Imisipha izicubu: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti. Izici isakhiwo kwemisipha izicubu

Izimila nezilwane azigcini nje ngokubukeka, kodwa futhi, yebo, ngaphakathi. Nokho, isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekuphileni - wukuthi izilwane bayakwazi ngenkuthalo ukuhambisa emkhathini. Kuncike kuba ngenxa yokuba khona kuyo kwezicubu ekhethekile - kwemisipha. Them we sihlolisise ku.

izicubu isilwane

Emzimbeni ezincelisayo nezinhlobo zomuntu 4 izinhlobo nezicubu abami zonke izitho neenkambiso yakha igazi futhi ukufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile.

1. EPITHELIAL. Amafomu ihlanganisa imizimba yangaphandle isitsha odongeni uphahlwe nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, yakha ulwelwesi serous.
2. Ngethukile. Amafomu zonke izinhlaka efanayo igama uhlelo, has izici ezibaluleke kakhulu - excitability kanye conductivity.
3. Coupling. It likhona amafomu ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ewuketshezi - igazi. Yakha imisipha, nemisipha, ungqimba amafutha, igcwalisa ithambo.
4. Imisipha izicubu, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi letisita izilwane nabantu ukwenza ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza, futhi abaningi izakhiwo yangaphakathi - inkontileka futhi sandise (izitsha, nokunye).
   

Inhlanganisela sezikhalazo zonke lezi zinhlobo kuqinisekisa isakhiwo evamile futhi umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo.

Imisipha izicubu: ngezigaba

A indima ekhethekile indle futhi isilwane asebenzayo udlala isakhiwo ezikhethekile. Igama layo - ijwabu kwemisipha. Sakhiwo umsebenzi yayo yasekuqaleni kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo.

Empeleni, lesi izicubu heterogeneous, futhi ngezigaba lalo. kufanele kubhekwe kabanzi. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo kwemisipha izicubu, njenge:

• bushelelezi;
• striated;
• inhliziyo.

Ngamunye wabo sinendawo yaso ka kwasendaweni emzimbeni futhi isebenza umsebenzi kahle ichazwe.

Sakhiwo imisipha amaseli

Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu kwemisipha izicubu babe izici zabo kwesakhiwo. Nokho, omunye singakwazi ukubona ezivamile amaphethini cell kudivayisi ezakheke kanjena.

Okokuqala, kuba ukuma side (ngezinye izikhathi afinyelela ku-14 cm), okungukuthi, kwelula kuwo wonke umzimba kwemisipha. Okwesibili, multi-core, ngoba kulezi cells obunamandla kakhulu amaprotheni zamagama izinqubo uqhubeke, ukwakheka kanye yokubola ATP molecule.

Futhi ikakhulukazi imisipha ukwakheka kwezicubu ngalolo amaseli yayo aqukethe myofibrils imishayo kwakhiwa amaprotheni amabili - actin futhi myosin. Zinikeza isici esiyinhloko lesi sakhiwo - contractility. Ngamunye fibril ngentambo-like kuhlanganisa bands ebonakalayo ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu njengoba ukukhanya okuningi futhi amnyama. Lawa amaprotheni amangqamuzana, ukwakha into efana imicu. Actin yakha egqamile futhi myosin - amnyama.

Izakhiwo kwemisipha izicubu anoma yiluphi uhlobo kuleyo amaseli wabo (myocytes) yakha isixhobo - fibre izinyanda noma symplasts. Ngamunye wabo uphahlwe integer ngaphakathi accumulations fibrils, kuyilapho isakhiwo ngomzuzu yakhiwe amaprotheni eshiwo ngenhla. Uma sicabangela isakhiwo engokomfanekiso mshini, kuvela sengathi matryoshka, - kancane okwengeziwe, nokunye kuze kube kakhulu fibre izinyanda kuhlanganiswe okuxekethile ezicutshini e uhlaka - uhlobo oluthile kwemisipha izicubu.

Imvelo yangaphakathi esitokisini, ie protoplast, iqukethe wonke yezingxenye efanayo kwesakhiwo kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye emzimbeni. Umehluko - in an inani nuclei ukuthambekela labo alikho kulesi maphakathi fibre, futhi engxenyeni neuropathy. Futhi kuleso sigaba hhayi ngenxa izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo core, futhi ngenxa amaseli akhethekile, onegama satellite. Bayingxenye myocyte ulwelwesi futhi ngenkuthalo enze umsebenzi ukuvuselelwa - ukubuyisela izicubu ubuqotho.

I izakhiwo izigaxa kwemisipha

Kanye nanoma yimaphi amanye izakhiwo, lezi ezihlukahlukene kwezicubu anezici zabo siqu, hhayi kuphela isakhiwo kodwa futhi imisebenzi eyenziwa. I izakhiwo eziyinhloko imisipha izicubu which they Ungenza lokhu:

• entengo;
• excitability;
• conductivity;
• lability.

Ngenxa yenani elikhulu yezinzwa, imithambo yegazi kanye capillary abazondla imisipha, bangakwazi ngokushesha ubone pulses isignali. Le mpahla libizwa excitability.

Futhi izici imisipha ukwakheka kwezicubu amandla ukuphendula ngokushesha kunoma ngokucasuka ebuyisela nomfutho cortex cerebral kanye nomgogodla. Lena ukubonakaliswa conduction impahla. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ikhono abasabela ngayo nemiphumela esongela (chemical, mechanical, uhlamvu ngokomzimba) - isimo kubalulekile evamile ekuphileni okuphephile kwanoma iyiphi umzimba.

Imisipha izicubu, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti ukuthi wenza - konke lokhu iyonke kuyehla kube impahla esemqoka, contractility. Lezi zindlela zikholelwa ongumashiqela (luyalawuleka) noma okungalindelekile (ngaphandle kokulawula bayazi) ukunciphisa noma ukunyusa ubude myocyte. Lokhu kungenxa amaprotheni myofibrillar (actin futhi myosin sesigcilikisha). Abakwazi owengeziwe futhi thinning cishe ukuze lokungabonakali, bese ngokushesha ukubuyisela oyiyo.

Lona ikakhulukazi izicubu imisipha anoma yiluphi uhlobo. Ngakho kwakhiwa umsebenzi kwabantu nezilwane izinhliziyo, izitsha zabo kwemisipha iso, ujikeleze apula. Kuyinto lokhu impahla inikeza amandla ukunyakaza iyasebenza, ukunyakaza emkhathini. Kungakhathaliseki ngakwazi ukwenza umuntu uma imisipha yakhe ayikwazi ukwenziwa? Yekela. Uphakamise wehlise ingalo, gxuma, sigobe, umdanso kanye ugijima, enze ezihlukahlukene izivivinyo - konke kusiza ukwenza imisipha kuphela. Okungukuthi myofibrils actin futhi myosin imvelo ukwakha Indwangu myocytes.

Impahla yokugcina, okumele okukhulunywa yilona lability. Luhilela ikhono lendwangu ukuze siphinde sithole ngokushesha ngemva excitation, ukuza ukusebenza ngokuphelele. myocytes Better Ungenza lokhu kuphela axons - amangqamuzana ezinzwa.

Isakhiwo izicubu imisipha, kwelifa loonyana izakhiwo ezibalwe izici zayo - Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuqaliswa eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni bezilwane nabantu.

Indwangu bushelelezi

Olunye uhlobo kwemisipha. It has mesenchymal imvelaphi. It kuhlelwe ngendlela ehlukile kwabanye. Myocytes amancane, kancane side, ziyafana uqweqwe maphakathi fiber. Isilinganiso usayizi cell imayelana 0.5 mm ubude kanye 10 microns ububanzi.

Protoplast ukungabi sarcolemma. Umnyombo into eyodwa, kodwa eziningi mitochondria. I kwasendaweni izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo, ehlukanisiwe karyotheca cytoplasm - maphakathi esitokisini. Ulwelwesi plasma kuhlelwe nje ngokwanele, amaphrotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi lipids uyalandelwa. Eduze mitochondria kanye cytoplasm abahlakazekile miofibrillnye izindandatho equkethe actin futhi myosin izinto eziningi ezincane, kodwa okwanele ukunciphisa izicubu. reticulum Endoplasmic futhi Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi eziningana lula futhi yehlise nje uma eqhathaniswa naso kwamanye amangqamuzana.

Smooth imisipha zezicubu myocytes imishayo (amaseli othini lokuphotha emise) kuchazwe isakhiwo efferent innervated yemisipha afferent. Kuyinto kuncike ekuphathweni autonomic nervous system, okungukuthi encishisiwe, ujabule ngaphandle kokulawula abazi umzimba.

Kwezinye bushelelezi imisipha emizimbeni ezakhiwe amaseli ngamunye nge innervation ethile. Nakuba lokhu mkhuba akuvamile. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eyinhloko bushelelezi imisipha amaseli:

• myocytes secretory, noma zokwenziwa;
• bushelelezi.

Malodifferentsirovanna iqembu lokuqala amaseli yakhiwa sebuningini mitochondria, Golgi apharathasi waveza kahle. I cytoplasm is ngokucacile kuyofikwa izinyanda contractile myofibrils futhi microfilaments.

Iqembu lesibili myocytes ezikhethekile synthesis polysaccharides futhi combinative eziyinkimbinkimbi izinto macromolecular, kusukela elibuye esakhiwe collagen futhi mithambo ine-elastin. Futhi kukhicite Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo izidakamizwa intercellular.

kwasendaweni emzimbeni

Smooth kwemisipha izicubu, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti ukuthi wenza, uyivumele ukuba agxilise kwezitho zomzimba ezahlukene ngezilinganiso ezingafani. Kusukela innervation lungekho ukulawula by umsebenzi womuntu iqondiswe (engqondweni yakhe), kanye kwasendaweni ngeke kufaneleke. Njenge:

• izindonga imithambo yegazi kanye emithanjeni;
• iningi kwezitho zangaphakathi;
• lesikhumba;
• inhlamvu yeso nezinye izakhiwo.

Kule ndaba, ubunjalo umsebenzi kwemisipha bushelelezi - aphansi-speed.

imisebenzi

Isakhiwo izicubu imisipha ziwumthwalo isigxivizo ngokuqondile imisebenzi abasenzela. Ngakho, imisipha bushelelezi oludingekayo ukuze imisebenzi elandelayo:

• ukuqaliswa ukusikwa futhi aziphumulele kokugcinwa;
• ukusikwa futhi ukunwetshwa mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi legazi lymph izitsha;
• ukunyakaza kwamehlo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene;
• ukulawula ithoni kwesinye kanye nezinye izitho eziyize;
• ukuhlinzeka yokusabela kuya isenzo hormone namanye amakhemikhali;
• okusezingeni eliphezulu ductility nokuxhumana izinqubo excitation nokuncipha.

Gallbladder, esiswini indawo confluence emathunjini, esinyeni urinary, izindlala zamanzi kanye lwemithambo yegazi izitsha, emithanjeni eziningi drugieorgany - bayakwazi ukusebenza kahle kuphela izakhiwo imisipha abushelelezi. Ukuphathwa, kanye ukubhuka esokuba ezizimele.

Striated kwemisipha izicubu

Imihlobo ngenhla kwemisipha izicubu awekho ngaphansi ukulawula umqondo womuntu, futhi akuzona onesibopho ukuhamba kwayo. Kuyinto akubona yefomu imicu - striated.

Okokuqala siqonda, lokho babenikezwe leli gama. Uma kubhekwa ngendlela isibonakhulu ungabona ukuthi lezi zakhiwo abe striations abahlukene yonkana imicu ethile - the actin protein ne myosin sesigcilikisha ezakha myofibrils. Yileso isizathu izicubu ezifana isihloko.

Cross-kwemisipha izicubu myocytes ehlanganisa sebuningini cores nokuthi yiziphi umphumela ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo amaselula eziningana. Lesi senzakalo ebekwe imigomo "symplast" noma "syncytia." Ukubukeka Imicu yotshani emelelwa eside, side cylindrical amaseli, uvalwe oxhumene ezivamile izidakamizwa intercellular. By endleleni, kukhona izicubu esakha uhlaka ukuhambisana kwazo zonke myocytes. It possesses imisipha abushelelezi. ezicutshini - ngesisekelo izidakamizwa intercellular, okungaba kokubili aminyene futhi okuxekethile. Iphinde kudala ezihlukahlukene imisipha, lapho striated imisipha yohlaka exhunywe amathambo.

Myocytes kubhekwe Indwangu kodwa babebaningi kakhulu, namanje izici ezimbalwa:

• amaseli sarcoplasm iqukethe esiningi myofibrils kalula akachazeki futhi microfilaments (actin futhi myosin e isisekelo);
• izakhiwo idatha ehlangana ku ngamaqembu amakhudlwana - imicu imisipha, nakho ngqo kwakhiwa amaqembu kwemisipha lwamathambo ezahlukene;
• Kukhona nuclei eziningi wazwakalisa kahle reticulum futhi apharathasi Golgi;
• athuthukiswe kahle mitochondria eminingi;
• innervation Kwenziwa ngaphansi nokulawula uhlelo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo sezinzwa, okungukuthi uyaqaphela;
• Nokho ukukhathala fibre kuphezulu, kanye nokusebenza kakhulu;
• lability ngenhla Ngokwesilinganiso, yokutakula ukudla ngemva kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona.

