I ebaziwe "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl". Umbhali lesikhumbuzo

Ngo-2014, unyaka 125th we lokuzalwa umqophi omkhulu Soviet Vera Mukhina. Igama lakhe is ukuze wonke umuntu abahlala ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union eyaziwa, ngoba kuhlangene imisebenzi nenqwaba umculi - laqanjwa sculptural "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl".

Biography of Vera Mukhina

Ignatyevna wazalwa ngo-1889 ibe mthengisi lomkhaya ocebile. Walahlekelwa abazali bakhe ekuseni kakhulu futhi ezikhuliswa abalondolozi. Nge ebuntwaneni ukholo kwahluka ukuphikelela ukuphikelela. ugqozi wakhe Umdwebo kancane kancane savela ibe izikebhe, okuyinto watadisha iminyaka emibili e-Paris ku Academy Grand Chaumiere. Mfundisi wesifazane wayengowozalo abadumile umqophi Bourdelle. Khona-ke Mukhina wathuthela e-Italy, lapho afundela khona umdwebo bese ebaziwe kwesikhathi Renaissance.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Mukhina wasebenza njengoba umhlengikazi esibhedlela. Kube khona emhlanganweni wawo wokuqala ne udokotela ohlinzayo Alekseem Andreevichem Castle, nge ayizalele ashade ngokushesha. Non-yesigaba sabasebenzi umsuka imikhaya ngokuvamile engozini izimpilo zamalungu ayo. Fly asebenzayo iqhaza ushintsho wamavukelambuso yezwe njengoba kubonakala kula eziqoshiwe. Fly Heroes amandla ezahlukene namandla.

Ignatyevna eziningi futhi kanzima kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Eselahle umyeni wakhe ngo-1942, yena waba lusizi ngenxa ukulahlekelwa. Akulungile Inhliziyo Fly bavunyelwe ukuba baphile kancane iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ngemva kokushiya umyeni wakhe. Ngo-1953, washona, engesiye isalukazi - eseneminyaka engu-64 ubudala.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Ngokuba ukuphila kwabo egqamile futhi ocebile Vera Mukhina wadala inani elikhulu imisebenzi yobuciko, kuhlanganise imidwebo, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu glassware. Ngeshwa, iningi umsebenzi uhlala ububanzi engaziwa ebanzi abayithandayo of ithalente lakhe. Main ekudalweni Mukhina ukuphila, mayimdumise iminyaka eminingi - kungcono ebaziwe "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl". Ignatyevna waqamba ingoma yakhe "Isisebenzi kanye nabalimi abancane." Esikhathini Great Soviet Encyclopedia esichaza umqophi ekudalweni awubiza ngokuthi "esezingeni okwangempela sezenhlalo. '

Ngo-1936, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange akufumana France isimemo iqhaza Fair Paris Emhlabeni. Isikhulu isihloko umcimbi ezinkulu, "Art nobuchwepheshe empilweni yesimanje."

ESoviet Union kwakubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ukubamba iqhaza embukisweni, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, izwe okudingekayo ukuze uwine umncintiswano kumnyama kubomvu. Izwe wema sisonqenqemeni neMpi Yezwe II, futhi umncintiswano emkhakheni impumelelo lobuchwepheshe eqinisweni kwakusho zezombusazwe ezinzima mpi zezwe ezimbili. Izimbangi eyinhloko eU.SSR ubuqhawe kade Italy neJalimane.

Winning imibono ebaziwe "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl"

Soviet umsebenzi kahulumeni wayengeyena nje ukudala elikhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemiklamo yokwakha, kodwa futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga ukugcizelela orientation yayo ngemibono. Ngokuhambisana embukisweni eside futhi emazweni iqhaza kufanele bahlelekela imithetho emadokodweni abo e isitayela kazwelonke. Okusalungiswa Soviet yayihloselwe ukukhombisa izwe ukuphakama isimiso sezomnotho kazwelonke.

Esikhathini mncintiswano yamemezela umklamo we inkundla yahanjelwa abaklami abaningi ovelele futhi zihlaba umxhwele yesikhathi. Boris iwine lofan, dala iphrojekthi isitayela zakudala Ingcenye ephakathi yesigaba okuyinto elalihlala ebaziwe. High Commission ivume umqondo bebonke, kodwa sinqatshiwe lesikhumbuzo. Ngekushesha ngemuva emncintiswaneni, lapho wanqoba Vera Mukhina owawuse.

