I Karakum ehlane (Turkmenistan): incazelo, izici, isimo sezulu kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

ehlane Sandy ka Karakum (Turkmenistan) singesikhulu kunazo zonke e-Asia Ephakathi futhi enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. insimu yalo inkulu. Lokhu ¾ izindawo kulo lonke Turkmenistan. Uphi ehlane Karakum? Ihlanganisa indawo etholakala phakathi elaliphansi kwamagquma Karabil Vanhyza futhi Kopetdag eningizimu, kanye Khorezm emathafeni engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe. Empumalanga ke ngelanga ezicishe zibe insimu sesigodi Amu Darya, futhi entshonalanga - ne embhedeni Uzboi.

geography

Karakum - awugwadule-Asia, esisuka km 800 on the izici ezifanayo kanye km 450 ngebhayisikili Meridian. Le ndawo ingqikithi ebhishi sandy ingamakhilomitha angu-square ezingaphezu kuka amathathu namashumi amahlanu. Kosayizi lamazwe afana Italy, nase UK. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqhathanisa Karakum ehlane ne ezakhiwe imvelo efanayo. Turkmen Sand Sea itholakala uhlu ngobukhulu. Labo abafisa ukwazi ukuthi yini ogwadule ingaphezu - LwaseKalahari noma Karakum, kuwufanele nikhumbula ukuthi ukwakheka engokwemvelo Afrika cishe kabili njengoba ebanzi. endaweni yaso 600 amakhilomitha square.

I Karakum ehlane wehlukile e sezwe yayo, isakhiwo Geological, inhlabathi kanye izimila. Kule ndaba, ososayensi baye yaba South-East, ehlanzeni (Central) kanye Zaunguz (North) zone. Lezi zingxenye ezintathu ehlane ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye imvelaphi, izimo zezulu, kanti izinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho.

North Karakum

Zaunguz we Turkmen sandy beach iyona eminingi yasendulo isakhiwo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka Northern Karakums kwenzeka abangaphezu kwesigidi edlule. Kuyinto ingxenye aphakeme amaningi ala masimu, ezinde phezu lonke 40-50 amakhilomitha. Leli lungiselelo unika ngezizathu ukubiza North Karakum ehlane ithafa. Nokho, ukuthi lokhu akulungile ngenxa compartmentalization inkulu kakhulu zone ku ngalo kyry - meridionally side isihlabathi emikhulu, lafinyelela ukuphakama 80-100 m, phakathi zazo okuvalelwe eziyize.

Amanzi asemhlabathini okwenzeka enyakatho Kara Kum, ikakhulukazi okunosawoti. It ayikuvumeli ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele endaweni idatha ifuna amadlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu sendawo inzima kakhulu kunangesikhathi kwezinye izingxenye ezimbili.

Kusukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga ohlangothini Karakum Zaunguz imikhawulo kuqhathaniswa kahle walondoloza somfula West Uzbaya lasendulo. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli efanayo ehlane endaweni anqunywe ehlombe, okuphakama kwawo kuhluka amamitha 60 160. Lokhu uchungechunge watsheka Shorov, takyrs nemicengezi sandy ifinyelela ka-Amu Darya kanye West kuziwa Uzboi. Mayelana kanjani lezi ukwehla ongaqondakali ayaziwa kuze kube manje. Ngokusho ososayensi abathile, emaphethelweni ukuphakamisa Zaunguz kwakhiwa ngenxa ekuqongeleleni nosawoti, okuyinto wakhomba futhi wabhidliza rock zemvelo. Abanye abacwaningi baye bacabanga ukuthi le Indawo lasendulo uyasinda embhedeni kancane Amu Darya.

ENingizimu-Eastern Ephakathi Karakum

Lezi yizindawo ongaphakeme, nge ukuphakama engamamitha kokuba ku uhla kusuka m 50 kuya 200. Lapho ehlane Karakums ihamba komunye indawo kuya kwenye, akwaziwa. Ngempela, umngcele phakathi kwalezi izingxenye bekulokhu okunemibandela kakhulu. Kodwa selisho ngesitimela Tendzhen-Chardzhou ke.

