Imbongi Russian Apollon Grigoryev: Biography, lokusungula

Ngekhulu le-19 ngaphandle isizathu ebizwa ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma izinkondlo Russian. Ngalesi sikhathi, sidale abaculi abaningi izwi phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Apollon Grigoriev. Umlando wakhe, ezinikezwe kulesi sihloko uzokunika umqondo jikelele ngalomuntu abanamakhono. Apollon Aleksandrovich grigorev (iminyaka yokuphila - 1822-1864) is njengoba imbongi Russian, umhumushi, yaseshashalazini kanye umhlaziyi tetemibhalo, memoirist ezaziwayo.

Umsuka A. A. Grigoreva

Apollon Aleksandrovich Ngazalelwa eMoscow ngo-July 20, 1822. Uyisemkhulu kwakungu-umlimi ababezile eMoscow ukusebenza esifundazweni akude. Ngomsebenzi wabo onzima e imisebenzi umphakathi le ndoda ithole knighthood. Kepha uyise Apollon Grigoriev, engamlaleli intando abazali exhumene ezimpilweni zabo nendodakazi serf umshayeli. ngemuva kuphela unyaka nje kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe abazali Apollo kokutjhada kwami, ngakho imbongi esizayo ayebhekwa njengengxenye mntwana wesihlahla. Apollo Grigoriev wakwazi ukuthola izikhulu siqu kuphela 1850, lapho izinga kumeluleki titular. isihloko Noble ngaleyo ndlela ibuyisiwe.

isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa, umsebenzi kwabefundisi

Imbongi esizayo wafundiswa ekhaya. Lokhu kwamenza wakwazi ukwenza ngokushesha eMoscow University, wedlula esikoleni esiphakeme. Lapha, ngesikhathi Law School, waya izinkulumo of M. P. Pogodina, T. N. Granovskogo, SP Shevyreva nabanye. Iqhawe lethu kwaba umfundi Ya. P. Polonsky futhi A. A. Fet. Nabo-ke ihlelwe umbuthano etemibhalo lapho imbongi abasha ukufunda imisebenzi yabo komunye nomunye. Ngo-1842 wathola iziqu University of Apollon Aleksandrovich. Ngemva kwalokho, wasebenza umtapo, bese baba LikaNobhala Board. Nokho, Grigoriev ayikazeki umsebenzi kwabefundisi - yezifiso wayengumuntu inobudlabha, ukhohlwe ukubhalisa nabo ukusatshalaliswa izincwadi.

emphakathini kokuqala

Kusukela 1843 waqala ukusakaza Apollon Grigoriev. izinkondlo zakhe ziye zavela asebenzayo kakhulu esikhathini kusuka 1843 kuya 1845 kwaba nomthelela kule nkinga imizwa unrequited ngoba A. F. Korsh. izingqikithi Abaningi isosha Grigorieva wachaza ngokunembile lokhu uthando idrama - iletha nemizwelo engalawuleki, uthando ebulalayo, uthando-wrestling. Lesikhatsi lesi le nkondlo "Comet", lapho nezinxushunxushu imizwa yothando kuqhathaniswa ne isikhala imbongi izinqubo. Lezi zisho amazwi zikhona ngowokuqala Ukwakheka temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Apollo Alexandrovich, eyenziwe ngendlela idayari. Umsebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi "amakhasi imibhalo yesandla sophist zulazulani" (ebhalwe ngo-1844, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1917).

Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe Petersburg

Baxinwe izikweletu, ezibhuqiwe emva ukuphoxwa uthando, Grigoriev wanquma ukuqala impilo entsha. Yena ngasese waya Petersburg, lapho Akaphindanga abangane. Grigoriev esikhathini kusuka 1844 kuya 1845 wakhonza iSigele nasesikhathini okubhekwa umkhandlu, kodwa ke wanquma ukushiya isevisi ukuze achithe sonke isikhathi sakhe ukuze ngokubhala. Grigoriev wabhala idrama kanye izinkondlo, kanye zolimi olubhalwa phansi idrama, futhi kwemibhalo. Ngo 1844-1846 GG. Apollon Aleksandrovich uye wabambisana ne "Repertoire futhi onkulunkulu." Umagazini wathatha lasungulwa njengoba umlobi. Uye banyathelisa izihloko ezibucayi ngendaba yaseshashalazini, ukubuyekezwa yamakhonsathi, kanye eziningi zezinkondlo nemdlalo evesini "Ababili ubugovu" (e-1845). Kwabe sekufika trilogy yakhe, eyokuqala - "Muntu Ikusasa", owesibili - "Ngaqala ukwazana Vitalina" kanye yokugcina - "Ophelia". Apollon Grigoriev ukuthi uyathinteka translation (kwakukhona "Antigone ka OSophocles" ngo-1846, "ISikole Sababonisi Madoda Moliere" nezinye imisebenzi).

