Dzhon Uotson: Biography, izithombe John B. Watson

Dzhon Brodes Uotson - sibalo, siqine umlando umzimba ngokwengqondo. Akunjalo kudala, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, izwe yesayensi wafunda ngokusebenzelana behaviorism theory. Wabe ngokushesha yabangela impikiswano kumibuthano efanele, kodwa namanje laqhubeka landa. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje cishe ukuhlangabezana abalandeli bayo, kodwa ithonya behaviorism liye lasakazekela cishe zonke izici zokuphila, kanye nobuchwepheshe bayo bayaqhubeka zisetshenziswe emhlabeni.

ebuntwaneni

Dzhon Uotson (1878-1958) wazalelwa e South Carolina, edolobheni elincane Abavakashi Bu. Uyise, Paykens Watson bebephila ukuphila antule ukuzithiba, yalokho okwenzeka endlini njalo iziyaluyalu futhi amahlazo akuphelanga. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi ngemva kweminyaka engu-13 kwazalwa indodana yakhe ubaba wakhe washiya umkhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mfana kwesokunxele enhlekeleleni ajulile angokomzwelo. Unina Emma kwaba kakhulu inkolo ngokwemvelo, esiye saholela esiqinile imikhuba yokukhulisa izingane, kanye ukungabi sekuyaphela senkululeko yokuzikhethela ukuthola iziqondiso ezengeziwe. Futhi uma at 22 Dzhon Uotson walahlekelwa unina, kungenzeka ukuthi izwe beliyoba abakaze bezwe wezengqondo ovelele ezinjalo, njengoba yena wafisa indodana ka umsebenzi sobupristi.

intsha

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu ngo-1900 Baptist School e-University of Fermanagh, washiya edolobheni lakubo waya Chicago emfundweni yakhe ezayo. Dzhon Uotson efika legatsha lendawo nefilosofi, kodwa ngenxa ubunjalo efundisa, azishiye umeluleki ngokwesayensi bese udvweba amehlo kwengqondo. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3 kuphela, wavikela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela ngendaba ukuqeqeshwa isilwane, okuyiwona wayeqhubela ucwaningo amaningi emagundaneni. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile nguye ophethe ukuba abe umfundi encane kunawo wonke waba umlando lesikhungo, wathola iziqu, liphinde lokuqala owachitha emikhulu umsebenzi nakho okunjalo kulezi namagundane. Leli phuzu elibonakala izindawo umsebenzi okunye nguJohane delimit ucwaningo esizayo.

behaviorism

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kusukela ngosuku engudokotela wesayensi Dzhon Brodes Uotson wamenywa iNhloko yoMnyango kwengqondo zokuhlola e-University of Baltimore. Yena wavuma ngokunganqikazi, kanjalo evula amathuba ezingasho okwakuyiyo ukugxila ezifundweni zabo futhi ucwaningo. Le nkathi ekuphileni kwakhe ehlangene ukuthuthukisa imiqondo ngalo igama usosayensi e-emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando. Uba nesazi umlandeli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela behaviorism, achaza ngawo ngokuningiliziwe Manifesto yakhe eyayinesihloko esithi "Psychology ngokombono a behaviorist." Walifunda esidlangalaleni Februwari 24, 1913, usuku okungase kubhekwe ukuzalwa kwalo endaweni ngakwesokudla. Watson uthi emhlabeni isayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo isayensi umgomo kakhulu ezihlobene mkhakha wesayensi yemvelo. Yena ugxeke isimo samanje kanye nenani, ethi isifundo sakhe ngephutha uncika emhlabeni kwangaphakathi yomuntu, imicabango nemizwa yakhe. Ngokunjalo okungafaneleka ukugxila ekuziphatheni zangaphandle, kanye nedatha ukuthi angaqinisekiswa Ucwaningo.

umsebenzi yesayensi

Ngenxa eseyintsha kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela nokuthuthukiswa kwalo okwalandela, Dzhon Uotson iphezulu ubukhulu emphakathini ngokwesayensi. umholo wakhe luyanda kabili, i-laboratory ucwaningo luyanda ngobukhulu, futhi kusukela abafundi abafisa ukuba ube khona inkulumo, akukho ukukhululwa. Ngo-1915 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile esikhundleni sokuba umongameli we-American Psychological Association. Nakule minyaka engamashumi kungenziwa ngokuthi sokuthuthwa kwempahla behaviorism isiqondiso. Publications owayedume usosayensi bese avele izincwadi ezihlukahlukene, futhi ukuhlelwa out 2 lesayensi. Ngo-1914, izincwadi othathelele yakhe is agcwaliswa kubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi "Ukuziphatha: An Introduction to Psychology Comparative," lapho ukwazi njengento Psychology sinqatshelwe ngokuphelele. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe futhi wamukele ngokoqobo, futhi Watson yena amakhosi ubuciko ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu.

