Indlela I Turk ekhulwini le-18 yakwazi ukukhohlisa emhlabeni?

Eminingi yale ngasekupheleni 18th leminyaka nasekuqaleni 19 waseTurkey eyaziwa ngokuthi Turk ukhangwa izixuku ababukele kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi i-United States. Eqinisweni, robot elilinganisiwe, ukushaya izivakashi embukisweni kwaba nenkohliso grand. Kodwa machine ngakho waziklama ukuthi yakwazi ukukhohlisa umphakathi isikhathi eside engu-80. Ngaphambi imfihlakalo yakhe phendla wakwazi ukushaya enjalo enethonya chess abalandeli, njengoba Napoleon Bonaparte futhi uBenjamin Franklin.

Ekuqaleni komlando American

Ekuqaleni 1826 eyaziwa eYurophu "chess master" efika e-New York nge DEBUT. Limelela umshini iye kabanzi ikhangiswe. Izinkulungwane zabantu ziye zafunda mayelana nokufika izimangaliso smart Izihloko zamaphephandaba kanye nokukhangisa. Ayikho into engavamile e yokuthi embukisweni lokuqala ebibanjelwe Broadway ehhotela National Ihhotela, ayikwazanga ihlanganise wonke umuntu. Kwakukhona nezivakashi ezingu-200 kuphela. Futhi zijabula kakhulu egumbini kwase kunezinto ezimbili okufanele GM ezinhle. Umphakathi babekade bezwile ngeSikole ayenganqobeki umshini, ziphuma emazweni onke elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Kodwa GMS American awahlangabezananga okulindelwe isixuku. Basuke kakhulu lula lacela umaluju kwelase.

Isiqongo ukuthandwa

EMelika, injabulo zomphakathi sasekelwa zonke izincwadi ngobukhulu kuleli. Babeka ulwazi mayelana esinganqobeki Enkulu emakhasini phambi. Futhi njalo uma emahholo bagibele ababukele bayanda, ngethemba lokuthi okungenani oyedwa lucky ngokwanele ukuze anqobe. Ngezinye izingqondo kakhulu isikhathi kukhona umbuzo okunengqondo: indlela irobhothi mechanical ngaso sonke isikhathi uphatha ukuhlala unbeaten? Kwakubonakala sengathi Turk uyakwazi ukukhuluma. Ikhona yini enye indlela ukuchaza amakhono akhe obuhlakani belwa grandmasters ukuwedlula wonke ngaleso sikhathi wakhe? Akekho ongaphika ukuthi i-chess - kuba umqansa kunayo yonke bokusungula umdlalo.

Austrian Baron wafuna ahehe iNdlovukazi

Lo mshini elihlakaniphile wakwazi zidlule abanikazi eziningana. Turk yaqale ethulwa egcekeni Austro-Hungarian iNdlovu- kazi uMaria Theresa ngo-1769. Umsunguli wendlela lesi simangaliso iyona Austrian Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. Lo muntu babenedumela a imbulu, wazakhela yena esigodlweni yodumo lwegama umsunguli sika. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi bafuna ukujabulisa umcabango Empress yafunga kuye ukuklama emshinini bayonidlula konke ukuzijabulisa ukuthi kuphela kusungulwe indoda kuze kube manje. Ukuze lo msebenzi awuzange uphazanyiswe ezinye izinto ngokucindezela, uMaria Theresa anikezwe umsunguli we iholidi eside.

Kwakubukeka njengolimi abaseTurkey?

ingane yakhe kwaba lutho kodwa nizwa dummy ogcwele abantu. Leli robhothi njalo sihlezi kubhazabhaza ikhabethe elikhulu lokhuni. indlela Yangaphakathi okusikhumbuza ingaphakathi amahora, ne eziningi cranks kanye iziyisikhombisa. Sam udoli begqoke izingubo ezimibalabala Turkey, ekhanda lakhe kwaba nomshuqulo yendabuko, futhi isandla tube. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi sithombe sokuqala isibhamu futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi Turk.

Imoto uvele ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha

Wolfgang von Kepel wabuyela inkantolo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukusebenza sokuqala senzeka waseTurkey ngo 1770 kuya UMaria Theresa kanye neqembu labantu enkantolo. Wonke umuntu wabuka njengoba umsunguli iphuma manikin ubekwe ukuphakama ekhabetheni 1.2 amamitha. Bese iqala ukwenza, ezoqhubeka liphindwe izikhathi ezingenakubalwa: Kempelen yavula iminyango iKhabhinethi ukuze bonke ababambiqhaza babeqiniseka ukuthi ayihlali muntu. Sikhatsi sesento umbonile indlela yangaphakathi zedivayisi. Babenesizotha. Konke kuhlanzekile, kungekho nkohliso. Uma umshini libizwa sokuzithandela lokuqala, umsunguli wafika indlela waphendukela isibambo. -Turks saphila kanye Sashintsha kancane kancane saba ikhanda lakhe lokukhanda ngapha nangapha. Khona-ke welula isandla sakhe, wathatha pawn futhi kwathuthwa kuqala umdlalo.

Izethameli wayedidekile

Maduze abaseTurkey yavusa elikhulu isasasa, futhi hhayi kuphela egcekeni iNdlovukazi. Izilaleli udidekile. Abantu babengazi ukuthi benzenjani. Ezinye Masinyane yangena ishesha ukubeka phambili ezinguqulweni zabo siqu. Phakathi kokuqagela njalo okuphindaphindiwe kakhulu ezimbili: ukulawula indlela esebenzisa odonsa futhi kweqhaza prodigy abasha, sitheza udoli. Nokho, kungaba into encane. Abantu azi kahle ukuthi ukufihla abantu abavamile kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphakathi dummy. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi yonke abagxeki wayeyindoda babekholelwa Turk simangalele zobuchwepheshe. Umuntu othile wake wabuka echazwe ukudalwa Baron von Kempelen :. "Akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ulwazi ephelele ngaphezulu Mechanics kunaleyo umnumzana"

uhambo

Ngokushesha Maria Teresa akhenge adinwe ukulahlekelwa ithoyizi. Nokho, ngo-1783, umamukeli yayo, uMbusi Joseph II, uye savuka isithakazelo e Turku. Wenza yokuthumela slot machine wayethathe uhambo oluya kuyo Europe. In Paris umshini elihlakaniphile ngqo uBenjamin Franklin, ke inxusa American eFrance. Turk ke wavakashela eNgilandi, eJalimane naseNetherlands. A izikhathi ezimbalwa wayekade esigodlweni uCatherine II. Ngezinye stop ngasinye, wanqoba zonke izitha zakhe futhi ngadideka ososayensi adidayo. Akekho umuntu oyedwa asikwazanga ukuthola incazelo enengqondo ukuze lesi simo.

umnikazi omusha

Ngo-1804, Kempelen wafa, indalo yakhe yathengwa ngu umsunguli German Johann Johann Nepomuk Maelzel kanye showman. Kwakuyisikhathi utshalomali omuhle, ngoba engumthengisi German Turk babuka ne konke ukuphila kwakhe. Futhi kuyo yonke indawo eqoqwe nezindlu ezigcwele. Johann Nepomuk Maelzel alethwe umshini game sula elengeziwe. Wanikeza Turk izwi indlela ukuthi usongo enkosini abaphikisi libizwa igama elithi "Shah!". Kuyamangalisa nakakhulu emphakathini. Ngo 1809 ke kwakuhlelwa chess okufanayo phakathi-Turks and lo mbusi Napoleon Bonaparte. Ngokusho kwemibiko owazibonela ngawakhe, umbusi waseFrance wayezama lokuxhaphaza uhamba, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye waseTurkey shaking ikhanda lokuthuka kanye sibalo wabuyela endaweni yalo efanele.

uyangabaza ukuchayeka

Phakathi nohambo US, umshini wokugembula omunye inzuzo ukusebenza Turk wafika umlobi abasha Edgar Allan Poe. Kamuva, umlobi eshicilelwe indzaba leyakheke revelatory, okuyinto enhle kakhulu ukuthi lo mshini sitheza umuntu ukulawula inqubekela phambili umdlalo: "Mina ngiyindlela kasibili impela. Zonke uhamba umshini zilawulwa umqondo womuntu. " Edgar Allan Poe wayengeyena abagxeki kuqala. Kusukela kokusungulwa Turk namanje in the 80s kwekhulu le-18 izingqondo okuqhubekayo naseYurophu babhala amapheshana ambalwa nezambulo. Nezihlakaniphi ayeqiniseka ukuthi umshini awukwazi ukudlala nge siqu inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela. Phakathi abagxeki edume kakhulu ngaphandle Edgar Allan Poe kungenziwa ngokuthi umbhali waseBrithani Robert Willis, owayephikisa ngokuthi GM eyayifihliwe ngaphakathi iKhabhinethi elawulwa umdlalo ngokusebenzisa isimiso iziyisikhombisa.

imfihlo Turk sika

Nokho a baxgeki ubulungile mayelana GM ebiza inqubo abahlezi closet. Empeleni, izinto kodwa angasebenzi amalungiselelo iKhabhinethi yangaphakathi. Bona ebukisa emphakathini futhi aphethwe kuphela ingxenye ebhokisini. Ngaphakathi kukhona isikhala esanele abantu lapho babengase bakwazi khona. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba izibalo phezu chessboard, lo odonsa ziye fixed. Ngaphakathi square ngayinye ibekwe ngaphansi ibhola metal elenga intambo. "Shadow" GM wayengeke abone unhlangothi mpi. Wayeqonda ukuthi, lapho abaphikisi ihamba izingcezu lapho ebona phambi kwakhe ehle ibhola. uhamba sokuphindisela akwenza ngosizo asizakale. Kubo inikwa amandla yi isandla futhi ikhanda dummy sika.

Yiqiniso, ngaphakathi iKhabhinethi kwakudingeka ngihlale uchwepheshe chess. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, abadlali abaningi abanolwazi wavakashela ngaphakathi indlela. Nokho, ngesikhathi tour American Johann Nepomuk Maelzel wasebenzisa amasevisi Grandmaster European uWilliam Schlumberger, ababezenza umsunguli kanobhala siqu.

umshini ukufa

Ngo-1838, umnikazi we-Turk ubulawe ngesikhathi nohambo lwasolwandle ulwandle kusuka eCuba kuya e-United States. Ngakho umshini yawela ezandleni zomunye wabaphathi abakweletwayo. Ekugcineni, brainchild of Baron Kemplena kwathengiswa ukukuhlanganis a abathanda abanentshisekelo ukuthola iqiniso. Ngemva kwalokho Turk wafakwa njengoba umbukiso at the Museum Philadelphia. Julayi 5, 1854 "isidlali" eneminyaka engu-85 ubudala washiswa umlilo esakhiweni.