Buyela eMoscow

Grigoriev waba uhlobo ophanayo ezamenza ukushintsha izinkolelo, ukusheshe komunye kakhulu komunye, ukuba bafune kwezifiso entsha ngamadodana awo nokuthi ayawathanda. Ngo-1847, udumazeke Petersburg, wabuyela eMoscow. Lapha eqala sebenzisana iphephandaba "Yedolobha YaseMoscow leaf". Phakathi imisebenzi kulesi sikhathi, kufanele kuphawulwe 4 izihloko Grigorieva "Gogol futhi incwadi yakhe yakamuva," wadala ngo-1847.

umshado

Ngawo lowo nyaka, Apollon Aleksandrovich uzobopha elikasofasilahlane. unkosikazi Apollon Grigoriev kwakungu udadewabo A. F. Korsh. Nokho, maduze nje ngenxa yokuziphatha kwaso engenangqondo umshado sahoxiswa. Grigoryev futhi kwaqala inkathi ka nobuhlungu engqondweni nokukhungatheka. Imisebenzi eminingi kwalesi sikhathi, ukuphila imbongi sika, cishe besingeke sidaliwe uma hhayi umfazi Apollona Grigoreva nokuziphatha kwakhe izinto kalula. Ngalesi sikhathi, Apollon Aleksandrovich eshicilelwe umjikelezo olusankondlo enesihloko esithi "Diary of ngothando nomthandazo." Ngo-1879, yena waba ngokuphelele eshicilelwe lokhu umjikelezo, esefile Apollon Grigoriev. Tinkondlo kulo abazinikele ongamazi amahle uthando unrequited for wakhe.

Ukufundisa, Grigoriev umhlaziyi

Esikhathini kusuka 1848 kuya 1857 Apollon Aleksandrovich wayenguthisha. Wayehola oyisazi ezikoleni eziningana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena wabambisana omagazini futhi wadala kanjani imisebenzi emisha. Ngo-1850, uGregory wenza ubungani nabantazana abahleli "Moskvityanin". Wahlela "abasebenzi abasha yokuhlela" nge A. N. Ostrovskim. Empeleni, kwaba nokugxeka uMnyango "Moskvityanin".

Ngenxa umhlaziyi Apollon Grigoriev ngalesi sikhathi iba sibalo ezinkulu e yaseshashalazini imibuthano. Washumayela engokwemvelo kanye okwangempela e leso sinyathelo futhi playwriting. imikhiqizo eminingi kanye nemidlalo baziswa Apollon Grigoriev. Mayelana "Storm" Ostrovsky wabhala ke ngokuyinhloko njengoba omuhle wobuciko. Inzuzo enkulu play umhlaziyi wacabanga ikhono ukubhala ngolimi olusankondlo nangokunembile ziveza Russian ukuphila kazwelonke. Grigoriev wathi charm ukuphila yesifundazwe futhi ubuhle bemvelo Russian futhi izenzakalo nhlekelele kusenzo umkhiqizo, neze wathinta.

Apollon Grigoriev eyaziwa ngokuthi umbhali ukuthini inkulumo ethi "Pushkin - konke." Ukudalwa kuka-Alexander, yebo, wabekela eliphezulu kakhulu. Amazwi akhe asekelwe Ziyathakazelisa, ikakhulukazi ukuthi wathini Apollo Grigoryev Evgenii Onegine. Abagxeki bathi blues Eugene ihlobene ukugxekwa zayo zemvelo esingokwemvelo, okuyinto engavamile umqondo Russian. Apollon Aleksandrovich ukuthi umphakathi akuyona yikho okumele kusolwe ngokushona ukudumazeka ubende, eshanela Onegin. Waphawula ukuthi abazi usukele zokungathembisisi intukuthelo, efana Childe uHarold, futhi u-Eugene ka giftedness.

Ngo-1856, "Moskvityanin" yavalwa. Ngemva kwalokho u-Apollo Alexandrovich ababemenyelwe nezinye omagazini, njengokuthi "Contemporary" futhi "ingxoxo Russian." Nokho, wayezimisele ukwamukela leso sipho kuphela uma isiqondiso siqu umnyango ezibucayi. Ngakho-ke, izingxoxo yabhujiswa izincwadi kuphela izinkondlo, izihloko kanye izinguqulo Grigorieva.

uthando entsha

Ngo 1852-57 GG. Grigorev Apollon Aleksandrovich kuyabuya uthando unrequited, lesi sikhathi ukuze Ly Iseluleki. Ngo-1857 sengathi olusankondlo umjikelezo "Ukulwa," okuhlanganisa edume kunazo amavesi Grigorieva "Hungarian Gypsy" futhi "O, ukungitshela okungenani wena unami ...". Blok ngokuthi le misebenzi amapharele Russian isosha esihlatshelelwayo.

