Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ucwaningo kubahlinzeki nawabantu

A ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo ezingokwengqondo, ososayensi baye baqala emuva nekhulu le-19. Engalungile are labo bayaqiniseka ukuthi indima Guinea izingulube kulezi izifundo oba kuphela kanye nezilwane. Abahlanganyeli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abantu baba yizisulu ucwaningo ngokuvamile. Hlobo luni ucwaningo laziwa izigidi, zonke wehlile emlandweni? Cabanga uhlu akukhuthazwa kakhulu.

ucwaningo kwenqondo: Albert kanye rat

Omunye ngezilingo impikiswano kakhulu kulelo khulu leminyaka elidlule owawuse ngu John Watson ngo-1920. Lokhu kuthiwa kubangelwa kumila uprofesa Amathrendi ekuziphatheni Psychology, yena echitha isikhathi esiningi esifundweni bemvelo zokwesaba. ucwaningo kwenqondo ziqhutshwa Watson, ikakhulukazi okuhlobene okwashiwo izingane ngokomzwelo.

Ilungu elilodwa ucwaningo baKhe kwaba umfana oyintandane, u-Albert, ngubani ekuqaleni isilingo kwaba izinyanga 9 kuphela. Ngo isibonelo sakhe, lo profesa wazama ukuveza ukuthi zokwesaba eziningi zenzeka kubantu zisencane. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba ukwenza Alberta nakho ukwesaba lapho ebona rat ezimhlophe nengane wayithokozela ukudlala.

Thanda ucwaningo eziningi ezingokwengqondo, ukusebenza Albert wathatha isikhathi eside. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili, ingane yabonisa rat emhlophe, bese ikhombisa izinto ezifanayo kuyo (ukotini, unogwaja omhlophe, i nesilevu yokufakelwa). Uma kuba njalo nengane sivunyelwa ukuba sibuyele emidlalweni yabo ne rat. Ekuqaleni, u-Albert esaba nangomoya ozolile usebenzisane nalo. Isimo sashintsha lapho Watson ngesikhathi imidlalo yakhe kanye nesilo yamshaya ngesando kwimikhiqizo metal, okuwenza thud elikhulu beyizintandane.

Ngenxa yalokho, u-Albert wayesaba uthinte rat, hhayi ukwesaba sinyamalale ngisho nangemva ke wahlukana isilwane ngeviki. Lapho ephinda baqala ukubonisa umngane ubudala, waqhumuka wakhala. A ukusabela okufanayo lapho ingane wabonisa ngendlela izinto, efana isilwane. Watson wakwazi ukufakazela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, kodwa yokwesaba wahlala no-Albert for a lifetime.

Ukulwisana nokucwasa

Yiqiniso, u-Albert - akuyona nje vó komntwana ayenaye ofaka ku ucwaningo ngokwengqondo unonya. Izibonelo (nezingane) phila ngakhethi kalula, anothi, UCWANINGO olwenziwe ngo-1970 Dzheyn Elliott, ngokuthi "Blue kanye brown amehlo." uthisha School, ngaphansi umbono kokubulawa uMartin Luther King, Jr., banquma ukukhombisa amacala abo ezishaqisayo abangase babhekane nazo yobandlululo practice. zokuhlola bawo babeyizimpisi abafundi ekilasini lesithathu.

Wachoboza itlasi ngeenqhema, elimalungu alo akhethwa ngesisekelo wamehlo (nsundu, blue, oluhlaza okotshani), bese ahlinzekwa ukwelapha izingane brown uneso njengoba amalungu uhlanga eliphansi, hhayi yinhlonipho. Yiqiniso, ukuhlola kwaba uthisha engabiza endaweni yomsebenzi, umphakathi Wathukuthela wathelwa ngamanzi. Izinhlamvu ayethukuthele owayenguthisha, abantu zacela, kwakungenzeka kanjani owesifazane lokho waphakamisela nezingane emhlophe.

ejele yokufakelwa

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akubona bonke ezinzima ucwaningo ngokwengqondo ezaziwayo nawabantu ekuqaleni wakhulelwa kanjalo. Phakathi kwabo endaweni ekhethekile kuhlala nabasebenzi bocwaningo at Stanford University, wathola igama "setilongweni yokufakelwa." Ososayensi ngisho engabe ukuhlola indlela elimazayo psyche ngeke "elingenacala" ukuhlolwa, kwenziwe 1971, olwasungulwa Philip Zimbardo.

