Ingozi ukukhulula ayingozi: Izibonelo

Okwamanje, ububanzi esikhula ngokushesha amakhemikhali asetshenziswa emakhaya, umkhakha kanye nezolimo. Abaningi babo eziyingozi kanye nobuthi. Ngo ingozi ukukhululwa oluphuthumayo chemical imithi enobungozi e endaweni ethintekile uthole abantu, izilwane, izitshalo, amanzi, inhlabathi, umoya, hhayi kuphela endaweni ethintekile. inhlekelele nemiphumela asidlulisela ezizungezile. Manje, ake sihlole kabanzi kwenzekani kule ngozi lapho kukhululwa ayingozi. Izibonelo ezinye izimo uzobe kuchazwe esihlokweni.

Yiqiniso esikoleni

Ngisho e semfundo izingane bayofunda mayelana izitshalo, okungase kwenzeke ingozi, ukukhulula enobungozi amakhemikhali. Life Safety (Libanga 8) kwethula abafundi hhayi kuphela kwezimbangela eziyinhloko izingozi. Izingane ukuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana ukuthi baziphathe kanjani esesimweni esinjalo esiphuthumayo. Nokho, lokhu akukhona konke ukwaziswa odinga ukukwazi mayelana ingozi ukukhululwa ayingozi. OBZH - kulolu hlaka zokuphepha, futhi ngaphakathi Ezifundweni ezimbalwa nokho ichaze yonke inkinga. Futhi izindleko namuhla ngokucijile ngokwanele futhi ine ngamazwe ubukhulu.

izici Jikelele wamabhizinisi

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ayingozi kabanzi ngomuntu namuhla. Uma sikhuluma umkhakha, kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela ngobukhulu tibheke ukuzivikela, sokuncibilikisa, yokucwenga, uginindela nephepha Mills. Yiqiniso, compounds ezinobuthi obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali. Futhi, ethile eziyingozi samanje impahla e inyama yobisi izitshalo, izitolo ezibandayo, ngesikhathi ukuhweba elisekela nasezindaweni ezigcina impahla. compounds Toxic zingatholakala kumasayithi Tinsita. Zonke lezi amabhizinisi usongo olukhulu. Bahlale bekulungele kungenzeka ingozi ukukhululwa ayingozi.

compounds Main eziyingozi

I kabanzi kunazo ngezinga zezimboni:

• Fluoride ne-hydrogen bromide.
• Benzene.
• Phosgene.
• Methyl mercaptan.
• Cyanide-ta.
• Sulphur dioxide.
• Acrylonitrile.
• Ammonia.
• Hydrogen sulfide.
• Chlorine.

Ngokuvamile, compounds ezinobuthi kakhulu kukhona ngesimo liquid noma igesi. Phakathi isitoreji, ukusetshenziswa, ezokuthutha ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza izidakamizwa gaseous lazo lingeniswa isimo ketshezi by kokucindezelwa. Le nqubo isetshenziswa ukunciphisa ivolumu feed. Nokho, ematfuba ingozi ukukhululwa ayingozi liyakhuphuka.

Ukwahlukaniswa izingozi

Ngo ingozi ukukhululwa ayingozi kudala endaweni ethintekile. Toxic compounds unekhono hambisa ngokushesha emoyeni. Ngakho, lapho ingozi ukukhulula enobungozi ikhemikhali kwakwakhe, usuka phansi-ukugeleza komoya ungasabalalisa phezu amashumi amakhilomitha. Ngesikhathi besendleleni beshaya nxazonke. Ingozi eziphuthumayo chemical ukukhululwa imithi enobungozi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba kuye esikalini zone ukutheleleka. Ngakho, kungenzeka yangasese, yesifunda, isikhungo, wendawo, inhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Isigaba yokugcina kuhlanganisa ingozi ukukhulula eziphuthumayo imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali emhlabeni. Izibonelo yilezi zinhlekelele kubonisa ukuthi sina inkinga ukusetshenziswa compounds ezinobuthi ngumuntu.

MPC kanye "toksodoza"

isifinyezo Okokuqala imele "bangakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo kuvunyelwe esiphezulu" ezinobuthi. Futhi nale umqondo isetshenziswa kanye igama elithi "toksodoza" (umthamo enobuthi). Lezi zincazelo njani izakhiwo compounds eziyingozi. Umkhawulo okuqukethwe kuvunyelwe - lena lokuhlushwa eyokwenza ukuba nethonya nsuku zonke ku-umzimba womuntu isikhathi eside akakubangeli isifo noma sokugembula izinguquko kungatholakala usebenzisa zokupopola yesimanje. MPC libhekisela ema-awa lasiphohlongo nemini ngokushikashikeka nokukhandleka. Lesi sibalo alisetshenziswa umonakalo ngesikhathi kwehla ingozi yomgwaqo ukukhululwa esimweni esiphuthumayo enobungozi ikhemikhali. Emkhakheni welithi "toksodoza" it is kabanzi. Le nkomba ibonisa kwenkululeko izakhi ezingase zibangele imiphumela anobuthi.

Izici

Kufanele ukuthi le ngozi lapho kukhululwa ayingozi (isithombe ezinye izinhlekelele ivezwa esihlokweni), elinesimo isikhathi esilinganiselwe isinyathelo izingxenye eziyingozi. Inani umonakalo emvelweni futhi abantu kuzoncika esikalini futhi ubuthi zezakhi. Ngo ingozi ukukhululwa ayingozi (izibonelo emhlabeni - ubufakazi) idala hhayi kuphela ngokuthi ingozi yempilo, kodwa ngokuvamile ekuphileni kwabantu.

Ingozi ukukhulula eziphuthumayo imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali: Izibonelo PE phesheya

Ngo-2012, ngo-January 17, kwaba aziwayo mayelana ukuphahlazeka edolobheni Brühl, kwelinye izimboni esikhiqiza imishini. Le ngozi yenzeke chemical yokusabela, ukwakha ifu chlorine. Le ngozi Kulimale abantu 39. Kulawa, esibhedlela wathumela 16. Njengoba isitshalo waxoshelwa abasebenzi 300. Juni 27, 2011 ku esifundazweni US of Arkansas, kwelinye ukucutshungulwa amabhizinisi, enomnikazi kwekulu inyama umkhiqizi Tyson Ukudla, kwehla lo mshophi, okuholele ubuthi by chlorine ithole abasebenzi 170. Njengoba kuphawuliwe yabezindaba, imbangela yengozi ingxube okungahleliwe compounds ezahlukene anobuthi. Ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo ngesikhathi isitshalo yahanjelwa mayelana 600 abasebenzi. It esibhedlela abantu 173.

Ezokuthutha eziphuthumayo emazweni angefani

Meyi 20, 2012 eduze German w / esiteshini Mülheim aphazamisa ngesitimela esithwala impahla ethwele amakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu PE ezichithekile sodium chloroacetate, ibitume namafutha yomsizi netiyela. Ngaphakathi endaweni engaba 0.5 km waxoshelwa, kanye wesitimela wabaselwa uvalwe okwesikhashana. Ngo-2011, ngomhla ka-July 11 ngasedolobheni Debelets (Bulgaria) wagumbuqela ngamaloli iloli, ivela Turkey. Le ngozi yenzeke vinylbenzene ukuvuza. Cishe abayizigidi ezingu-2.5 zabantu asuswa kule ndawo eyayithintekile. Ngawo lowo nyaka, eduze Buckingham Palace kusukela iloli kwadingeka ethangini ngamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalokhu abantu baphume inhlekelele zabantu ke azange kwenziwe. Nokho, iziphathimandla yehlukaniswe off endaweni engaba amamitha angama-25.

Izibalo we Russian Federation

Esikhathini kusuka 1985 kuya ku-1990, owokuqala yasekhaya amabhizinisi kwaba ngu-120 ezinkulu izinhlekelele. Lezi zenzakalo eyayigujwa isitoreji, ezokuthutha kanye nokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni compounds ezinobuthi. Ngo-1994, salotshwa cishe ayinkulungwane izingozi zalolu hlobo. ERussia namuhla esebenza mayelana 3000 izinto eziyingozi amakhemikhali.

amacala ezibikiwe esikhathini esingamahora Russian Federation

Ingozi ukukhulula ayingozi, izibonelo okuzokwenziwa elichazwa kamuva, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene iphutha. Ngo inhlekelele jikelele kwenzeke ngenxa yamaphutha lobuchwepheshe, umonakalo mechanical, depressurization amathangi, ezokuthutha ukushayisana. Ngo-2013, yabe seyaziwa ngengozi e Lipetsk. Le ngozi yenzeke ngesikhathi isitshalo Metallurgical wendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwekhabhoni-benzene ukhula phakathi ukuphahlazeka wabulala abantu abangu-2. PE awuzange ephelezelwa esivuthayo ukuqhuma. Phakathi ukusebenza wokutakula kwabasebenzi isitshalo zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo. It engakaze fixed, futhi usongo ekuphileni sabantu izindawo eziseduze.

Izenzakalo 2012

Ngeshwa, le ngozi lapho kukhululwa ayingozi eRussia (izibonelo kungatholakala ezincwadini kaningi ngaphezu incazelo PE kwamanye amazwe) akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike. Ngakho, kwabikwa izingozi eziningana ezinkulu ngo-2012:

• Esikhathini Perm esifundeni Berezniki, kule mboni "Avisma" Novemba 14 ingozi. Lokhu inhlekelele kwabulala amadoda amathathu. abantu 21 lapho kwadingeka ukuba zingeniswe esibhedlela le ngozi. Ekuqaleni kwabikwa ukuthi nokufa iphutha ngenxa chlorine ukuvuza. Nokho, njengoba esashiwo kamuva futhi abameleli Wezangaphakathi, emoyeni useye elinye ecasulayo. Le nhlekelele yenzeke la kuhlangana khona ibhizinisi ngenxa yomsebenzi nge fan sivaliwe.
• Isitshalo "Devon" oveza polymers e n. Levashovo e Vyborgsky endaweni SPB okuholela imidlalo 100 l metilzotsianata ezintathu abathintekayo.
• E-Moscow ngoJuni 12 ifriji izitshalo ammonia ekushayweni zenzeke ivolumu 1 ilitha. Ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo ensimini ka ibhizinisi kwakukhona abantu 12. Bonke abasebenzi zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo. Zazingekho abalimala ngesikhathi kuphahlazeka.
• Ekupheleni kuka-May, futhi eMoscow, omunye izisekelo izithelo nemifino badedelwa Freon. Le ngxube lalisetshenziswa womshini aerosols namakha, ngoba zokucisha imililo kanye ezikulesi simila ifriji. Ngenxa yalokhu izwe liphathwe ibutho lezempi uye wahlupheka 4 indoda.
• I Barrow Meyi 19 ezithaka imithi isitshalo wendawo ezichithekile 20 l kwakwakhe chlorine-aqukethe. Le ngozi yenzeke ngo inombolo esitolo 1 ekukhiqizeni zokwenziwa izidakamizwa iyunithi. Compound seqa endaweni 10 m ^2. Ngenxa yalokho, eziphuthumayo lalimaza abathathu.
• Chlorine ukuvuza at "Korund" isitshalo sabhalwa 17 Meyi emzini Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni. Omunye umsebenzi esibhedlela ubuthi. izisulu abayisikhombisa zasiza situ. Amathuluzi okwelapha abantu 8 ebuzwa ngemuva kwesigameko.

