Igesi yemvelo: ifomula. Chemical ifomula igesi. Zonke izinhlobo Igesi yemvelo

Namuhla siyazi ezihlukahlukene amagesi. Abanye balaba bantu wathola izindlela laboratory amakhemikhali, abanye kwakhiwa ngokwabo ngenxa ukusabela njengoba by-imikhiqizo. Futhi lokho amagesi akhiqizwa uhlobo? The main amagesi ezinjalo zemvelo, odabuka yemvelo ezine:

• igesi yemvelo, ogama formula CH _4;
• Nitrogen, N _2;
• hydrogen, H _2;
• carbon dioxide, CO _2.

Yiqiniso, zikhona ezinye - oksijini, hydrogen sulfide ne-ammonia, amagesi inert, i-carbon monoxide. Nokho, la mazwi angenhla empeleni ebalulekile abantu bese uwasebenzise ngetinhloso letehlukene, kufaka njengoba nophethiloli.

Kuyini igesi yemvelo?

Igesi yemvelo njengoba enjalo, lapho imvelo usinika ezaziwayo. Okungukuthi, okuqukethwe okuyinto emaqaqasini Umhlaba iphezulu kakhulu futhi ezingaphezu kuka-isamba semali etholwe umkhakha ngenxa zamakhemikhali.

Eyaziwa ngokuthi igesi yemvelo, i-methane, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Uma ubheka indlela yokwakheka igesi amafraktjhini, singabona wakhe olandelayo ingxenye Ukwakheka:

• methane (96%);
• ethane;
• propane;
• i-butane;
• hydrogen;
• carbon dioxide;
• nitrogen;
• hydrogen sulfide (amancane, trace amanani).

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi i-igesi yemvelo - okuxubene eziningana amagesi zemvelo.

Igesi yemvelo: Formula

Kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono igesi yemvelo inhlanganisela hydrocarbon komugqa isakhiwo esilula - methane, ethane propane kanye butane. Nokho, njengoba umthamo enkulu zonke i-methane, esamukelwa ifomula jikelele igesi yemvelo ngqo baveze ifomula methane. Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi ifomula amakhemikhali igesi yemvelo methane CH _4.

Izingxenye ezisele kufanele le ndlela elandelayo enokwehla kwamakhemikhali:

• ethane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• i-butane - C ₄ H _10;
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

A ingxube izinto ezinjalo kuba igesi yemvelo. main Formula methane kwakwakhe Isimo sayo sibonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe carbon yalo lincane kakhulu. Lokhu kuthinta impahla yayo ngokomzimba, ezifana ikhono bashise kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ngibheme ngokuphelele iphuzu. Nakuba amanye amalungu alo uchungechunge homologous (uchungechunge ayegcwele hydrocarbon noma alkanes) ngesikhathi omlilo ukwakha black ilangabi Smoky.

Ukuba nemvelo

Ngokwemvelo, lokhu igesi kutholakala ajulile, izingqimba uqweqwe aminyene idwala sedimentary. Kunemibono ezimbili eziyinhloko ngemvelaphi igesi yemvelo ngokwemvelo.

1. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukunyakaza zomhlaba rocks. Abasekeli balobu theory bakholelwa ukuthi hydrocarbon eziqukethwe emathunjini omhlaba futhi njalo ephakanyiswe ngenxa ukunyakaza zomhlaba kanye nezimboni up. Phezulu umfutho ophakeme futhi okushisa ngibenze ngenxa zamakhemikhali ku amaminerali ezimbili yemvelo - uwoyela negesi.
2. ithiyori Biogenic kusikisela enye indlela igesi yemvelo is lapho. Ifomula ibonisa ngezithako zawo qualitative - carbon ne-hydrogen, okusikisela ukuthi lasungulwa wathatha ophilayo nezidalwa eziphilayo iindumbu zabo Sasiba ikakhulukazi eyakhelwe aphume lezi zinto, njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kule planethi okukhona kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinsalela izitshalo nezilwane ezifile yacwila ngezansi indawo esekujuleni kolwandle, lapho kwakungekho-mpilo futhi gciwane ukubola bese kabusha le udaba eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho zokuwohloka anaerobic biomass livelile, futhi phezu izigidi zeminyaka, umthombo amaminerali ezimbili - uwoyela negesi. Ngakho ngesisekelo kokubili okufanayo - ke hydrocarbon inxenye ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo izinto. Ifomula amakhemikhali igesi namafutha ekufakazisa. Nokho, lapho zihlatshwa izimo ezahlukene kanye imikhiqizo ehlukene akhiwa: a umfutho ophakeme futhi lokushisa - igesi, ongaphakeme - uwoyela.