Uhambo oluya eYurophu

Apollon Grigoriev, waba umfundisi kanye umfundisi ePrince I. Yu. Trubetskogo baya eYurophu (e-Italy, eFrance). Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusuka 1857 kuya 1858 wayehlala Florence kanye Paris, ngokuvakashela iminyuziyamu. Emuva ekhaya, Grigoriev waya ukuphrinta, kusukela 1861 ngenkuthalo ubambisene umagazini "Epoch" futhi "Isikhathi", eyayibonakala eliholwa Fyodor M. M. Dostoevskie futhi. Dostoevsky belulekwa Apollonu Aleksandrovichu ukudala memoir isizukulwane samanje nentuthuko, nowenziwa Apollo Grigoriev. lokusungula yakhe ihlanganisa "skitalchestva wami etemibhalo zokuziphatha" - umphumela ukwahlulela ezihlongozwayo sihloko.

ukubukwa zefilosofi futhi ngenxa yobuhle Grigorieva

Zefilosofi futhi ngenxa yobuhle ukubukwa Grigoriev kwakhiwa bedle Slavophilism (Khomyakova) kanye zothando (Emerson, Schelling, Carlyle). Wayeqaphela izimiso zenkolo futhi kazwelonke-wezinzalamizi ebalulekile ekuphileni kwabantu. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe is kuhlangene ukugxekwa umphakathi ngokuphelele ekuqaleni izahlulelo puritanical ngemibhalo. Apollon Aleksandrovich futhi walivikela umqondo ubumbano lukazwelonke kwesikhathi ngaphambi nangemuva Petrine. Wayekholelwa ukuthi Westernism futhi Slavophilism isici nokukhawulela kwenkululeko zomlando wokuphila izikimu, theorizing abstract. Nokho, ngokuvumelana Grigoriev, a enhle emphakathini we Slavophiles engenakuqhathaniswa ungcono Uhlelo Westernism eqaphela ukungaguquguquki bawo obufanele (inyufomu esintwini emabhalekisini).

Grigorieva sinesimo sengqondo sibonakala ngokwanda ukugxekwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela organic edala ngokugcwele. Wona kanye umqondo welithi ukugxekwa organic sifana ukuqonda ubunjalo organic yobuciko, okuyinto ehlanganiswe synthetically ahlukahlukene izinto eziphilayo zaqala kanjani. Ngokusho kwakhe, ubuciko - kuyingxenye yokuphila, lubonakaliswa ekahle, hhayi nje ikhophi ngokoqobo.

ikakhulukazi izinkondlo

izinkondlo Grigoriev sika savela bedle Lermontov. Apollon Aleksandrovich ngokuthi uzishaya romantic zokugcina. Izisusa nokungezwani zomhlaba nokuhlupheka esingenathemba kusisekelo umsebenzi wakhe. Bavame iyokapakela nakuzo isici akahlanye fun, imibuthano exokozelayo. Abaningi izinkondlo Grigorieva (ikakhulukazi umjikelezo we edolobheni) ngenxa ukuma acute yezenhlalakahle kwakunzima ukushicilela. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-kwezilwandle cindezela Russian. Ngokuvamile, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo ifa esankondlo umbhali ngokungalingani kakhulu, kodwa endalweni yakhe best of ukukhanya ezahlukene kanye nemizwelo okungavamile.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Apollon Grigoriev ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi Slavophile obuyimfihlo futhi Freemason, isitha-polemicist kanye nomngane wami omkhulu, ukuzitika ophuzayo futhi umuntu zokuziphatha. Ekugcineni, zonke lezi ukweqisa waphula kuye. Apollon Grigoriev babanjwa izikweletu. Ngo-1861, waphoqeleka ukuba ahlale aphume ejele nakwabangenangqondo sika. Ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokugcina wazama ukushintsha ukuphila kwakhe, okuyinto waya Orenburg. Lapha Grigoriev wayenguthisha ku ubusosha Corps. Nokho, lolu hambo kuphela babhebhethekisa isimo imbongi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphinda kwaba nekhefu nomkakhe M. F. Dubrovskoy. Apollon Aleksandrovich ngokuya wafuna lokulibala ewayinini. Ukubuyela kusukela Orenburg, kwakungisiza, kodwa iziphazamiso. Grigoriev kugwenywe eduze amaqembu tetemibhalo, kuphela wayefuna ngempela ukukhonza art.

Ukufa A. A. Grigoreva

Ngo-1864 Apollonu Aleksandrovichu kwadingeka lidonse kabili ejele nakwabangenangqondo sika. nakho namandla okukhala ngokomzwelo, Petersburg ngo unhlangothi wafa Apollon Grigoriev. Umlando wakhe uphela Septhemba 25, 1864.