Ngokusho kwe-landscape yayo eNingizimu-Eastern Ephakathi Karakum uhluka Northern emathafeni isakhiwo. Lokhu, kanye khona kulezi zindawo ocebile unyaka wonke amadlelo eziningi angenasawoti imithombo avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa nokusebenza kakhulu babo ngokuya kwezomnotho. Ukuthuthukiswa ngalezi zindaba kuyasiza ekuqiniseni inkathi kuqhathaniswa eside ngaphandle frost etholakala eduze nemizi emikhulu nemihle inani eliphezulu lika okushisa omuhle.

Isimo sezulu

Uyini Karakum? Kule nsimu yabo enkulukazi lapho kukhona ekushintshashintsheni abukhali emoyeni uquqaba lokushisa diurnal. Ngokuvamile, isimo sezulu ehlane kungokwalabo leli zwekazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso Januwari lokushisa enyakatho Ulotshwe degrees emhlabeni lokususa ezinhlanu, futhi eningizimu - plus ezintathu. Ngo-July, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngu degrees 28 kuya 34. Kodwa uyini ezithakazelisayo. Ngenxa iyehla iyenyuka nsuku zonke umoya Karakum Ugwadule ingenye ezishisayo emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi emini esensikeni eziningi zayo thermometer antante plus degrees amahlanu nangaphezulu. Njengoba for enhlabathini, khona-ke has a ukufudumala okukhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokushisa isihlabathi ifinyelela degrees ayisishiyagalombili.

Winter ngokuba Karakum Ugwadule libhekene yesithwathwa ezinzima. Kulesi isizini yonke eseduze sandy beach lokushisa lehla ngezansi degrees amathathu.

Njengoba for kwezulu, bona iyivela kancane kakhulu. Kuwo lo nyaka, enyakatho ehlane inombolo yabo ifinyelela 60 mm, futhi eningizimu - 150 mm. Kakhulu nenkathi yezimvula ku Karakum Ugwadule ziyinkathi kusukela November kuya April. Ngalesi sikhathi-ke uwela amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa kwezulu yonyaka.

Umsuka kwegama

Ehunyushiwe ezivela olimini Turkmen "Kara-Kum" kusho "isihlabathi omnyama". Kodwa igama ayihambisani iqiniso. I Karakum awugwadule isihlabathi black asipheli. Igama lalesi kumiswa zemvelo, cishe ngenxa yokuthi amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu ka insimu yalo e ngandlela-thile imbozwe uhlaza, okuyinto ehlobo ilahlekelwa nombala oluhlaza. Asele ezinhlanu angu ogwadule - zesihlabathi. amagama abo Turkmen kuzwakala "ah-kum". Uma lihunyushwa, kusho "isihlabathi esimhlophe".

Kukhona enye inguqulo ngemvelaphi igama Turkmen ehlane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi igama elithi "abamnyama" kwenzelwe nje ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye kusho ukuthi ndawo hhayi ngiyijwayele impilo, nobutha indoda.

imivubukulo

Ngokwe ecwaninga, Karakum ehlane lalihlala abantu Kudala yesine yeminyaka BC. Imizana sezizwe zakwa lasendulo ziye zatholakala ososayensi e-oasis eduze delta ezingekho ekhona Murghab River. Le sayithi bakhangwa indawo abantu futhi emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva. Ngisho ekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC, lapho endaweni enkulu evela eGreece elaseNdiya isenkingeni nesomiso esikhulu esathinta kule oasis abahlali baphinde aseNyakatho Syria futhi Eastern Anatolia.

Ngisho ukutholakala ebalulekile senziwa ososayensi ngo-1972, lo mkhankaso abavubukuli, eholwa VI Sarianidi atholakala Karakum ehlane amanxiwa asendulo ithempeli edolobheni Gonur Depe, okuhunyushwa kusuka Turkmen kusho "grey amagquma". Lokhu isiphetho kwaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinkulu, yakhiwa ngamatshe, maphakathi okuyinto imihlatshelo ethempelini, umlilo kanye nezinye izinhlaka. Along azungezwe wonke wokwakha invilophu izindonga awugqinsi, phezu okwakukhona imibhoshongo square. Kulesi idolobha elinezakhamuzi asendulo angena Margush ekukhulekeleni umlilo.

Kufanele kube nemizana ezingamakhulu amabili kuye kwatholakala ngemva kokutholakala uhambo bemivubukulo Gonur Sarianidi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi bathi Margush ezikhathini ngaphambili ukubaluleka kwalo akukho kunabayeni eMesophothamiya, Egypt, eChina noma eNdiya.

Nokho, ekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC, abantu kwadingeka balishiye leli oasis evundile befuna umthombo-esilazayo egcwele amanzi. Sands ke nje ishanelwe iminonjana impucuko owawuke waba namandla, ezinye izazi oyikholelwayo umphathi wokuqala namaZoroaster.

okufushane imfundo

I Karakum ehlane kwamiswa esanda kutholakala. Ngakho, engu-Zaunguz yayo ngesakhiwo imayelana kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi mancane kakhulu engu Lasogwadule LwaseNamibia Esibamba Amanzi Ugwadule, okuyinto sekuneminyaka engu-abayizigidi ezingu-55.

kwesigaba esentshonalanga Karakum ngimncane kunalokho. Yasungulwa kusukela emaqeleni ayizinkulungwane 2-2,5 kuphela. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Yini lozalo Geological has Karakum ehlane? Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ososayensi ababili imicabango. On omunye wabo, abeke phambili A. izimayini unjiniyela M. Konshinym, ehlane kumiswa ezenzeka esikhathini lasendulo esishwabene Aral futhi iCaspian Sea, okuyinto ingxenye nezakudala Tethys Ocean.

Ngokwe-mbono wesibili, ngokusho izazi eziningi, le Karakum ehlane endaweni kwakhiwa nasemifuleni Murghab, Amu nabanye abaningi, ukwenza ubumba, isihlabathi kanye neminye imikhiqizo ezithile ekubhujisweni kuka-rocks lamagquma aseningizimu Kopetdag Mountains. Le nqubo zenzeka ekuqaleni eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukupholisa ukufudumala Sakushintsha kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa incibilikiswa nomthelela yokuthi emfuleni bekulokhu ngokushesha futhi ogeleza egcwele. Lo mbono uye kuqinisekiswa izazi zokuma komhlaba ucwaningo.

Biota

Umhlaba Wonderful we Karakum abalahle ithakazelise kulabo abacwaningi abenza njalo efuna ukuthi inwebe HORIZONS zabo. Sand Sea Turkmenistan - yindawo lapho kugxilwa kuphela ilanga abathanda yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene olungahlala ngokungabi bikho semali umswakama.

Karakum Ugwadule wakhethwa kweshumi eziningana kwezinhlobo ezahlukene kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane engaphezu kwenkulungwane zezintaka eyisinambuzane. Ukhululekile kule ndawo uzizwe zinhlobo ezintathu kweshumi izinyoni nezinhlobo ezimbili nekhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa izitshalo. Desert, bakubheka emzini wabo, okusho ukuthi kukhona kuwo okuthile ongaqondakali futhi engaziwa kunendoda yena.

izimila

On ezindaweni sandy we Karakum sikhule nezihlahla ahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo, omnyama nomhlophe Haloxylon, Salsola Ph.D., futhi astragalus. Found lapha nesihlabathi ngomuthi. Cover utshani kwahlongasibi sedge eqolo kakhulu, kukhona saxaul, saltwort, nezinye umphakathi eziyize.

Ezindaweni ezinesomiso Karakum emaThafeni ezikhulayo nezihlahla xerophytic and sub-nezihlahla. Abaningi babo abanawo ikhava amahlamvu noma baphonsa ke phezu okuvela nesomiso.