Udokotela wengqondo kwakusho usebenzisa nocwaningo lwakhe ukuqonda izindinganiso zomphakathi wangaleso abantu abalahlekelwe inkululeko yabo. Kuze kube yimanje, wathatha iqembu lamavolontiya umfundi, ehlanganisa amalungu 24, bese wayihluthulela egumbini elingaphansi uMnyango Psychology, okuyinto ayezoba uhlobo ejele. Half of the amavolontiya wathatha indima iziboshwa, lonke isinyathelo njengababonisi.

Ngokumangalisayo, 'iziboshwa "Kwangithatha isikhathi impela kancane isikhathi ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi isiboshwa yangempela. Kungokufanayo cwaningo abahlanganyeli owangena indima onogada, waqala ukubonisa real anonya, abaceba ukuhlukunyezwa bayanda ezigcemeni zabo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwadingeka ukuba uphazamiseke ngaphambili kuka kuhlelwe ukuze ugweme ukuhlukumezeka. Bonke abantu bebelokhu 'ejele "nje kwesikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto.

Umfana noma intombazane

ucwaningo kubahlinzeki nawabantu ngokuvamile bagcina kabuhlungu. Ubufakazi lena indaba edabukisayo umfana okuthiwa uDavid Reimer. Isencane isakhasa, yena wahlinzwa akuphumelelanga yokusoka, ngenxa lapho umntwana Wacishe ipipi lakhe. Wasebenzisa sokusebenza kwengqondo Dzhon Mani, ngubani ngiphuphe ukufakazela ukuthi izingane Asizalwa abafana namantombazane, futhi babe ngakho ngenxa imfundo. Wanxusa abazali ukunikeza imvume ushintsho kuhlinzwa ka ubulili wengane, bese aphathe naye njengesisebenzi indodakazi.

Little UDavide washiswa okuthiwa uBrenda, engu-14 ubudala wayengabhekiseli unolwazi ukuthi kuyinto omele wobulili besilisa. Entsheni, umfana bondliwa estrogen, i-hormone okudingekayo ukuze kusebenze ukukhula amabele. Ngemva kokuthola iqiniso, wathatha igama Bruce wenqaba ukuba aziphathe njengendodana intombazane. Njengoba abadala, Bruce ngahlinzwa izikhathi eziningana, injongo okwakukhona ukubuyisela ubulili ngokomzimba.

Njengezinye ucwaningo eziningi owaziwa ezingokwengqondo, lokhu kwaba nemiphumela esabekayo. Esikhathini esithile Bruce wayezama ukuze bavuselele ukuphila kwabo, ngisho nezingane ezishadile nokushada zaba ngoyise babantwana ngumkayo. Nokho, lokhu kuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo kusukela ebuntwaneni ayibanga yize. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingana akuphumelelanga ukuzibulala indoda wakwazi ukuzibulala, washona eneminyaka engu-38 ubudala. Ingabe ibhujisiwe, futhi ukuphila kwabazali bakhe, abathintwa kwenzekani emkhayeni. Ubaba waba umlutha wotshwala, unina naye wazibulala.

Nature amalimi

Uhlu ucwaningo ngokomqondo, nokwagcina izingane babe abahlanganyeli kufanele uqhubeke. Ngo-1939, uProfesa Johnson, ngokusekelwa iziqu umfundi sikaMariya, wanquma ukuba afeze ocwaningweni ezithakazelisayo. Usosayensi ebekwe ukufakazela ukuthi amalimi ezinganeni basolwe yokuqala endaweni abazali abahlukumezayo "ukukholisa" izingane zabo ukuthi basuke abangingiziswa.