Ngo asezilwaneni nemisipha womuntu striated ibovu. Lokhu kuchazwe khona myoglobin e imicu - iprotheni ezikhethekile. myocyte ngamunye wamboza cishe ezingabonakali kusuka kumasistimu asebenzayo ngaphandle okusobala - sarcolemma.

Ngesikhathi esemncane isilwane womuntu imisipha yohlaka aqukethe izicubu ayazika zezinzwa phakathi myocytes. Nge kwesikhathi futhi ukuguga it is indawo okuxekethile amafutha, ngakho imisipha babe flabby futhi ibuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile, imisipha lwamathambo kuthatha 75% isisindo ingqikithi. Ukuthi inyama yezilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi, okuyinto umuntu edla. Umsoco kakhulu ngenxa okuqukethwe high wamaprotheni compounds ahlukahlukene.

A ezihlukahlukene imisipha striated, ngaphezu skeleton, inhliziyo eyikho. Izici yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu ungaboniswa khona izinhlobo ezimbili amaseli: imisipha evamile amaseli bese cardiomyocytes. Ngokuvamile une isakhiwo efanayo lwamathambo. Lubhekele ukusikwa ezimele inhliziyo lezitsha zalo. Kodwa cardiomyocytes - yezici ezithile. Ziyakwazi esincane myofibrils, futhi ngenxa yalokho, actin futhi myosin. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ikhono ongaphakeme ukunciphisa. Kodwa lo msebenzi wabo akunjalo. The main indima - umsebenzi we excitability kwenhliziyo, i-Rhythmic umsebenzi automaticity.

kwakhiwa senhliziyo esilimele izicubu is by amagatsha okuphindaphindiwe ilungu layo myocytes nokuhlanganiswa okwalandela ku uhlaka amagatsha. Omunye umehluko kusuka striated imisipha yohlaka - ngalolo amaseli inhliziyo aqukethe nuclei, ngokwengxenye APC. Myofibrillar izindawo yenziwe yaba yasendaweni azungeze.

Yikuphi amafomu izitho?

Zonke imisipha yohlaka zomzimba - kuba striated kwemisipha izicubu. Ithebula okubonisa kwasendaweni izicubu emzimbeni, kuboniswa ngezansi.

Inani umzimba

Iqhaza eyenza imisipha striated, kunzima overestimate. Ngale nje kwalokho, unesibopho izici ezibaluleke kakhulu esiwuphawu zezitshalo nezilwane - ikhono ukuthatha i ukunyakaza asebenzayo. Umuntu angalwenza eziningi manipulation eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi elula, futhi bonke ngothi lwabo kuzoncika umsebenzi imisipha yohlaka. Abantu abaningi bahlanganyele obuphelele ukuqeqesha imisipha yabo, benza lokhu okukhulu impumelelo sibonga izakhiwo izigaxa kwemisipha.

Cabanga ngalokho abanye imisebenzi eyenziwa imisipha striated emzimbeni womuntu nezilwane.

1. Lubhekele ukusikeka ebusweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, inkulumo yokuveza imizwelo yakho, izimpawu zemizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi.
2. Isekela ukuma komzimba emkhathini.
3. Kuhaya besisu Ukuvikelwa umsebenzi (ngesenzo mechanical).
4. imisipha senhliziyo inikeza ukusikwa komqondo inhliziyo.
5. imisipha yohlaka zinengxenye izenzo ukugwinya, yakha yezwi.
6. Lungisa ukuhamba ulimi.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi lokhu okulandelayo: izicubu kwemisipha - izakhi ezibalulekile isakhi yimuphi umzimba isilwane, umnikeza namakhono athile esiyingqayizivele. Izakhiwo kanye nezimiso zakwa izinhlobo ezahlukene imisipha ukunikeza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Isakhiwo isisekelo sanoma ibuphi myocyte imisipha amanga - fibre kwakhiwa kusuka amaprotheni sesigcilikisha ka actin futhi myosin.