ukuphila Siqu

Nakuba ukufundisa e-University of umsunguli behaviorism washada umfundi wakhe uMariya Ickes. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka izingane ezimbili, umshado angeke ngokuthi yimpumelelo. Ngo-1920, omunye ugqozi abasha usosayensi iziqu umfundi wabhubhisa kuphela umshado, kodwa futhi wonke umsebenzi wokuziphilisa omuhle, ubelokhu ekwakheni iminyaka eminingi. Unkosikazi wathola ubufakazi romantic ukuxhumana indoda ukuwashicilela emaphephandabeni, okwabangela scandal okusheshayo. Kusukela manje, futhi zazo ukufundisa kungagcwala kungabaza. Isehlukaniso owawumkhulu kakhulu, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, Rozaliya Reyner futhi Dzhon Uotson, isithombe okuyinto abekwe ngezansi, ngokushesha washada. Ngenxa yalokhu umshado, kwaba yimpumelelo sangaphambilini bazalelwa ngaphezulu ezimbili Watson, liyala kokubili abafana. Rosalie kwesokunxele kuleli zwe isencane kakhulu, ngaphambi Inkosikazi esineminyaka engu-23. John alahlekelwa laba nzima, kodwa namanje waqhubeka esebenza. Nokho, kakade isiqondiso ukuhluka.

isikhangiso

Njengoba umfundi, ayenakho isikhathi esengeziwe sokuvakashela laboratory, isisebenzi esihlanzayo ngisho isikhonzi, kodwa esikhathini esizayo kuba bambalwa abantu ababenendaba ngoba uye waba emhlabeni odumile njengoba Dzhon Uotson - wezengqondo. Scandal ngokuba amambuka kwamphoqa ukubheka izindawo ezintsha ukuqaliswa, futhi ekhetha ububanzi esisebenzayo kwesicelo lwati lolutfolakele. Ukuze ucacise kabanzi, ishiya elekhanda esikhangisweni. Ngalezo zikhathi, kule ndawo empeleni esasisesisha edingekayo uphenyo enemininingwane ukuthola ukuziphatha izindlela ukulawula abathengi. Futhi lokhu control usesikhundleni eliyingqikithi umkhakha kwengqondo, ngakho uJohane ikhanda lakhe ujule emsebenzini othile umsebenzi wokukhangisa. Uqala, njenganoma iyiphi enye, kusuka phansi, kwelinye ejensi of New York ngaphansi kokulawulwa Stanley Rizora. Ndawonye nabanye ababezobhapathizwa, edlula zonke izigaba umsebenzi, ngisho naphezu kolwazi lwakhe olubanzi nokufeza ngokwesayensi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yena uthukulula up, bathole amakhono entsha futhi egxilile ngokuphelele Psychology zokuhweba, nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo mbono zabo zibe practice. Ngakho, nguye ophethe ukuba ifike elisezingeni uSekela Mongameli inkampani futhi ukuhlala kulesi sikhundla iminyaka eminingi.

Legacy Watson

Ukusebenza embonini ukukhangisa, Dzhon Uotson uyaqhubeka zokugqokisa emibonweni yabo yesayensi kule ncwadi. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo odokotela bengqondo futhi theorists ukuhlala imisebenzi eziningana, kuhlanganise "behaviorism", "Izindlela behaviorism" futhi "ukunakekelwa kwengane ngokwengqondo." Among landeli yakhe edume kunazo zonke, owayesebenza theory okwengeziwe, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa Burres Skinner, ngubani, kanye nabanye ozakwabo wakwazi ukufeza ukukhuthazwa behaviorism. Kodwa, umcabango ngokuphindiwe sezibekwe ukugxekwa okukhulu, ingxenye enkulu ngenxa yokuthi ngaphezulu lalifana ithuluzi sibhekwe. Eminyakeni eyalandela, cwaningo yayo esenyukele ukwehla, kusale lutho kodwa iqoqo amasu amaningana, futhi kuze kube namuhla asetshenziswe ukuhweba, ezombusazwe kanye nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila nokufa

Eminyakeni ethile ngemva kokushona komkayo owayenguthisha enquma ukuhoxa kulo ibhizinisi ukukhangisa, anisekele epulazini ethule. Kukhona futhi behlala ngaphandle ezinsukwini zayo lokugcina Dzhon Uotson. Biography zokuphila kwakhe azifinyezwanga ngo-1958. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, inhlangano, lapho kwake kwaba umongameli kuhlanganisiwe ke ohlwini yayo amalungu zokuhlonipha. It akaphinda wamsiza ukhohlwe ihlanjalazwa, ngoba uma waba bancishwa umsebenzi wakhe amthandayo, futhi ilungelo abanezikhundla ezithile, ngakho ngonyaka ofanayo akhuluma kwesokunxele kuleli zwe, sesihlela umlilo egcekeni, enikeza eziningi amaphepha isayensi ilangabi. Kuba echo lokugcina okungenani abanye umsebenzi Watson, kodwa lesi senzo ayizange othinte idumela, ngoba waba negalelo elikhulu Psychology Watson kwayenza yaba enye yezindawo ososayensi esivelele kunazo zonke ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka.