafuni ukulahlekelwa isikhundla sabo ezweni le-biathlon futhi bathathe izikhali zempi baye emncintiswaneni encane.

Ngakho-ke, ivoti elabanjwe ngenhloso yokuthuthela emkhakheni omusha, kwakungabasekeli abakhulu abakhuthele bezikhali ezintsha. Kwabe sekukhona "ukuxolisa kwezombusazwe" ohlangothini lwase-Austria, olwenqaba ukusingatha iMidlalo yeBiathlon Worlds ngo-1978, ngaphandle kokuba kutholakale izikhali ezintsha. Abathathu abahlanganyeli bevoti bashintshe isinqumo sabo sokuqala, futhi izilinganiso zakhothama ngokuvumelana nesimodeli esisha.

Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizi waseJalimane nabagijimi baphumelela kubaholi bezwe le-biathlon, ngayinye ensimini yayo. Kwasungulwa izinga elikhethekile lempi yezemidlalo: ubuningi akumele bube ngaphansi kuka 3.5 kg, isibhamu se-biathlon - 5.6 mm, esaziwa kangcono ngokuthi .22lr. Ama-Cartridges kumele abe ne-ignition ring.

Umphumela wokushintshela kwezikhali ezincane zokulinganisa kwaba ukunciphisa ibanga elibhekiswe kwelitshe - manje lalingamamitha ama-50. Ama-biathletes aseJalimane athola ama-7 wezindondo eziyisishiyagalolunye zegolide kwi-World Biathlon Championships ngo-1978, eyenziwa ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha. Umqeqeshi oyinhloko weqembu likazwelonke lase-USSR u-Alexander Privalov, owayengumklomelo wemidlalo emibili ye-Olympic, wabeka icala lokuhluleka kweqembu le-USSR hhayi ekushintsheni izikhali, kodwa ngohlobo olusha lwezitifiketi ezisetshenziselwa nokugqoka ngokungafanele.

Impendulo eyanele kwimithetho eguqukayo

Ama-gun kanye nabaqambi ku-Izhmash (Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant) bathuthukisa ngokuphuthumayo isibhamu esisha seBiathlon Bi-6, besebenzisa amakhandriji ajikelezayo, ngokuhambisana nezidingo ezintsha.

Imfihlo yokukhululwa okusheshayo kwezikhali ezintsha ichazwa ngokucacile: njengasekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, besebenzisa isibhamu sempi yaseMosin, amasampuli ayenziwa yiBiathlon Bi-7.62 noBiathlon Bi-6.5, futhi Ngalesi sikhathi abakhiqizi bathatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokwenza "Ural-5-1" no-"Ural-6-1" futhi ngokusesikhathini esijulile sakha i- "Biathlon Bi-6".

Ukuhlelwa kwemigwaqo

Isibhamu se-pneumatic biathlon silingana nabo bonke abakhiqizi futhi sihluke ekwakhiweni kwamayunithi nakwezinye izikhundla ezihlukene. Kunoma yikuphi, wonke umehluko ulawulwa futhi ulawulwa ngokuqinile. Isibhamu se-Biathlon, idivaysi enamayunithi ajwayelekile kanye nezinqubo, ine-trunk, ibhedi lezinkuni, i-bolt, i-trigger mechanism, i-sight kanye nesitolo. Ukuklanywa kwesitoreji kuvumela, uma kunesidingo, ukushintsha ubukhulu bawo obukhulu ngokufaka ama-gaskets engeziwe. Kudingeka ibhande lomfutho we-biathlon. Kuphela ukukhishwa kwehlombe kusetshenziswa, ngoba lokhu kuyindlela ewusizo kakhulu. Ukubona isibhamu se-biathlon kufanele kube yi-dioptric kuphela, ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu ezibonakalayo akuvumelekile.

Ngamunye, kungenzeka ukuthi ulungise futhi ulungise ezinye izingxenye zesibhamu, isibonelo, "isifuba" (engxenyeni engenhla yesitoko) kanye nebhande elinesikhumba sokuphikisa. Isimo sesisindo sobukhulu besikhali singalungiswa ngokungeza noma ukunciphisa izisindo zokulinganisa. Ukulayishwa kabusha okusheshayo kwesibhamu, ngaphandle kokushintsha isikhundla somdlali, kusetshenziswa indlela yokugwedla, evala umgodi ngokusizwa ngama-axxes ajikelezayo.

Izembozo zokuzivikela zifeza umsebenzi wazo wokuvikela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungcola komzila womgqomo, ukubona isikhali kanye nendiza yayo. Ukuklama kwendlela yokunquma kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe kahle ukucindezela kwe-trigger trigger trigger, kanye nendawo yezintambo ngaphandle kokuhlakaza isikhali. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-biathlon, imithetho yalo yashiwo: ukuphela kwesibhamu se-biathlon ehamba ngokuphindaphindiwe kuvunyelwe, futhi ngemva nje kokuba izenzakalo zika-1978 zivunyelwe ukusebenzisa amamodeli ngeklanywa okuhlukile kwalendlela.

I-design ye-shutter eqinile "i-Anschutz"

Umshini ngamunye owenza izibhamu zezemidlalo, uthuthuke futhi uvelise izikhali ngenhloso yakhe yokwakha ibhuloho. I-German firm "Anschutz" isebenzisa i-shutter, umklamo wayo owasungulwa emuva ngo-1935, ukuyivuselela njalo.

Kuze kube ngu-1984, zonke izikhali zalolu mkhiqizo zakhiwe besebenzisa ukwakhiwa ngendlela yokwakha. Ngemuva kuka-1984, umculi wezibhamu uP. Fortner ufake uhlelo lokuvala ngesibhamu ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, futhi lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenkampani ethi "Anschutz" kuze kube yilolu suku. Isici esivela kula madivaysi yizilinganiso ezithe xaxa, ukungabikho kwempi edingekayo yamakhanjidi anamandla.