Ukuze isifundo baletha ndawonye Johnson iqembu, eyayihlanganisa izingane ezingaphezu kuka amabili kusukela amakhaya zezingane. Abahlanganyeli babefundiswa ukuba babe nenkinga ngenkulumo, bengekho ngokoqobo. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe wonke guys lona ngokwalo, waqala ukugwema ukuxoxa nabanye, empeleni weza amalimi. Yiqiniso, ngemva kwesifundo izingane wasiza ukuqeda izinkinga inkulumo.

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, abanye amalungu eqembu kakhulu bathintwa izenzo uSolwazi Johnson, isinxephezelo enkulu yemali esakhokhwa State of Iowa waklonyeliswa. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi ukuhlola nesihluku isibe ngabo umthombo ukubheduka sina.

isipiliyoni Milgram sika

Kukhona nezinye izindawo ezithakazelisayo ucwaningo kubahlinzeki abantu. Uhlu asinakubhuntsha ekucebiseni ucwaningo edumile, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze kwadingeka Stenli Milgrem. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo Yale University wazama ukuhlola izici ukusebenza igunya indlela ukuzithoba. Usosayensi wazama ukuthola ukuthi ngabe umuntu uyakwazi ngempela ukwenza izenzo uncharacteristic, uma ephikelela umuntu ngoba induna.

Kubahlanganyeli Milgram sokuhlola, ukwenza abafundi bakho siqu, ukuze umphatha ngenhlonipho. Elinye ilungu leqembu (Umfundi) kufanele baphendule imibuzo yabanye, yanjalo isinyathelo njengabafundisi. Uma umfundi eyayingalungile, lo thisha amshaya ngogesi, ngakho-ke wahamba kuze ndaba iphelile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba kumdlali osafunda kudlalwa, umdlalo abaphethwe ethola kancane samanje yini bengingatshelwanga abanye abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni.

Njengezinye ucwaningo kubahlinzeki abambelele ebantwini, ikhona abalwe kulesi sihloko, isipiliyoni uye walungiselela nemiphumela emangalisayo. abafundi 40 iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Kuphela 16 babo bawela isicelo salawo umlingisi, embuze ukuyeka ukushaya iphutha wamanje, abanye baqhubeka ngempumelelo ziqalise ezinhlwini belalela oda Milgram. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi yini eyamenza kubo ababangela ukuhlupheka ongamazi, engazi ukuthi akuyona ngempela ubuhlungu, laba bafundi abazange bathole impendulo. Empeleni, ukuhlola kwabonisa obubi ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu.

ucwaningo Landis

Izintambo futhi efana isipiliyoni Milgram ucwaningo kubahlinzeki abantu. Izibonelo izifundo ezinjalo ziziphilela eziningi, kodwa futhi elalidume kunawo wonke wakwazi ukuthenga umsebenzi Carney Landis, eyaqala ngo-1924 .. Udokotela wengqondo nentshisekelo imizwelo yabantu, wenza uchungechunge ucwaningo, bezama ukuthola izici ezivamile yokukhuluma imizwelo ethile kubantu ezahlukene.

Amavolontiya zenzeka kakhulu babe abafundi, bombo abangu edwetshwe imigqa abamnyama, ukuvumela umbono kangcono ukuhamba unyakazise imisipha yobuso. Abafundi ababoniswe izinto ezingcolile, abaphoqa ukuba ehogela izidakamizwa benawo iphunga nenyanyekayo, babeka izandla zabo abe isitsha esihle egcwele amaxoxo.

Isigaba nzima kakhulu ukuhlola - ukubulawa amagundane, okungangabazeki ukuthi ababekhona ayalwa ukuba mathupha decapitate. Okuhlangenwe nakho wanika imiphumela emangalisayo, kanye nezinye ucwaningo kubahlinzeki abambelele ebantwini, ikhona izibonelo zazo owufundayo manje. Cishe isigamu owenziwa yizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinekhono zenqaba ingcaca ukuqala afeze anawo osolwazi kuyilapho abanye naleso msebenzi. Abantu abavamile abangakaze wabonakaliswa akhuthaza ukuhlupha izilwane, belalela imiyalo nguthishela ikhanda rat wayehlala. Nokho, Study ukuhlonza ukuthi injongo ukunyakaza ebusweni ezehlela bonke abantu, lalibonisa obubi ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu.