Umbhali lesikhumbuzo "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl 'athunjwa umcabango isikali ikhomishana duo sculptural ungukukhanya futhi ezihlose phambili. izici Simple lesikhumbuzo heroes sabantu yabakhanga ebusheni bakhe nengokomoya, wendiza isikhafu kwakufanekisela ukunyakaza ngokushesha ebheke ekusaseni eliqhakazile. Wenyukile phezu kwenhloko yembuzi, isando noma isikela wabonakalisa ubunye abasebenzi kanye nabalimi ngokuhlanganyela.

Izigaba ukwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo - izinselele nokufeza

Manje kwaba ukuba ngokushesha ukwakha isakhiwo ngobukhulu bayo kweqiniso. I ebaziwe "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" by inhloso yombhali ukuphakama omkhulu - 25 amamitha. Ukuze afeze umsebenzi omkhulu, wagwetshwa izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela.

usayizi elikhulu lesikhumbuzo yayihloselwe hhayi kuphela ukuze zidonse ukunaka lenani ayenakho bukhanye phezu Paris. Njengoba isizathu ukwakhiwa ebaziwe sabuka zethusi noma ithusi. Lezi izinsimbi zinezikhathi nokuqina nokubukwa zasebukhosini. Kodwa abazange banikeze emisebeni kuhlelwe, ngoba ukukhanya amuncwa umzimba. Ngakho-ke umqophi lesikhumbuzo "Ukuphepha Kolhoz" UVera Muhina isinqumo sokuzakhela isikhumbuzo we engagqwali ishidi.

Okokuqala, ongqongqozayo kwakha indlela yokwakheka amabhlogo ukhuni iphathwa ebusweni lokubaza namathuluzi kanye lifinyelele olubushelelezi kakhulu. Khona-ke wabeka phezu kwezisekelo lokhuni thinnest amashidi steel, ogama ukujiya ingeqi a milimitha. Igobolondo steel iphindwa isikhunta lokhuni. Kusukela ngaphakathi steel KaMose labetibambile ndawonye ngezindlela ka welds.

Ikomidi Ukukhetha, iphethwe nabaholi baseSoviet uphakamise lesikhumbuzo esiphelele. Esikhathini esilandelayo isigaba Ukwakheka "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" Kwakudingeka ngiye Paris. Ukuze kube lula yezokuthutha lesikhumbuzo lahlukaniswa laba izicucu emashumi mathandathu anamihlanu futhi egxilile isitimela. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto wokwakha amathani 75, zazo amathani 12 kuphela lanikezwa steel bezinhlamvu. Ukuze ezokuthutha lesikhumbuzo, amathuluzi kanye amadivayisi kokusiphakamisela ezintathu kweshumi zesitimela ababehilelekile.

Izibuyekezo Rave baseParis

ngeshwa, Esikhathini ikalishi, zazingekho ukulimala. Phakathi ukufakwa umsebenzi ngokushesha iqedwe amaphutha, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngesikhathi esimisiwe, Meyi 25, 1937, lesikhumbuzo "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" laqala ukukhanya ku Paris esibhakabhakeni. INjabulo baseParis kanye umbukiso kwakungekho umkhawulo.

Steel Ukwakheka simangalele ubuhle nobukhazikhazi, anombala ocwazimulayo elangeni nazo zonke izinhlobo imibala. I Eiffel Tower itholakala eduze ngokushesha ebaziwe Soviet, walahlekelwa ubuhle baso futhi likhange kakhulu.

lesikhumbuzo Soviet waklonyeliswa ngendondo igolide - Grand Prix. Umphumela izuzwe kungaba uyaziqhenya Vera Mukhina - umbazi Soviet nesizotha futhi abanamakhono. "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" uma selutholiwe emehlweni isimo ezweni uphawu likahulumeni waseSoviet.

Ekupheleni kwalo mbukiso, ithimba Soviet wamenywa ngaseceleni French ukuthengisa eziqoshiwe. Ubuholi be-USSR, Enqaba-ke.

Lapho ukusetha lesikhumbuzo abadumile Soviet

I sculptural iqembu "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" ngokuphepha waphindela kwelakubo futhi ngokushesha efakwe endaweni yabo unomphela yokuhlala - phambi omunye zokungena kwi-Exhibition Centre (Exhibition of Izimpumelelo Economic). Namuhla kule nsimu kungokwalabo VVC (Wonke Russian Exhibition Centre Isikhungo), omunye kakhulu wavakashelwa izakhamizi eziningi futhi izihambeli zezindawo eMoscow.

