I-Indonesia: inkolo namasiko we-republic. Indawo yayo

Emhlabeni wethu kunezindawo eziningi ezinhle ezinomlando othakazelisayo nesingavamile. Yilokho okwenzeka eRiphabhuliki yase-Indonesia. Inkolo yaleli zwe ayiyona into ekhethekile. Lapha bakhulekela onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, banikele ngeminikelo. Nokho, kuzo zonke iziqhingi zase-Indonesia inani labalandeli bekholo elithile alifani. Sizokukhuluma ngalokhu ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Indawo yezwe kanye nezinye izici zayo zendawo

Umbuso omkhulu, onesiqhingi esingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, yi-Indonesia (inkolo yawo nayo ihlukene). Naphezu kwenani elikhulayo labakhileyo, lezi ziqhingi zakhiwe ngokungenalutho (ezinye zilahlekile ngokuphelele). Kutholakala e-Indonesia e- Southeast Asia. Enyakatho yeRiphabhuliki ihlanzwa ngamanzi asePacific naseLwandle lweSulawesi, eningizimu ngaseLwandle lwe-Arafura, entshonalanga yi-Indian Ocean. Futhi, enyakatho ye-Indonesia ihlanganisa iMalaysia, futhi empumalanga - nePapua New Guinea. Insimu ye-republic yonke cishe ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili zezikwele.

Imingcele yemlando yokwakhiwa kwe-Indonesia njenge-republic

Ngokokuqala ngqa ama-rudiments of state avuka lapha kuma-II-V eminyaka endaweni yangasogwini. Ukuhamba kwezilwandle kanye nokuhweba kwakhiwe lapha, emva kwesikhathi baba abaxhumanisi phakathi kweziqhingi naseMpumalanga. Ukwakhiwa kwakuqhubeka, eziqhingini phakathi nekhulu le-7 uMbuso waseSumatran weSrivijaya wabonakala. Futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesishiyagalombili, isimo saseMataram satholakala kwi-Central Java.

Ngenxa yezenzo ezihlukumezayo zekhulu le-11, uMataram uhlanganisa wonke amadolobha okuhweba ngaphansi kwekhanda laso enkabeni yesiqhingi saseJava. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, inkolelo eyisisekelo i-Indonesia ayamukele ngayo yanqunywa. Inkolo, eyangena kakhulu eziqhingini, yayiyi-Islam. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwakunqunywa ukuthi amazwe angomakhelwane ayisho. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVII, i-Indonesia yaba isiqhingi saseHolland, isusa isiPutukezi kusukela lapha.

Ukuzimela kweRiphabhuliki kwakungemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngo-1950 kwathiwa unitary.

Ukwakhiwa kwezenkolo ze-republic

Ithonya lamaSulumane eziqhingini zase-Indonesia liholele ekutheni amaSulumane angamakholwa asakazeke kakhulu e-republic. Nokho, inkolo kahulumeni e-Indonesia akuyona yonke into yamaSulumane. Kulotshiwe ngokomthethosisekelo ukuthi eziqhingini kukhona ukholo kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu angasho ukuthi yiyiphi inkolo. Lona ifilosofi kazwelonke yase-Indonesia - i-Pancha Shila.

Abantu abangu-80% bathi bangama-Islam e-republic. Lapha ukunyakaza kwe-Sunni yale nkolo kuvame kakhulu (noma kunjalo, kukhona, amaShiites). I-Indonesia ibhekwa njengezwe lamaSulumane elinabantu abaningi kakhulu phakathi kwayo.

Ngaphezu kwe-Islam, kunezinye izinkolo e-republic. Amaphesenti ayishumi abantu athi bangamaKristu, kwezinye iziqhingi amaHindu ayenziwa. Ngokuhlukile, kufanele kuthiwe ngesiqhingi saseBali, lapho izivakashi eziningi zihamba khona manje. Abantu bathiwa amaHindu, kodwa ifomu lakhe eliyingqayizivele, lixubene noBuddha. Lesi siqhingi sigcwele amathempeli - kunezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-20 kubo, futhi singatholakala cishe kuzo zonke izigceme.

Futhi e-Indonesia ubuqaba buvame kakhulu, naphezu kwezinye izinkolelo (futhi inethonya layo kubo). Ukuphila komphakathi kuthonywa kakhulu yikholo lemimoya ehlukahlukene ekhona yonke indawo. Yilabo abahlale behlatshelwe umhlatshelo. Le nkolelo ibizwa ngokuthi i-animism. Abalandeli abaningi be-animism bangatholakala eziqhingini zaseSumatra naseJava.

Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo kwezenkolo kubangelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa lezi ziqhingi zaba yisiphephelo sabafuduki baseNdiya, eChina, eYurophu nase-Arab East. Futhi kubonga abasha abasha abazithenga izimpahla zendawo zangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, manje uyazi impendulo yombuzo, uhlobo luni lwenkolo e-Indonesia.

Izici zendabuko zase-Indonesia. Ukuziphatha kwezivakashi

Abahambi kanye nezivakashi abaza e-Indonesia, ngaphezu kwezici zenkolo, kufanele bacabangele amasiko namasiko awo. Njengoba inkolo enkulu ye-Indonesia yi-Islam, amasiko amaningi nawo avela kulokhu. Akuyona indlela yokugqoka izingubo ezivulekile kakhulu (iziketi, ama-shorts), ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane. Futhi akukhuthazwa ukuba ubulili obufanele ukushisa i-sunbathe phezulu ngaphandle kwamabhishi.

Uma uye emcimbini wenkolo, qhubeka uzolile futhi ungakhulumi ngokuzwakalayo. Futhi, amahlombe aphezulu futhi avame kakhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi ayinconywa (lokhu akusebenzi emibonweni ehlelekile ngokukhethekile). Uma udinga ukuvakashela ihhovisi likahulumeni noma umkhosi wama-mosque, imilenze yakho kufanele ivaliwe ngamadolo (ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane).

Ukuziphatha okuvamile emgwaqweni kufanele kungabandakanyi umunwe okukhomba umuntu, futhi awuvunyelwe ukuthinta ikhanda lomunye umuntu. Abashadile abakwazi ukubonisa isisa emgwaqweni, ngoba lokhu kukhona indlu negumbi lokulala. Akunconywa emgwaqweni ukuthi uthukuthele futhi uphakamise.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, njengoba ubona, iRiphabhliki yase-Indonesia, inkolo yawo ehlukile, iyindawo emangalisayo. Ukuziphatha kwabantu kuthonywe ngamakhulu ngamasiko axoshiwe namasiko, okufanele alandelwe kanye nezivakashi.