Ukuvuselela isibhamu kulula kakhulu, ngeminwe emibili: ukudonsa umunwe wenkomba ngesibambo, iqhude liboshiwe, futhi isifo salo esiphezulu senziwa ngokucindezela ingxenye engemuva yesistimu ngesithupha. Futhi, ukuthembeka kwesiphathi ngesikhathi sokuvuselela kuthonywa yi-ejector kanye no-extractor, okuyiyo, ngenxa yokwakha kwayo, yokwenza ngokwethembeka imisebenzi yabo emazingeni aphansi asemoyeni.

Amanye amacebo wesango

I-Finns yasebenzisa uhlelo olusha lwe-shutter ku-model yabo ye-Finnbiathlon, eyenziwe nguTampeeren Asepaja. Le ndlela yayine-stroke egijima isikhathi eside, futhi yayingekho isidingo sokushintshaniswa.

Ukubalandela eSoviet Union kubuye kubonakale isibhamu se-biathlon "Bi-7", isango elinomklamo ofanayo. Akunakwenzeka ukungaqapheli ukubaluleka kwezikhali ezivelele ezidalwa izikhali uSusloparov. Ngesikhathi esifushane wakwazi ukulungiselela iMiklamo yama-Olimpiki yaseMoscow, "Bi-7-2", eyaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zezemidlalo zochungechunge oludumile kakhulu "i-Biathlon". Ekhuluma ema-Olympics ngesibonelo esisha, u- Alexander Tikhonov owaziwa kakhulu wathola indondo yakhe yegolide yezine emncintiswaneni owedlule. Ngendlela, nasezikhungweni ezimbili ze-Olimpiki zase Winter, ama-biathletes avela eSoviet Union ngosizo lwale mfuyo babethatha igolide emncintiswaneni owedlule.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezicucu ze-"Biathlon"

Ngokusekelwe kwesibhamu esidume kakhulu "Bi-7-2" ekuqaleni kwe-90-ies zakhiwe futhi zamukelwa yizibonelo ze-biathlonist "Bi-7-3" no "Bi-7-4." Umjikelezo wokuphila wale mikhiqizo onokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo uzohlala kuze kube yiMidlalo yamaHlathi Olympic eVancouver.

Kusukela ngo-1991, umhlinzeki oyinhloko wezikhali zezindiza ze-biathlon, i-Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, useqalile ukukhiqizwa kwemodeli entsha ye "Bi-7-2". Ukudubula okuvela ku-biathlon isibhamu salolu chungechunge kuqhutshwa yi-.22lr cartridges yamakhamera enomshini we-annular, ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezivunyelwe ngokuvamile ngo-1978. Ukuthunyelwa kuvela ezitolo ezithintekayo, amandla okubalwa kuwo amahlanu. Futhi esimisweni esilinganiselwe kufaka phakathi amadivaysi ezinhlamvu ezengeziwe, ngenani lezicucu ezintathu. Izitolo ezine emncintiswaneni zisekhasethi elikhethekile, elinamathele emgqonyeni.

Ukuvala umgqomo we-pneumatics enikeziwe kwenzeka ohlelweni lwe-hinge-lever.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokudubula ku-biathlon ukushaja kabusha ngokushesha izikhali ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo se-biathlete nokuchitha isikhathi esiyigugu ngenjongo entsha. Ukondla i-cartridge emgqonyeni wesibhamu "I-Bi-7-2" kwenziwa ngokunyakaza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yesibambo esikhethekile. I-bolt ihamba ngesikhathi sokufaka kabusha e-arc encane.

Isibhamu sibhekene nokulingana, okulawulwa ngokungeza noma ukususa izisindo zokulungisa. Futhi, amandla okuphuma kanye nokushaya kwesibindi se-trigger kuncike ekulungisweni. Isihlathi esihlalweni sobude nobude balo sishintshiwe futhi sihlelwe ngabanye kumdlali ngamunye, njengoba ukunemba kokudubula kuncike ekusebenzeni komdlali. Umgqomo, ukubona nokubona isibhamu kufakwe izembozo ezikhethekile ezisheshayo, umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuvikela isikhali kusuka eqhweni, ukungcola nezinye izidakamizwa ezingathinta ukunemba kokudubula.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ukukhiqizwa kwesibhamu salo mkhiqizo kuqhubeke isikhathi eside, futhi kulokhu kuthuthukisiwe futhi kunamanje. Isibonelo, namuhla zikhiqiza "izinhlobo ze-Bi-7-4A". Incwadi A enesihloko ithi lesi siguyi sinemibhobho yenkampani edumile yaseJalimane i-Anshutz.

Ama-Elite Rifles

Ukuze abe ngabalingani bangama-sampuli akwenziwa ngaphansi komyalelo ngaphansi kwezemidlalo yekhonkrit. Isibhamu "Bi-7-4" ekushintsheni okwesishiyagalolunye ibhokisi elisha ngokuphelele, izilungiselelo zazo ezinganelisa izidingo zanoma yisiphi isazi semvelo; Umbono omusha we- dioptric ovela e-Anshutz eqinile yokuncintisana; Izimpukane zonyaka ezingalungiswa. Ukuze uvikele ekumelaneni nokubola futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza, umamukeli nomgqomo kukhona i-chrome plated. Phakathi kweminye imodeli yamapulangwe ama-elite, kukhona "i-Antshutz 1827", ebizwa ngokuthi "okungcono kakhulu kwezinto ezinhle kakhulu" yizinkampani eziningi kanye nomklomelo-abawinile-ama-biathletes.