Ukushikashikeka nge nobungqingili

Uhlu ukucwaninga edume kakhulu ngokwengqondo ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle ukuhlola nesihluku, wenziwa ngo-1966. Ngo omkhulukazi udumo yazuza emzabalazweni 60 nge nobungqingili, ke Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi sizwe ngalezo zinsuku, welashelwa isithakazelo bobulili obufanayo ngempoqo.

Ukuhlolwa senziwe 1966 ku iqembu labantu okusolakala ukuthi kobungqingili. Abahlanganyeli batfola ophoqelelwe ubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobungqingili, nakuba ubajezisela ngokuhlela esithweni kagesi. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi isenzo esinjalo kufanele athuthukise abantu ukuya contact obuseduze ubulili babo. Yiqiniso, wonke amalungu eqembu wathola ukuhlukumezeka ngokomqondo, omunye wabo ngisho wafa, akakwazanga ukumelana eziningi we iziteleka zamanje. Ayikwazi ukunquma ukuthi zithinteka enifeza ukulinga orientation zobungqingili.

Intsha nezinqunjwana

ucwaningo kwenqondo abantu ekhaya ngokuvamile ukubeka, kodwa aziwa kuphela ukhweshe lwempuphu ucwaningo anjalo. Ngokushesha njengoba Ucwaningo olwenziwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule, abahlanganyeli uzimisele ababe intsha ezejwayelekile. Izingane zesikole bacelwa ukuba 8 amahora ukuba alahle konke zesimanje, kuhlanganise iselula, i-laptop, i-TV. Kulokhu, basuke akungqubuzani ukuya sishaywe, funda, ukudweba.

Okunye ngokwengqondo ucwaningo (ekhaya) akazange umxhwele umphakathi kakhulu ngendlela kulolu cwaningo. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa wabonisa ukuthi angu-8 "sokuhlushwa" owakwazi ukusekela iqhaza ezintathu kuphela. Labo abasele abanga-65 "ile", babecabanga kokushiya yalokhu kuphila, sibhekene uvalo. Abantwana bakhalaza izimpawu ezifana isiyezi, isicanucanu.

obukelayo umphumela

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ubugebengu ephezulu iphrofayela kungaba futhi nikhuthaze ososayensi ucwaningo ngokwengqondo. Izibonelo ezingokoqobo emhlabeni ukukhumbula kalula, isibonelo, isipiliyoni "obukelayo umphumela", ilethwa 1968 by osolwazi ezimbili. John Bibb futhi sethuka at ukuziphatha ofakazi eziningi ababebona lokubulala uKitti Dzhenoveze intombazane. Ubugebengu obenziwe phambi inqwaba yabantu, kodwa akekho azenzanga mzamo wokubuya ayeke umbulali.

UJohn no Bibb abamenyiwe amavolontiya kwakufanele ukuchitha isikhathi esithile nezilaleli at Columbia University, abaqinisekise ukuthi lo msebenzi wabo ukugcwalisa amaphepha. Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa bethandazile egumbini lagcwala umusi ingozi empilweni. Khona-ke, ukuhlola okufanayo sasiqhutshwa iqembu labantu elihlangene ekilasini efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokuba intuthu ekulobeni uyakuzwa ukukhala.

Okunye ucwaningo ezingokwengqondo, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa enikezwa esihlokweni, babe ngesihluku okuningi, kodwa okwenzeka "obukelayo umphumela" wehlela emlandweni kanye nabo. Ososayensi baye luthole ukuthi umuntu oyedwa, isheshe ukufuna usizo noma ukuwusiza kuka iqembu labantu, noma ngabe liqukethe amalungu amabili noma amathathu nje kuphela.

Yiba njengazo zonke

Ezweni lethu, ngisho nasezikhathini zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa olwenziwe ucwaningo ngokwengqondo ndoda yayinesithakazelo abantu. ISoviet Union - ezweni lapho iminyaka eminingi kwakuyisiko Kwakungafanele ume esixukwini. Akumangalisi ukuthi izinto eziningi ezingajabulisi langaleso sikhathi besishumayela Ukutadisha isifiso umuntu ovamile ukuba njengawo wonke umuntu.