Namuhla, amasimu esemqoka kanye negesi yemvelo izinqolobane babe amazwe ezifana Russia, e-USA, Canada, Iran, Norway naseNetherlands.

Ngokusho isimo yayo wokuhlanganisa Igesi yemvelo abanakwethenjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi equkethwe kuphela isimo igesi. Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona ngenxa ukufingqa:

1. Le gesi ziyoncibilika amangqamuzana uwoyela.
2. Negesi ziyoncibilika amangqamuzana amanzi.
3. Negesi hydrates akha okuqinile.
4. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile - kwakwakhe gaseous.

Ngayinye yalezi uthi has ensimini yayo, futhi kuyigugu kakhulu abantu.

Ukuthola in the laboratory kanye umkhakha

Ngaphezu izindawo igesi yemvelo ukukhiqizwa, zikhona izindlela eziningi ukuze uthole it in the lab. Lezizindlela, Nokho, ngokuqinisekile ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngamaqoqo amancane komkhiqizo, kusukela igesi yemvelo izindleko ukusebenza zamagama laboratory akuyona inzuzo.

izindlela Laboratory:

1. Hydrolysis ongaphakeme compounds yamangqamuzana - aluminium Carbide: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ O = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (OH) _3.
2. Sodium acetate ebukhoneni alikhali: CH ₃ COOH + NaOH = CH ₄ + Na ₂ CO _3.
3. Kusukela syngas: CO + 3H ₂ = CH ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Kusukela izinto ezilula - carbon ne-hydrogen - ashisa kuphakame ingcindezi.

Ifomula chemical Igesi yemvelo methane ifomula kubonakala, ukuze wonke ukusabela nobuntu alkanes, ebonakala isikhathi igesi inikezwe.

Imboni ekhiqizwa methane isizinda kusuka ezifakwa yemvelo futhi kucutshungulwe izingxenyana zaso. Futhi, igesi umkhiqizo liyadingeka izidingo ukuhlanzwa. Ngemva igesi yemvelo methane ifomula sibonisa kuphela ingxenye izingxenye abaqukethwe. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa yasendlini idinga igesi ahlanzekile eliqukethe ngaphandle methane kungekho izinto. ethane lokuxhuma,-propane, i-butane nezinye amagesi nazo kabanzi.

izakhiwo

igesi kwesibalo kunikeza umbono walokho yiziphi izimfanelo emzimbenakhe ubenawo. Cabanga ukuthi hlobo luni izici.

1. Kungekho nto enemibala emihle okuqinile, ayinaphunga.
2. inhlanganiso lesilinganisiwe uyahluka 0,7-1 kg / m ^3.
3. Amazinga omlilo of 650 ⁰ C.
4. Cishe izikhathi ezimbili alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni.
5. Ukushisa ezikhishwe omlilo eyodwa imitha cubic gas, ilingana Joules kwezigidi ezingu-46.
6. Ngezinye lokuhlala ephakeme (phezu 15%) e-gas emoyeni inhlekelele kakhulu.
7. Lapho lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi fuel ziphephile inombolo octane elilingana 130.

Le gesi okumsulwa etholwe kuphela ngemva wasidlulisela ngokusebenzisa izitshalo ukwelashwa okukhethekile (izitshalo), okuyinto esakhiwe esizeni ezimbiwa phansi isizinda.

isicelo

Kunezindawo eziningana eyinhloko ukusetshenziswa igesi yemvelo. Ngemva kwalokho ingxenye yayo esemqoka, igesi lapho ifomula CH ₄ wasebenzisa kanye nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye ingxube.

1. Umthengi sphere zokuphila. Lapha libhekisela ukupheka igesi, Ukushisa Izakhiwo zokuhlala, yokubasela boilers nokunye. Le gesi ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka, engeza izinto ezikhethekile okuqondene iqembu mercaptans. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukuvuza igesi amapayipi noma ezinye iphelelwa isikhathi ukuthi abantu kungaba uyinuke futhi uthathe isinyathelo. igesi Domestic ingxube (okuyinto inhlanganisela propane kanye i-butane) inhlekelele kakhulu lokuhlala ephakeme. Mercaptans futhi enze iphunga othize futhi singathandeki Igesi yemvelo. Ifomula yakhiwa izakhi ezifana nesibabule ne phosphorus, okuyinto kubanika ngokucacile.