Izimpande zimbali ezikhula ehlane, branched futhi eside. Sinenkosi ukungena ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ikamela ameva. Izimpande zaso ezijulile enhlabathini sandy ngoba amamitha angaphezu kuka amabili.

izitshalo Ugwadule okusakazwa imbewu, okuyizinto pubescent ngokuvamile noma amaphiko ehlukile. Lesi sakhiwo kusiza ukuhamba emoyeni. Eziningi zalezi Karakum izimila zasogwadule baqede kalula, ngisho noma lingena inhlabathi ezihambayo. tugais Ikakhulukazi okhetheke khulu. Lokhu sehlozi willow mhlophe futhi Poplar, utshani giant, komthamariske nezinye izitshalo umswakama-onothando, engatholwa loMfula i-Karakum Canal.

emhlabeni isilwane

Abaningi kule Karakum Ugwadule ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Lesi silwane is kahle ingashintshwa ukuze basinde ezindaweni anesihlabathi. Iningi lazo uncamela ebusuku, futhi labo abazokwazi isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zingatholakala ogwadule - abagijimi okukhulu. Abakwazi kalula bahambe amabanga amade.

Phakathi abameleli ezincelisayo zingatholakala ku Karakum ehlane impisi kanye impungushe, insephe Gopher, asemaqeleni kanye Barchan ikati, nembila kanye impungushe-Korsakov. Sezilwane ezihuquzelayo Umhlaba uvezwa izibankwa obunesihluku, isihlabathi boa inyoka futhi-umcibisholo, Agam nezimfudu asemaqeleni. Esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu kolwandle ehlane sandy flying iqhude kanye larks, surto saxaul futhi kondlunkulu izintaka Bulanov.

Of ezingenamgogodla kule ndawo kukhona nawofezela ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu, mabhungane futhi izicabucabu karakurt. Ngo-Amu Darya, le Karakum umsele kanye amadamu kukhona ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, phakathi lapho kukhona carp herbivorous futhi utshani carp.

ehlane cat

ngokukhethekile kufanele trot we Karakum ehlane. Ngakho uvame ukubizwa Caracal. Eqinisweni, lezi zilwane ezifanayo imikhuba yabo. Nokho, trot abavamile akakwazi ukuba basinde kule ehlane, lapho kungekho amahlathi. Ukuze caracal, kulezi zindawo ekhaya bomdabu. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Ugwadule Isilwane ababethi umbala brown ukukhanya, silivumele libe cishe ezingabonakali phakathi lamagquma foothill futhi zesihlabathi. The main ukudla caracal kukhona izinyoni, amagundane izibankwa.

Phakathi uyini Karakum Ugwadule, okuyinto ndawo lalesi silwane emangalisayo? It osongoza kusukela Aral Sea kuya iCaspian. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ukuthuthukiswa lezi zindawo kuye kwaholela Ukuncipha okukhulu inani amakati ehlane, futhi namuhla endle kunabantu abangaba ngu-300 kuphela.

inqolobane Repetek

Ujwayele izimila nezilwane we Karakum ehlane, kuyinto efiselekayo kuqale ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi zone empumalanga. Kulapha, at ibanga amakhilomitha 70 eningizimu yedolobha ka Chardzhou, ngo-1928, inqolobane Repetek esiyingqayizivele yasungulwa. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu ukuvikelwa nokutadisha eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo, okuyinto abacebile Karakum ehlane.

Repetek Reserve ihlanganisa indawo engaba ngamashumi amathathu anamahlanu amawaka, anamakhulu amahektha esibeka ngamafuphi imibandela esemqoka isitshalo ulwandle sandy umphakathi Turkmen nezilwane zalo ezihlukahlukene.

kumnandzi

Esikhathini Karakum ehlane abe namesake. Lena zokwakheka elincane isihlabathi - Karakum - elise Kazakhstan. It is kahle phakathi namachibi amabili - Sassykol futhi Balkhash.

I Karakum ehlane izivakashi eziningi evutha kahle. It ikhona eduze nedolobhana Darwaza. Lokhu wangaphambili ukuhlola imithombo abaqulekile ukuba imigodi eseduze ngomshoshaphansi.

I Karakum komhlaba okuningi. Ikakhulukazi ukunqwabelana okukhulu eduze Amu Darya lomfula.

I Karakum ehlane Ngemba ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi awo ngokuvamile ekhishwe ngendlela lasendulo, okuyinto esetshenziswa enihamba umbuthano yamakamela.