Abahlanganyeli ucwaningo ngokwengqondo elithakazelisayo futhi nibe bobudala obungefani. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu 5 guys Umenyiwe uzame liphalishi irayisi, lapho isimo sengqondo esiqondile wonke amalungu ethimba. izingane ezine Kondliwa iphalishi amnandi, bese kufika ithuba lika ilungu yesihlanu, eyathola ingxenye kunganambitheki usawoti iphalishi. Lapho lezi babuzwa ukuthi ezikuthandayo isidlo, iningi wabapha impendulo ngoyebo. Njengoba kuvela, ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho bonke ozakwabo adunyiswe iphalishi, futhi izingane ngifuna ukuba njengaye wonke umuntu.

Okufakwe obubhekiswe nezinye ucwaningo zakudala ngokwengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu abahlanganyeli eziningana ahlinzekwa ukubiza black mbhoshongo emhlophe. Kuphela nengane eyodwa awazange baxwayiswa kusengaphambili, wacelwa mayelana umbala amathoyizi zokugcina. Ngemva kokulalela izimpendulo nabangane bakhe, iningi izingane unwarned umangalele ukuthi abanzima mbhoshongo ezimhlophe, ukulandela indlela isixuku.

Ukuhlolwa nge izilwane

Yiqiniso, hhayi kuphela kwi nawabantu ifakwa ucwaningo zakudala ngokwengqondo. Uhlu ngezilingo ephezulu iphrofayela kufakwe indaba ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma isipiliyoni lezimfene olwenziwa ngo-1960. Ukuhlolwa wabizwa ngokuthi "Umthombo yithemba ', umlobi wayo kwaba Garri Harlou.

Usosayensi nentshisekelo inkinga inyumbazane yomuntu ayekufuna izindlela ukuze bazivikele kuwo. Ezifundweni zakhe Harlow Angazi zisebenzisa abantu nezinkawu, noma kunalokho abasha kwalezi zilwane. Lezi zingane lisuswe unina, kukhiyiwe wedwa esitokisini. Abahlanganyeli ukuhlola baba izilwane kuphela isibopho kabani ngokomzwelo naye lokho kwakungeyona ungaqiniseki.

izinkawu Young inxeba intando osolwazi lwenziwe esitokisini ngonyaka ngaphandle kokuthola hhayi kancane "ingxenye" yokukhulumisana. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lawo iziboshwa ziye zasungula abanokukhubazeka ecacile engqondo. Usosayensi wakwazi ukuqinisekisa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ukuthi ukucindezeleka kungasizi ngisho ebuntwaneni bajabule. Okwamanje imiphumela ukuhlola wathola azinakwa. Esikhathini Uprofesa eminyakeni engu-60 wathola ama-imeyili amaningi kusukela isilwane bameli, yezimo abhekene wenza ukunyakaza fighters amalungelo wabazalwane bethu ethandwa kakhudlwana.

singenamandla wafunda

Yiqiniso, eyenziwa izilwane nezinye ucwaningo enkulu ngokwengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngendaba impikiswano, ngokuthi "singenamandla safunda le" waba okuhleliwe ngo-1966. Odokotela bengqondo uMarc no Steve ezifundweni zabo besebenzisa izinja. Izilwane yayihluthulelwe kumaseli ke kokuba kabi ukushaqeka wamanje, bathola ngokuzumayo. Kancane kancane zasondela izinja ukutshengisa izimpawu of "singenamandla safunda le", okwaphumela sokucindezeleka. Ngisho nangemva kokuba lathuthela amaseli evulekile, abazange kubalekeleni Ngokuqhubeka iziteleka zamanje. Izilwane uncamela ukubekezelela ubuhlungu, ayeqiniseka kwesiphetho yayo.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ukuziphatha izinja ngezindlela eziningi esifana ukuziphatha kwabantu okwadingeka ithuba izikhathi eziningana ukuze usinde ukwehluleka endabeni ethile. Futhi olungenakuzisiza, sizimisele ukubekezelela nge inhlanhla yakhe embi.