2. Chemical ukukhiqizwa. Kule ndawo, omunye main sokuqala izinto ngenxa yendlela asabela ngayo eziningi ezibalulekile esikhiqiza compounds kuyinto igesi yemvelo, ifomula okubonisa syntheses lapho kungenziwa abathintekayo:

• isisekelo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza zepulasitiki, okuyizinto ezibonakalayo ezivame kakhulu yesimanje ngoba cishe zonke izindawo umkhakha;
• izinto zokusetshenziswa e synthesis ethynyl, i-hydrogen cyanide kanye ammonia. Sami mikhiqizo esikhathini esizayo ukuya ukukhiqizwa imicu eziningi zokwenziwa izindwangu, umanyolo ukwahlukanisa ukwakhiwa;
• iraba, methanol, acid organic - akhiwa methane kanye nezinye izinto. Asetshenziswa cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwabantu;
• polyethylene nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziningi zokwenziwa imvelo wathola imbonga methane.

3. Sebenzisa njengendlela nophethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-noma yiluphi uhlobo umsebenzi womuntu, ezisukela ngokugcwalisa uhlobo ezifanele izibani etafuleni futhi ezishisayo izitshalo amandla. Lolu hlobo lwe-fuel ubhekwa Isizalo ngalokufanele nangalokulungile ngemuva kwazo zonke izindlela. Nokho, amandla omlilo of methane ukwakha carbon dioxide njengoba phi nye izinto eziphilayo. Futhi ukuba imbangela Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini-Earth laziwe. Ngakho-ke, abantu kufanele uthole umsebenzi okumsulwa nakakhulu futhi umthombo eliphezulu energy ezishisayo.

Yiyo yonke imithombo eziyisisekelo ezisebenzisa igesi yemvelo. Formula kuye, uma uthatha zonke izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubonisa ukuthi cishe umthombo evuselelekayo, isikhathi kuphela okudingeka uyenze kakhulu. Izwe lethu nge izinqolobane Igesi yemvelo lucky kakhulu ngoba imithombo yemvelo efana izothatha amakhulu eminyaka, iRussia kuphela kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaningi ngokusebenzisa ukuthekelisa.

nitrogen

Kuyinto ingxenye, uwoyela negesi yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igesi ithatha ingxenye enkulu ivolumu emoyeni (78%) kanye kwenzeka ngesimo compounds yemvelo nitrate lithosphere.

Njengoba into elula cishe esetshenziswa eziphilayo nitrogen. Ifomula yefomu ₂ N, noma, ngokuya izibopho zamakhemikhali, N≡N. Ukuba khona ukuthi kunokuhlobana okukhulu esinjalo kubonisa high ukuzinza namakhemikhali inertness zishintshe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Yilokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka abe khona semali le gesi efomini khulula emkhathini.

Ngo into elula uyakwazi nitrogen fixed ikakhulukazi eziphilayo - rhizobia. Basuke-ke kucutshungulwe umumo ekahle isitshalo igesi futhi ngaleyo ndlela athwale amaminerali umsoco of isitshalo impande izinhlelo.

Kukhona compounds eziningana eziyisisekelo, efomini ongagcini ngokwemvelo nitrogen. Ifomula kokulandelayo:

• oxides - CHA _2, N ₂ O, N ₂ O _5;
• acid - oxide ne nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (ezivezwa umbani esithweni kusuka oxides emoyeni);
• nitrate - KNO _3, nano _3, nokunye.

Man nitrogen isetshenziswa hhayi nje njengomuntu igesi, kodwa isimo uketshezi. It has ikhono babe uketshezi emazingeni okushisa ngezansi -170 ⁰ C, okwenza kube efanelekayo umnkantsha yemifino kanye isilwane kwezicubu, izinto eziningi. Yingakho ukusetshenziswa kabanzi liquid nitrogen ungaphakathi imithi.

Futhi nitrogen kunesisekelo sokubonisa ukuthola omunye ukuxhumana kwayo main - ammonia. Ukukhiqizwa tonnage we ketshezi, njengoba kabanzi lisetshenziswe yasendlini futhi umkhakha (ukulungiselela rubbers, udayi, ipulasitiki, nezindwangu zokwenziwa, acid organic, ukukhiqizwa upende, iziqhumane nokunye).

carbon dioxide

Iyiphi inqubo elungiselelwe efana? Carbon dioxide kulotshiwe njengoba CO _2. Covalent isibopho e-molecule wavuma polar, ezimbili okuqinile chemical amabutho phakathi yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuzinza kanye inertness engqamuzaneni ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Leli qiniso kuqinisekiswa khona khulula carbon dioxide emkhathini.