Umbhali lesikhumbuzo "The Worker kanye sabaqashi Ipulazi Owesifazane" UVera Mukhina akakwamukeli isayithi ukufakwa. Futhi ngesikhathi ibambene ebaziwe kwaba ephansi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi isinyathelo kwaba kathathu encishisiwe ngobukhulu. Vera Ignatyevna eside ezifana endaweni umcibisholo UMfula iMoscow, lapho manje simi Peter Tsereteli umsebenzi kuqala. Wasikisela nekwehlwaya yesikhulumi Sparrow Hills. Nokho, umbono wakhe awuzange asilalela

"Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" - uphawu edumile emhlabeni wonke of nenkathi yamaSoviet

Kusukela Paris embukisweni ebaziwe isibe sici kazwelonke likahulumeni waseSoviet, ziphindaphindwe emhlabeni wonke ngesimo izitembu zokuposa, ngifaka, zemali esiyisikhumbuzo, ama-albhamu yakhiwe. Image lesikhumbuzo abadumile uvele ngesimo eziyisikhumbuzo eziningi nokuduma yakhe wabangisa kuphela matryoshka Russian. Futhi kusukela ngo-1947 ifilimu studio "Mosfilm" lalisetshenziswa cutscenes zayo ezidumile ebaziwe "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" futhi ngaleyo ndlela izakhe njengoba isibonakaliso yezwe Soviet.

Vera Mukhina - a inkosi yayiqaphela lokusungula sculptural

Ngo ukubonga uhulumeni wamaSoviet yaklonyeliswa Stalin Prize Vera Mukhina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona eziningi imiklomelo kanye nezinzuzo ehlukahlukene kahulumeni, ngubani ayedumile umqophi zesifazane. "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" wenza kwenzeka Mukhina ujabulele inkululeko ngokuphelele umsebenzi wokudala. Kodwa, ngeshwa inzalo umqophi edume uhlala kumemori kuphela njengoba umlobi we lesikhumbuzo kuphela.

Ngo Museum Vera Mukhina sika, sise kumila isinyathelo we ebaziwe abadumile, kuyinto iqoqo izithombe documentary, newsreels, okubonisa ukuthi Ignatyevna zabasebenzi ezinezithelo kakhulu. Wabhala isithombe, wadala amaphrojekthi sculptural kanye nokwakheka ingilazi. Esikhathini Museum eziningi imodeli owandulelayo lesikhumbuzo, owawungumnyaka enganeli ekuphileni umqophi zesifazane abadumile. "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" - akuyona lesikhumbuzo isebenza kuphela Mukhina eMoscow.

ezinye izidalwa Vera Mukhina sika

Ngezandla umdali abanamakhono lamiswao isikhumbuzo Tchaikovsky, elise phambi eMoscow Conservatory, futhi Maksimu Gorkomu ngesikhathi Belorussky Isiteshi sesitimela. Umbhali kungokwalabo sculptural Ukwakheka "Isayensi", "isinkwa", "fertility".

Vera Mukhina wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo umsebenzi amaqembu sculptural esisogwini Moskva ibhuloho. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe Ignatyevna imiklomelo uhulumeni ngokuphindaphindiwe ukhishwa, imiklomelo eliphakeme Soviet, yena wakhethwa ilungu KaHulumeni ye-USSR Academy of Arts.

Kanye umsebenzi Vera Mukhina bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe nokufundisa. Kamuva waba kusebenta ngekukhutsala at Leningrad isitshalo, ukudala laqanjwa ingilazi iphosilini njengendlela umlobi. "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" iminyaka eminingi imi endaweni evulekile wathola ukulimala okukhulu.

Ukuzalwa kabusha isikhumbuzo

Ngo-2003 kwanqunywa ukuba kabusha ebaziwe abadumile. Itshe lesikhumbuzo ukuthi yawa, ukuze kube lula sehlukaniswe izingcezwana eziningi. isinyathelo yokuvuselela yathatha cishe iminyaka eyisithupha. I kwangaphakathi Uhlaka isakhiwo luye lwaqina, futhi steel nokubiyela ohlanziwe ukungcola kanye kusetshenzwe amakhemikhali zokuzivikela uyakwazi ukunweba inkonzo lesikhumbuzo. Kubuyekeziwe ebaziwe wamiswa esisekelweni entsha okusezingeni eliphezulu ngo-December 2009. Manje, lesikhumbuzo baba kabili ephakeme kunangaphambi.

Namuhla, lesikhumbuzo "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" - akuyona nje iwuphawu nenkathi yamaSoviet, futhi indalo nenqwaba umbhali abanamakhono of Vera Mukhina, elaziwa emhlabeni jikelele. Itshe lesikhumbuzo kuyinto bokuthi eMoscow eyingqopha, okuyinto wavakashela ngonyaka izinkulungwane izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba wonke.