Disaster eRussia ngo-2010

Novemba 22 kwakukhona iphayiphi ukufohla kwelinye izitshalo ifriji enyakatho yeMoscow. Kwaba ammonia. PP ipayipi kwakubangelwa depressurization. Ngakho kwabangela othomathikhi ukuvikelwa, lapho ammonia okuphakelayo wayekwa. abasebenzi yenkampani zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo. muntu olimele kubika kule ngozi. Ngo eYekaterinburg ngo-October 21 Kube ukukhululwa kwe odorant (amakhemikhali enobungozi kwakwakhe). Umoya ambalwa seniqhelelene Berezovsky futhi Kalinovka. Ochwepheshe ngokushesha wathola indawo ukuvuza futhi iyivimbele. Ukusebenzisa isixazululo manganese, abatakuli bakhiqiza zokuyithena kwakwakhe inhlabathi. Izinsongo bekungengenxa abantu. Ebusuku kusukela th 14 kuya ku-15 kuNhlolanja ngo Krasnokamsk CJSC "Proihimperm" ezikhiqizwa inala kuphela. Phakathi kwemisebenzi, hose liqhume. Ngenxa yalokho, iphimbo kuholele 2 m ³ kuphela. uxhumano luthi ukutsheka usephendukele ngokusebenzisa amapayipi ukuze isitshalo ukwelashwa kanye ku kwesigubhu. Ngenxa yalokhu izwe liphathwe ibutho lezempi wasala engasenabo amanzi kubantu abangaphezu kuka-50 eziyinkulungwane, njengoba supply linqanyuliwe ngesikhathi ukuqedwa imiphumela sigemegeme.

izingozi Ezokuthutha ukukhululwa oluphuthumayo imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali eRussia: Izibonelo

Ngo-2012, 6 Februwari, ku Novosibirsk esifundeni ubuciko. Marsh ammonium hydroxide oputshukile kusuka w / d ethangini. Phakathi ukuhlala likhanyelwe ingxenye yesine ka ngobungako okuqukethwe. Ingxenye ammonia elichithwe umzila. Bekanye yizimpahla izitimela esilazayo ithangi wafika esiteshini. Himzavodskaya Kuibyshev w / e. Wayesesithombeni uncoupled futhi wathumela kumile. Onyakeni owawandulele ngo-2011, ekuqaleni kuka November, wagumbuqela ngamaloli nge amanzi ammonia. We isamba (12 m) sekukhona emhlabeni 200 wamalitha. umlilo Ufike wageza isixazululo. Intamo ethangini kokuvalelwa. Esiteshini Chelyabinsk (Main) ngonyaka ofanayo, kwelinye izimoto watholakala ukuba ngibheme ebusuku ka-September 1. Lapho ehlola kwatholakala ukuthi kwaba uxhumano lokudlulisa in ingilazi iziqukathi. Eziningi kuzo lezi zindaba. Abasebenzi zenqola esiteshini wafelwa uyiswa eziqhele. Kwakuthinta akhokhiswa Cordon. Ngosuku olulodwa uxhumano lokudlulisa imidlalo sekuqediwe ngokuphelele. Ngokusho ikomiti ecwaningayo, 132 wahlushwa ukukhululwa intuthu 52 babo zazidluliselwa esibhedlela.

Ekuphetheni

Akukona konke ingozi ukukhulula eziphuthumayo imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali eRussia. Izibonelo esihlokweni, it is nje eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni amacala. Ezinye izinhlekelele asamukelanga emphakathini. Lokhu kungenxa ngenxa isikali zabo ezincane. Nokho, kufanele kusho ukuthi noma yini kwaba, noma kunjalo compounds ezinobuthi kubangele umonakalo ongalungiseki kokubili kubantu nasemvelweni. Ingozi ukukhulula amakhemikhali ayingozi Russia - Lena enye yezinselele ezinkulu ezibhekene nohulumeni. Udaba eziphuthuma kakhulu ukuvikela labantu emiphumeleni anobuthi. Yokuthuthukisa ukuphepha izindawo, ukuze kugwemeke izingozi ezihilela ukukhululwa kwe eziphuthumayo amakhemikhali enobungozi izinto e Russian uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kumele kutsi tentiwe ncono, ethuthukisiwe imishini, some imithetho yokuziphatha okunjalo amabhizinisi.