Lokhu kwaziswa wumkhakha Igesi yemvelo namafutha, futhi aqoqana emkhathini le planethi, okubangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini.

Inani elikhulu-carbon dioxide imiswe phakathi neminyaka omlilo of yiluphi uhlobo fuel organic. Kungakhathaliseki amalahle, izingodo, igesi noma ezinye fuel, amandla omlilo ngokuphelele okuholela amanzi kwetinhlavu kanye ketshezi.

Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi ekuqongeleleni yayo emkhathini is ngenakugwemeka. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi obalulekile umphakathi wanamuhla ucinge enye, okuyinto enciphisa fuel Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini.

hydrogen

Enye kwakwakhe Umqansa okwenzeka Ukwakheka amaminerali yemvelo - kuyinto hydrogen. Negesi kabani ifomula - H _2. The elula kwazo zonke izinto esizibonayo namuhla abaziwa.

Ngenxa impahla yayo ekhethekile ohlelweni gqwa ithatha isikhundla ezimbili - phakathi izinsimbi alikhali futhi halogens. Ukuba omunye electron uyakwazi ukuyinikeza njengendlela (izakhiwo metallic, sokubuyiselwa) futhi wamukele (izakhiwo okungezona metallic, namachibi).

Le ndawo eyinhloko ukusetshenziswa - kuyinto fuel imvelo, okuyiwona abacwaningi phambili abone ikusasa. izizathu:

• inombolo engenamkhawulo amasheya lokhu igesi;
• kumiswa ngenxa amandla omlilo amanzi kuphela.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele ubuchwepheshe hydrogen njengoba umthombo energy kufanele ngcono namanje umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi.

Amafomula ekubaleni mass, ukuminyana, nevolumu yamagesi

Ngo zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali sisebenzise izindlela eziyisisekelo ezimbalwa ukuze axazulule igesi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ungomunye nemingcele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifana kunobukhulu bendawo igesi, ekubaleni Ifomula:

m = V * th, lapho TH - iyona ukuminyana into futhi V - umthamo yayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma sidinga ukubala nenqwaba igesi ivolumu engokwemvelo 1 imitha cubic ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, bese sithatha kusho inani standard density yayo izikhombo. Kuzoba elilingana 0.68 kg / m ^3. Manje njengoba siyazi ivolumu kanye kwabantu igesi, i-sibalo we formula kuyinto ngempela siyahambisana. Khona-ke:

m (CH ₄₎ = 0.68 kg / m ³ * 1 ^m3 = 0,68 kg, njengoba sehliselwe cubic metres.

Formula igesi ivolumu, ngokuphambene, siqukethe le mass kanye kwabantu izinkomba. Lokho, singaveza ukubaluleka ukucushwa ngenhla:

V = m / th, khona-ke kuyoba nemibandela esezingeni 2 kg lemali methane ilingana 2 / 0,68 = 2,914 m ^3.

Futhi, ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi (lapho izimo ze-non-standard) ukubala mass nevolumu yamagesi esetshenziswa uMendeleyev-Clapeyron equation, esesikhundleni ifomu:

p * V = m / M * R * T, lapho p - igesi ingcindezi, V - umthamo yayo, m futhi M - mass mass izinyo lomhlathi, ngokulandelana, R - igesi jikelele njalo ulingana 8,314, T - izinga lokushisa Kelvin.

Lokhu ifomula igesi ivolumu ukhiqiza izilinganiso esondelene kakhulu ukubaluleka igesi ekahle, ongagcini luyingxenye yezinto futhi isetshenziselwa imiqondo abstract ekuxazululeni izinkinga zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba abale ivolumu ezothando Boyle, esesikhundleni ifomu:

V = p _n * V _n * T / p * T _n, lapho Inkomba value n - kukhona amanani ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ejwayelekile.

Ukuze ukubala kwaba inembe kakhulu futhi uhambisane ngokoqobo, inketho okunjalo kwakufanele kubhekwe njengokungekho, njengoba kwabantu igesi. Ifomula kuhlaziywa lesi ipharamitha namanje iphuzu moot. Banquma ukusebenzisa elula ezivamile, okungukuthi:

th = m ₀ * n, lapho m ₀ - mass yamangqamuzana (kg) n - lokuhlushwa iyunithi - 1 / m ^3.

Nokho, kwezinye izimo kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ezinye, izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ephelele eziguquguqukayo eziningi ukukhiqiza olunembile futhi eduze umphumela ofiselekayo.